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{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Expand|date=January 2007}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic Taxobox
| image=Comephorus_baikalensis.jpg
| name = homo
| image2=Golomjanka.png
| image=Comephorus baicalensis.jpg
| parent_authority = [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1861
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| taxon = Comephorus
| authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacepède]], 1800
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| display_parents = 2
⚫
| ordo = [[Scorpaeniformes]]
| familia = '''Comephoridae'''
| familia_authority =
| genus = '''''Comephorus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Lacepède]], 1800
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| type_species = ''Callionymus baikalensis''
| subdivision =
| type_species_authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1776<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Cottidae|access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref>
*''C. baicalensis
*''C. dybowskii''
}}
}}

The '''golomyankas''' (lit. "fat fish") or '''Baikal oilfish''' are two [[species]] of peculiar [[sculpin]]-like [[fish]]es [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Lake Baikal]] in [[Russia]].
'''''Comephorus''''', known as the '''golomyankas''' or '''Baikal oilfish''', are a [[genus (biology)|genus]] comprising two [[species]] of peculiar, [[sculpin]] fishes [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Lake Baikal]] in Russia. ''Comephorus'' is the only genus in the [[subfamily]] '''Comephorinae'''. Golomyankas are [[pelagic]] fishes and the main food source for the [[Baikal seal]].

==Taxonomy==
''Comephorus'' was first proposed as a [[monospecific genus]] in 1800 by the French [[naturalist]] and politician [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] with ''Callionymus baikalensis'' as its only species.<ref name = CofF/> The 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' places this genus in the [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] subfamily Comephorinae within the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Cottidae]], the typical sculpins. <ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=467–495 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601121150/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other authorities have used [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] studies which have found that Baikal sculpins that were classified in the subfamilies Comephorinae and [[Abyssocottinae]] by ''Fishes of the World'' radiated from an ancestor which was likely to be within the genus ''[[Cottus (fish)|Cottus]]'' and that the classification of the Baikal sculpins in a different taxon from ''Cottus'' was [[paraphyletic]]. <ref name = S&B2014>{{cite journal | author1 = W. Leo Smith | author2 = Morgan S. Busby | name-list-style = & | year = 2014 | title = Phylogeny and taxonomy of sculpins, sandfishes, and snailfishes (Perciformes: Cottoidei) with comments on the phylogenetic significance of their early-life-history specializations | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 79 | pages = 332–352 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.028| pmid = 25014569 }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
''Comephorus'' have translucent bodies with no scales,<ref name=irkutsk>[http://baikal.irkutsk.org/animals.htm Animals and plants of Lake Baikal] from Irkutsk State University, accessed May 5, 2006</ref> but appear dull when dead.<ref name=scfh>{{cite web| title=Mysterious Fish of Lake Baikal | url=https://scfh.ru/en/papers/mysterious-fish-of-lake-baikal/ | publisher=Science First Hand | volume=3, N2 | date=30 September 2004 | access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref> The big Baikal oilfish (''C. baikalensis'') can reach up to {{convert|21|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and the little Baikal oilfish (''C. dybowskii'') up to {{convert|16|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=fishbase/> Males are smaller than females, only reaching about {{2/3}} the length.<ref name=Fishwatching2016b>{{cite web| title=ГОЛОМЯНКИ, ЧАСТЬ 2: ОСОБЕННОСТИ СТРОЕНИЯ | url=http://fishwatching.org/comephorus-anatomy/ | publisher=Fishwatching | language=Russian | date=29 January 2016 | access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> They have long [[pectoral fin]]s, and although pelvic bones are present, they lack [[pelvic fin]]s. They have a strong [[lateral line]]. The lateral line system on the head consists of large cavities linked by narrow, bony bridges with small external pores. High [[lipid]] content and porous bones result in an almost [[neutral buoyancy]]<ref name=Sideleva>Sideleva, V.G. (1996). Comparative character of the deep-water and inshore cottoid fishes endemic to Lake Baikal. Journal of Fish Biology 49(sA): 192–206.</ref> and lack of [[swim bladder]] allows the fish to tolerate varying pressure extremes as they move through the [[water column]]. Over a third of the body weight (38.9%) of ''C. baikalensis'' is oil, but ''C. dybowskii'' contains far less (4.7%).<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305049100002078 | doi=10.1016/S0305-0491(00)00207-8 | title=Lipids and fatty acids of two pelagic cottoid fishes (Comephorus spp.) endemic to Lake Baikal | journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | date=August 2000 | volume=126 | issue=4 | pages=477–485 | last1=Kozlova | first1=T. A. | last2=Khotimchenko | first2=S. V. | pmid=11026659 }}</ref> It has been said that they [[decomposition|decompose]] in sunlight, leaving behind only fatty oil and bones,<ref name=bww/> although the accuracy of this claim has been questioned.<ref name=scfh/> Unusually, their eyes only contain [[rod cell]]s (not [[cone cell]]s), indicating a high sensitivity to light.<ref name=Fishwatching2016b/> Some of the adaptions in golomyankas resemble those seen in [[deep sea fish]].<ref name=Sideleva/>
Golomyankas have a naked, glassy body that is dull and translucent in appearance. They have long pectoral fins and although pelvic bones are present they lack pelvic fins. Golomyankas have a strong [[lateral line]]. The [[lateral line]] system on the head consists of large cavities linked by narrow bony bridges with small external pores. Lack of a [[swim bladder]], high [[lipid]] content and porous bones are what allows the fish to tolerate varying pressure extremes as it moves through the [[water column]].

==Species==
There are currently two recognized species in this genus:<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Comephorus| month = December | year = 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Comephorus baikalensis]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1776)</small> (Big Baikal oilfish)
* ''[[Comephorus dybowskii]]'' <small>[[Alexei Alexeyevich Korotnev|Korotneff]], 1904</small> (Little Baikal oilfish)


==Biology and ecology==
==Biology and ecology==
The common name ''golomyanka'' originates from the old-Russian ''golomen'', meaning "far from the shore" in the local dialect and referring to their [[pelagic]] behavior.<ref name=1baikalKTB>{{cite web| title=Baikal "shark": Amazing fact about the Baikal oilfish (golomyanka) | url=http://1baikal.ru/en/o-bajkale/mestnyie-remesla/baikal-“shark”-amazing-facts-about-baikal-oilfish-(golomyanka) |publisher=Key to Baikal | date=19 May 2017| access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref> They are the principal ecological competitor to the [[omul]], which also eat small golomyankas, and represent a primary food source for the [[Baikal seal]], at more than 90% of its diet.<ref name=scfh/> They are easily identifiable, and are large enough to be easily seen. Golomyankas are unusual for occurring pelagically throughout the entire water column of Lake Baikal, ranging from depths of around {{convert|1.6|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} to near the surface, but they primarily occur deeper than {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Comephorus | species = baikalensis | month = September | year = 2016}}</ref><ref name=fishbasedybowskii>{{FishBase | genus = Comephorus | species = dybowskii | month = September | year = 2016}}</ref> During the night they move up the water column to feed, often occurring as shallow as {{convert|10-25|m|ft|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Goodman, S. |date=2016 |title=''Pusa sibirica'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T41676A45231738 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41676A45231738.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> and in the winter they can occasionally be seen swimming just below the ice-covered surface.<ref name=Fishwatching2016a>{{cite web| title=ГОЛОМЯНКИ, ЧАСТЬ 1: ЭКОЛОГИЯ ВИДОВ | url=http://fishwatching.org/comephorus-ecology/ | publisher=Fishwatching | language=Russian | date=21 January 2016 | access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> They are considered the world's most abyssal freshwater fish, together with certain Lake Baikal [[deep-water sculpin]]s (Abyssocottidae).<ref name=hunt>Hunt, D. M., et al. (1997). Molecular evolution of the cottoid fish endemic to Lake Baikal deduced from nuclear DNA evidence. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 8(3), 415–22.</ref> They move without much regard for changes in pressure, although they can exist only in cold temperatures, preferring water that is no more than {{convert|5|C|F|abbr=on}} and dying at {{convert|10|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name=irkutsk/><ref name=bww>[http://www.bww.irk.ru/baikalfauna/baikalfauna.html Ichthyofauna of Lake Baikal] from Baikal Web World, accessed May 5, 2006 (with a photo of the golomyanka).</ref>
They are the principal ecological competitor to the [[omul]], and represent a primary food source for the [[Baikal Seal|Nerpa seal]]. They are easily identifiable, and are large enough (at 15-20 centimeters) to be easily seen. Golomyanka are unusual for their habit of moving throughout the entire [[water column]] of Lake Baikal without much regard for changes in [[pressure]], although they can exist only within a very narrow range of temperatures and generally tend to find their [[ecological niche]] at 700-1600 feet. They are considered the world's most abyssal freshwater fish. They are also known for rapidly [[decomposition|decomposing]] in sunlight, leaving behind fat, oil, and bones.


The [[biomass]] of the golomyanka population is estimated at about 150 thousand tons, making it the most populous fish in Lake Baikal.<ref name=irkutsk/><ref name=bww/> It is estimated that about 70% of the fish in the lake are golomyankas.<ref name=1baikalKTB/> Their juveniles are also the most abundant pelagic [[Ichthyoplankton|fish larvae]] in the lake.<ref>Dzyuba, E.V. (2006). Two coexisting species of Baikal golomyankas, Comephorus baicalensis and C. dybowski: seasonal dynamics of juveniles and their feeding. Hydrobiologia 568, Supplement 1: 111–114.</ref> Large [[Shoaling and schooling|shoals]] are not known for this species, although groups of up to about 20 individuals have been recorded near the lake bottom.<ref name=scfh/> Females are more common than males, which only make up about 32% of the population in the little Baikal oilfish and 17% in the big Baikal oilfish.<ref name=Fishwatching2016b/> The females do not lay eggs; rather, they are [[viviparous]], giving birth to a swarm of 2000–3000 larvae.<ref name=bww/> Females containing developing embryos can be seen year-round,<ref name=Fishwatching2016b/> but there does appear to be a level of seasonality in the birth, with the largest number of larvae occurring from August to April (some differences in the peak timing between the two species).<ref name=Fishwatching2016a/> Most females die after giving birth.<ref name=irkutsk/> It has been claimed that their bellies burst open to release the young, killing the female in the process, but this is a myth.<ref name=scfh/> Golomyanka can reach an age of up to 6–8 years.<ref name=irkutsk/><ref name=Fishwatching2016b/>
The [[biomass]] of the golomyanka population is estimated at anywhere from one hundred thousand to one hundred fifty thousand tons, making it one of the most populous forms of [[vertebrate]] life in Lake Baikal. They are extensively preyed upon by Nerpa, for which the golomyanka are the primary food source. Food sources for the golomyanka are fairly varied, including their own young and [[pelagic]] [[crayfish]]. [[Shoaling and schooling|Shoaling]] behavior is not known for this species, and the females do not lay eggs; rather, they are [[viviparous]], producing a swarm of 2000-3000 larvae when they reach [[sexual maturity]] at two to three years.

They are sluggish fish,<ref>Jakubowski, Tugarina, and Żuwała (2003). Pectoral fin development in the Baikalian viviparous golomyankas (Comephoridae; Cottoidei), with a remark on eggs and embryos of Comephorus baicalensis (Pallas). J.Anat. 203(3): 317–322.</ref> and have relatively large mouths with several rows of somewhat brush-like teeth, allowing them to sift out fine organisms from the water.<ref name=Fishwatching2016b/> They primarily feed on the planktonic copepod ''[[Epischura baikalensis]]'', the [[amphipod]] crustacean ''[[Macrohectopus]] branickii'' and larvae of [[sculpin]]s,<ref>Miyasaka, Dzyuba, Genkai-Kato and Wada (2006). Feeding ecology of two planktonic sculpins, Comephorus baicalensis and Comephorus dybowskii (Comephoridae), in Lake Baikal. Ichthyological Research 53(4): 419–422.</ref> including those of [[Cannibalism (zoology)|their own species]].<ref name=1baikalKTB/>


==Relationship to humans==
==Relationship to humans==
[[File:Ice-fishing on Baikal 5.jpg|thumb|A few golomyankas (for example, the pinkish fish on the upper-center part of the photo and another in the lower-left), as well as several [[Coregonus|whitefish]], [[Baikal yellowfin]]s and [[amphipod]]s caught during [[icefishing]] using a net]]
⚫
Due to their solitary lives, golomyanka are not harvested commercially, although their fats and oils are used medicinally when storms toss them up on shore. They are valued primarily as the principal food source for the [[Baikal Seal|Nerpa]], which are harvested commercially. They are so numerous and spawn so rapidly that they represent the largest concentration of fish biomass within the entire lake, and represent a grave threat to the ecosystem of Lake Baikal if not constantly fed upon by [[predator]]s.

⚫
Despite being numerous in the lake, golomyankas are difficult to catch in large quantities as they do not gather in large schools.<ref name=scfh/> Golomyankas are not harvested commercially, although their fats and oils were used in lamps and as [[traditional medicine]] by native Siberians when storms tossed the fish up on shore.<ref name=bww/> They are of no value as a food source for humans, dogs or cats, but are the primary food source for the Baikal seal, and also eaten by other fish in the lake.<ref name=scfh/><ref name=1baikalKTB/> They are so numerous and spawn so rapidly that they represent the largest concentration of fish biomass within the entire lake, and would seriously unbalance the ecosystem of Lake Baikal if not constantly preyed upon by [[predator]]s.

==See also==
* [[List of fish families]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[http://www.bww.irk.ru/baikalfauna/baikalfauna.html Ichthyofauna of Lake Baikal] from Baikal Web World, accessed May 5, 2006 (with a photo of the Golomyanka).<br>
[http://www.baikal.ru/old.baikal.ru/baikal/faq/b3e.htm Lake Baikal FAQ] Irkutsk State University Lake Baikal FAQ, accessed May 5, 2006<br>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060622025817/http://www.baikal.ru/old.baikal.ru/baikal/faq/b3e.htm Lake Baikal FAQ] Irkutsk State University Lake Baikal FAQ, accessed May 5, 2006
[http://baikal.irkutsk.org/animals.htm Animals and plants of Lake Baikal] from Irkutsk State University, accessed May 5, 2006


{{commons category|Comephorus}}
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[[Category:Scorpaeniformes]]
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[[Category:Viviparous fish]]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q803775}}
[[de:Baikal-Ölfische]]

[[fr:Coméphore]]
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[[Category:Comephorus| ]]
[[lt:Skaidriosios plernės]]
[[no:Bajkalulker]]
[[Category:Cottoidei]]
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[[Category:Scorpaeniformes genera]]
[[pl:Gołomiankowate]]
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[[Category:Viviparous fish]]
[[ru:Голомянки]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède]]
[[fi:Rasvasimppu]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Russia]]
[[zh:貝湖油魚科]]
[[Category:Fish of Lake Baikal]]

Latest revision as of 02:02, 15 November 2024

Comephorus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Cottidae
Subfamily: Comephorinae
Günther, 1861
Genus: Comephorus
Lacepède, 1800
Type species
Callionymus baikalensis
Pallas, 1776[1]

Comephorus, known as the golomyankas or Baikal oilfish, are a genus comprising two species of peculiar, sculpin fishes endemic to Lake Baikal in Russia. Comephorus is the only genus in the subfamily Comephorinae. Golomyankas are pelagic fishes and the main food source for the Baikal seal.

Taxonomy

[edit]

Comephorus was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1800 by the French naturalist and politician Bernard Germain de Lacépède with Callionymus baikalensis as its only species.[1] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World places this genus in the monotypic subfamily Comephorinae within the family Cottidae, the typical sculpins. [2] Other authorities have used phylogenetic studies which have found that Baikal sculpins that were classified in the subfamilies Comephorinae and Abyssocottinae by Fishes of the World radiated from an ancestor which was likely to be within the genus Cottus and that the classification of the Baikal sculpins in a different taxon from Cottus was paraphyletic. [3]

Description

[edit]

Comephorus have translucent bodies with no scales,[4] but appear dull when dead.[5] The big Baikal oilfish (C. baikalensis) can reach up to 21 cm (8.3 in) in length and the little Baikal oilfish (C. dybowskii) up to 16 cm (6.3 in).[6] Males are smaller than females, only reaching about 2⁄3 the length.[7] They have long pectoral fins, and although pelvic bones are present, they lack pelvic fins. They have a strong lateral line. The lateral line system on the head consists of large cavities linked by narrow, bony bridges with small external pores. High lipid content and porous bones result in an almost neutral buoyancy[8] and lack of swim bladder allows the fish to tolerate varying pressure extremes as they move through the water column. Over a third of the body weight (38.9%) of C. baikalensis is oil, but C. dybowskii contains far less (4.7%).[9] It has been said that they decompose in sunlight, leaving behind only fatty oil and bones,[10] although the accuracy of this claim has been questioned.[5] Unusually, their eyes only contain rod cells (not cone cells), indicating a high sensitivity to light.[7] Some of the adaptions in golomyankas resemble those seen in deep sea fish.[8]

Species

[edit]

There are currently two recognized species in this genus:[6]

Biology and ecology

[edit]

The common name golomyanka originates from the old-Russian golomen, meaning "far from the shore" in the local dialect and referring to their pelagic behavior.[11] They are the principal ecological competitor to the omul, which also eat small golomyankas, and represent a primary food source for the Baikal seal, at more than 90% of its diet.[5] They are easily identifiable, and are large enough to be easily seen. Golomyankas are unusual for occurring pelagically throughout the entire water column of Lake Baikal, ranging from depths of around 1.6 km (1.0 mi) to near the surface, but they primarily occur deeper than 100 m (330 ft).[12][13] During the night they move up the water column to feed, often occurring as shallow as 10–25 m (33–82 ft),[14] and in the winter they can occasionally be seen swimming just below the ice-covered surface.[15] They are considered the world's most abyssal freshwater fish, together with certain Lake Baikal deep-water sculpins (Abyssocottidae).[16] They move without much regard for changes in pressure, although they can exist only in cold temperatures, preferring water that is no more than 5 °C (41 °F) and dying at 10 °C (50 °F).[4][10]

The biomass of the golomyanka population is estimated at about 150 thousand tons, making it the most populous fish in Lake Baikal.[4][10] It is estimated that about 70% of the fish in the lake are golomyankas.[11] Their juveniles are also the most abundant pelagic fish larvae in the lake.[17] Large shoals are not known for this species, although groups of up to about 20 individuals have been recorded near the lake bottom.[5] Females are more common than males, which only make up about 32% of the population in the little Baikal oilfish and 17% in the big Baikal oilfish.[7] The females do not lay eggs; rather, they are viviparous, giving birth to a swarm of 2000–3000 larvae.[10] Females containing developing embryos can be seen year-round,[7] but there does appear to be a level of seasonality in the birth, with the largest number of larvae occurring from August to April (some differences in the peak timing between the two species).[15] Most females die after giving birth.[4] It has been claimed that their bellies burst open to release the young, killing the female in the process, but this is a myth.[5] Golomyanka can reach an age of up to 6–8 years.[4][7]

They are sluggish fish,[18] and have relatively large mouths with several rows of somewhat brush-like teeth, allowing them to sift out fine organisms from the water.[7] They primarily feed on the planktonic copepod Epischura baikalensis, the amphipod crustacean Macrohectopus branickii and larvae of sculpins,[19] including those of their own species.[11]

Relationship to humans

[edit]
A few golomyankas (for example, the pinkish fish on the upper-center part of the photo and another in the lower-left), as well as several whitefish, Baikal yellowfins and amphipods caught during icefishing using a net

Despite being numerous in the lake, golomyankas are difficult to catch in large quantities as they do not gather in large schools.[5] Golomyankas are not harvested commercially, although their fats and oils were used in lamps and as traditional medicine by native Siberians when storms tossed the fish up on shore.[10] They are of no value as a food source for humans, dogs or cats, but are the primary food source for the Baikal seal, and also eaten by other fish in the lake.[5][11] They are so numerous and spawn so rapidly that they represent the largest concentration of fish biomass within the entire lake, and would seriously unbalance the ecosystem of Lake Baikal if not constantly preyed upon by predators.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Cottidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  2. ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 467–495. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2022-06-01. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  3. ^ W. Leo Smith & Morgan S. Busby (2014). "Phylogeny and taxonomy of sculpins, sandfishes, and snailfishes (Perciformes: Cottoidei) with comments on the phylogenetic significance of their early-life-history specializations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 332–352. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.028. PMID 25014569.
  4. ^ a b c d e Animals and plants of Lake Baikal from Irkutsk State University, accessed May 5, 2006
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Mysterious Fish of Lake Baikal". Science First Hand. 30 September 2004. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  6. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Comephorus". FishBase. December 2012 version.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "ГОЛОМЯНКИ, ЧАСТЬ 2: ОСОБЕННОСТИ СТРОЕНИЯ" (in Russian). Fishwatching. 29 January 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  8. ^ a b Sideleva, V.G. (1996). Comparative character of the deep-water and inshore cottoid fishes endemic to Lake Baikal. Journal of Fish Biology 49(sA): 192–206.
  9. ^ Kozlova, T. A.; Khotimchenko, S. V. (August 2000). "Lipids and fatty acids of two pelagic cottoid fishes (Comephorus spp.) endemic to Lake Baikal". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 126 (4): 477–485. doi:10.1016/S0305-0491(00)00207-8. PMID 11026659.
  10. ^ a b c d e Ichthyofauna of Lake Baikal from Baikal Web World, accessed May 5, 2006 (with a photo of the golomyanka).
  11. ^ a b c d "Baikal "shark": Amazing fact about the Baikal oilfish (golomyanka)". Key to Baikal. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  12. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Comephorus baikalensis". FishBase. September 2016 version.
  13. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Comephorus dybowskii". FishBase. September 2016 version.
  14. ^ Goodman, S. (2016). "Pusa sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41676A45231738. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41676A45231738.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  15. ^ a b "ГОЛОМЯНКИ, ЧАСТЬ 1: ЭКОЛОГИЯ ВИДОВ" (in Russian). Fishwatching. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  16. ^ Hunt, D. M., et al. (1997). Molecular evolution of the cottoid fish endemic to Lake Baikal deduced from nuclear DNA evidence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8(3), 415–22.
  17. ^ Dzyuba, E.V. (2006). Two coexisting species of Baikal golomyankas, Comephorus baicalensis and C. dybowski: seasonal dynamics of juveniles and their feeding. Hydrobiologia 568, Supplement 1: 111–114.
  18. ^ Jakubowski, Tugarina, and Żuwała (2003). Pectoral fin development in the Baikalian viviparous golomyankas (Comephoridae; Cottoidei), with a remark on eggs and embryos of Comephorus baicalensis (Pallas). J.Anat. 203(3): 317–322.
  19. ^ Miyasaka, Dzyuba, Genkai-Kato and Wada (2006). Feeding ecology of two planktonic sculpins, Comephorus baicalensis and Comephorus dybowskii (Comephoridae), in Lake Baikal. Ichthyological Research 53(4): 419–422.
  • Lake Baikal FAQ Irkutsk State University Lake Baikal FAQ, accessed May 5, 2006
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