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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| image = Channa gachua TH203 - W004.jpg
| name = Dwarf snakehead
| status = LC
| image = channa_gachua_after_munro_1955.jpg
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| image_caption = After Munro, 1955<ref name="usgs2004">Courtenay, Jr., Walter R. and James D. Williams. [http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/Snakehead_circ_1251/html/channa_gachua.html Chiana Gachua] ''USGS Circular 1251: Snakeheads (Pisces, Chinnidae) - A Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment''. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 2004-04-01. Retrieved 2007-07-15.</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Chaudhry, S. |date=2010 |title=''Channa gachua'' |volume=2010 |page=e.T166123A6179047 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T166123A6179047.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| image_caption =
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
⚫
| taxon = Channa gachua
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
⚫
| authority = ([[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|F. Hamilton]], 1822)
| ordo = [[Perciformes]]
| synonyms = *''Ophicephalus gachua'' <small>Hamilton, 1822</small>
| familia = [[Channidae]]
*''Ophiocephalus aurantiacus'' <small>Hamilton, 1822</small>
| genus = ''[[Channa]]''
*''Ophicephalus marginatus'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829</small>
| species = '''''C. gachua''
*''Ophicephalus limbatus'' <small>Cuvier, 1831</small>
⚫
| binomial = ''Channa gachua''
*''Ophicephalus apus'' <small>[[Giovanni Canestrini|Canestrini]], 1861</small>
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|F. Hamilton]], 1822)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = "fb"/>
| range_map = Channa gachua distribution.gif
| range_map_caption = Range map
}}
}}
'''''Channa gachua''''', the '''dwarf snakehead''', is a species of [[Channidae|snakehead]]. It is one of the [[dwarf snakeheads]], and has a of zero length of up to {{convert|20|cm|0|abbr=on}}. It gave its name to the aquarists' term dwarf snakeheads to denote the smaller ''[[Channa]]'' species.


'''''Channa gachua''''', the '''dwarf snakehead''', is a species of fish in the family [[Channidae]]. The name "dwarf snakehead" is also used for [[Dwarf snakehead|several other species]] of small snakeheads. ''C. gachua'' is native to freshwater habitats in southern Asia, where it has a wide distribution from [[Iran]] to [[Indonesia]]. This fish is considered to be a [[species complex]], a group of several closely related taxa with one name. It is likely at least three to four different species, and further research may differentiate them.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> A few species such as ''[[Channa harcourtbutleri]]'' have been separated from the complex in recent decades.<ref>Ng, H. H., P. K. Ng, and R. Britz. (1999). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Heok_Hee_Ng/publication/267803568_Channa_harcourtbutleri_Annandale_1918_a_valid_species_of_snakehead_Perciformes_Channidae_from_Myanmar/links/562997e808aef25a243d817e.pdf ''Channa harcourtbutleri'' (Annandale, 1918): a valid species of snakehead (Perciformes: Channidae) from Myanmar.] ''Journal of South Asian Natural History'' 4(1): 57–63.</ref> The easternmost population of ''C. gachua'' is often recognized as a separate species ''[[Channa limbata|C. limbata]]'' , while the isolated [[Sri Lanka]]n population often is recognized as ''[[Channa kelaartii|C. kelaartii]]''.<ref name=COF>{{Cof genus |genus=Channa |access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=ConteGrand2017>Conte-Grand, C., Britz, R., Dahanukar, N., Raghavan, R., Pethi-yagoda, R., Tan, H.H., Hadiaty, R.K., Yaakob, N.S. & Rüber, L. (2017). Barcoding snakeheads (Teleostei, Channidae) re-visited: Discovering greater species diversity and resolving perpetuated taxonomic confusions. PLoS ONE, 12 (9): e0184017.</ref>
[[Image:Channa gachua distribution.gif|thumb|left|240px|Distribution of ''Channa gachua'', USGS 2004<ref name="usgs2004" />]]
It can be found in Asian countries from [[Pakistan]] to [[Indonesia]]. Modern [[ichthyology]] considers this fish to be a [[species]] complex, ''i.e.'' that it consists of several closely related [[species]]. Because of its pretty coloration and small size, it is an attractive fish and is commonly kept in [[aquarium|aquaria]]. It is a [[mouthbrooder]] and eats a wide range of foods including [[insect]]s and small fish, but no animals like frogs. It is a hardy fish that can tolerate large changes in temperature and [[acidity]].


== Description ==
''Channa gachua'' is often confused with ''[[Channa orientalis|C. orientalis]]'', an endemic species from [[Sri Lanka]]. But, recent studies shown that both species are found within Sri Lanka. <ref>http://biodiversityofsrilanka.blogspot.com/p/freshwater-fish-diversity-of-sri-lanka_29.html</ref>In Indian ichthyology, ''C. gachua'' is considered to be a junior synonym of ''C. orientalis'', because it was described by Markus Elieser Bloch 20 years before Hamilton described ''C. gachua''. The major [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] difference between the two species is that ''C. gachua'' has [[ventral fin]]s and ''C. orientalis'' does not. They also differ in their breeding behaviors, such as the number of offspring.
[[File:Gachua mit Jungen.jpg|left|thumb|''C. gachua'' with babies]]
This species can reach {{cvt|28|cm}} in total length, but most individuals are much smaller.<ref name="fb">{{FishBase|Channa|gachua|month=August|year=2019}}</ref> It feeds on small fish, insects, and crustaceans. It is a [[mouthbrooder]], with the male brooding the eggs and juveniles in his mouth.<ref name="fb" /> Males have more-extended dorsal and anal fins than females, and develop more intense color pattern.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/channa-gachua/|title=Channa gachua – Dwarf Snakehead ( Ophicephalus marginatus,Ophicephalus gachua)|work=Seriously Fish|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en-us}}</ref>


== Distribution and taxonomy ==
The dwarf snakehead can also hardly be distinguished from another closely related ''Channa'' species, ''[[Channa harcourtbutleri]]'', inhabiting Lake Inlé in [[Myanmar]].
The species was recorded from Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eol.org/pages/218763/details|title=Least Snakehead - Channa gachua - Details - Encyclopedia of Life|website=Encyclopedia of Life|language=en|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref> This is a common fish found in most any type of wetland.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> It can live in large rivers or small brooks and creeks, in fast currents or stagnant waters, and in altered waterways such as canals.<ref name="fb" /> It also lives in [[paddy field|rice paddies]].<ref>Silva, K. (1991). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb03137.x/full Population ecology of the paddy field-dwelling fish ''Channa gachua'' (Günther) (Perciformes, Channidae) in Sri Lanka.] ''Journal of fish biology'', 38(4), 497–508.</ref>


There is a distinct [[Genetics|genetic]] split between western and eastern populations (the distribution of the two approach each other in Myanmar). As a consequence some recognize them as separate species with western being ''C. gachua'' and eastern ''C. limbata''.<ref name=COF/><ref name=ConteGrand2017/> The isolated Sri Lankan population is also highly distinctive from a genetic point of view, leading some to recognize it as ''C. kelaartii''.<ref name=COF/><ref name=ConteGrand2017/> Despite the deep genetic splits between these populations, their [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] is very similar.<ref name=ConteGrand2017/>
In Manipur, India it is locally known as Ngamu (Nga mu), it is found throughout canals, rivers and lakes of Manipur.


== Value ==
[[File:Chan gachu 120715 0406 krw.jpg|thumb|From Karawang, [[West Java]] ]]
This fish is caught for food in many parts of Asia.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> This is one of several ''Channa'' known as [[dwarf snakeheads]], smaller species kept in [[aquarium|aquaria]]. It is also valued for its attractive coloration.<ref name=milton>Milton, J., et al. (2017). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X17301043 Ovarian development and histological observations of threatened dwarf snakehead fish, ''Channa gachua'' (Hamilton, 1822).] ''Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences''. In Press.</ref> This species has been studied for use in [[aquaculture]] operations.<ref name=milton/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />
* {{ITIS |id=166678 |taxon=Channa gachua |accessdate=18 April 2006}}
* {{FishBase_species|genus=Channa|species=gachua|year=2005|month=November}}
* [http://www.snakeheads.org/ snakeheads.org]


==External links==
==External links==
{{wikispecies}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=743378 ''Channa gachua''.] World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS).
* Ng, H.H.; Ng, Peter K.L.; Britz, Ralf 1999: [http://www.snakeheads.org:8180/db/GetArticle?articleID=781 ''Channa harcourtbutleri'' (Annandale, 1918): a valid species of snakehead (Perciformes: Channidae) from Myanmar]. Journal of South Asian Natural History. Vol.4: 57-63.


{{Taxonbar|from=Q728780}}
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[[Category:Channidae]]

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[[Category:Channa|gachua]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Malaysia]]
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[[Category:Fish of Singapore]]
[[Category:Fish of Singapore]]
[[Category:Fish of Thailand]]
[[Category:Fish of Thailand]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1822]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1822]]

Latest revision as of 01:00, 15 November 2024

Channa gachua
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Anabantiformes
Family: Channidae
Genus: Channa
Species:
C. gachua
Binomial name
Channa gachua
(F. Hamilton, 1822)
Range map
Synonyms[2]
  • Ophicephalus gachua Hamilton, 1822
  • Ophiocephalus aurantiacus Hamilton, 1822
  • Ophicephalus marginatus Cuvier, 1829
  • Ophicephalus limbatus Cuvier, 1831
  • Ophicephalus apus Canestrini, 1861

Channa gachua, the dwarf snakehead, is a species of fish in the family Channidae. The name "dwarf snakehead" is also used for several other species of small snakeheads. C. gachua is native to freshwater habitats in southern Asia, where it has a wide distribution from Iran to Indonesia. This fish is considered to be a species complex, a group of several closely related taxa with one name. It is likely at least three to four different species, and further research may differentiate them.[1] A few species such as Channa harcourtbutleri have been separated from the complex in recent decades.[3] The easternmost population of C. gachua is often recognized as a separate species C. limbata , while the isolated Sri Lankan population often is recognized as C. kelaartii.[4][5]

Description

[edit]
C. gachua with babies

This species can reach 28 cm (11 in) in total length, but most individuals are much smaller.[2] It feeds on small fish, insects, and crustaceans. It is a mouthbrooder, with the male brooding the eggs and juveniles in his mouth.[2] Males have more-extended dorsal and anal fins than females, and develop more intense color pattern.[6]

Distribution and taxonomy

[edit]

The species was recorded from Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore.[7] This is a common fish found in most any type of wetland.[1] It can live in large rivers or small brooks and creeks, in fast currents or stagnant waters, and in altered waterways such as canals.[2] It also lives in rice paddies.[8]

There is a distinct genetic split between western and eastern populations (the distribution of the two approach each other in Myanmar). As a consequence some recognize them as separate species with western being C. gachua and eastern C. limbata.[4][5] The isolated Sri Lankan population is also highly distinctive from a genetic point of view, leading some to recognize it as C. kelaartii.[4][5] Despite the deep genetic splits between these populations, their morphology is very similar.[5]

Value

[edit]

This fish is caught for food in many parts of Asia.[1] This is one of several Channa known as dwarf snakeheads, smaller species kept in aquaria. It is also valued for its attractive coloration.[9] This species has been studied for use in aquaculture operations.[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Chaudhry, S. (2010). "Channa gachua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T166123A6179047. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T166123A6179047.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Channa gachua". FishBase. August 2019 version.
  3. ^ Ng, H. H., P. K. Ng, and R. Britz. (1999). Channa harcourtbutleri (Annandale, 1918): a valid species of snakehead (Perciformes: Channidae) from Myanmar. Journal of South Asian Natural History 4(1): 57–63.
  4. ^ a b c Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Channa". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d Conte-Grand, C., Britz, R., Dahanukar, N., Raghavan, R., Pethi-yagoda, R., Tan, H.H., Hadiaty, R.K., Yaakob, N.S. & Rüber, L. (2017). Barcoding snakeheads (Teleostei, Channidae) re-visited: Discovering greater species diversity and resolving perpetuated taxonomic confusions. PLoS ONE, 12 (9): e0184017.
  6. ^ "Channa gachua – Dwarf Snakehead ( Ophicephalus marginatus,Ophicephalus gachua)". Seriously Fish. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  7. ^ "Least Snakehead - Channa gachua - Details - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  8. ^ Silva, K. (1991). Population ecology of the paddy field-dwelling fish Channa gachua (Günther) (Perciformes, Channidae) in Sri Lanka. Journal of fish biology, 38(4), 497–508.
  9. ^ a b Milton, J., et al. (2017). Ovarian development and histological observations of threatened dwarf snakehead fish, Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. In Press.
[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to Channa gachua.
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