Jump to content

Feudal fragmentation: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
removed grandparent category of Category:Feudalism
Undid revision 1254049623 by Shahray (talk)
 
(40 intermediate revisions by 18 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
⚫
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
⚫
'''Feudal fragmentation'''<ref name="Górecki2007">{{cite book|author=Piotr Górecki|title=A local society in transition: the Henryków book and related documents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EzdSUYDdqQC&pg=PA62|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=1 January 2007|publisher=PIMS|isbn=978-0-88844-155-3|page=62}}</ref> is stage in the development of certain [[feudal]] states, in which it is split into smaller regional state structures, each characterized by significant autonomy if not outright independence and ruled by a high-ranking noble such as a prince or a duke.<ref name=WIEM>{{pl icon}} [http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/94616,,,,rozbicie_dzielnicowe,haslo.html Rozbicie dzielnicowe]. [[WIEM Encyklopedia]].</ref><ref name=PWN>{{pl icon}} [http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/index.php?module=haslo&id=3969193 rozbicie dzielnicowe]. [[Internetowa encyklopedia PWN|PWN Encyklopedia]].</ref> Feudal fragmentation is usually associated with [[European history]], particularly during the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="FrankGills1996"/>
{{English Feudalism}}


⚫
'''Feudal fragmentation'''<ref name="Górecki2007">{{cite book|author=Piotr Górecki|title=A local society in transition: the Henryków book and related documents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EzdSUYDdqQC&pg=PA62|year=2007|publisher=PIMS|isbn=978-0-88844-155-3|page=62}}</ref> is a process whereby a [[feudal]] state is split into smaller regional state structures, each characterized by significant autonomy, if not outright independence, and ruled by a high-ranking noble such as a prince or a duke.<ref name=WIEM>{{in lang|pl}} [http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/94616,,,,rozbicie_dzielnicowe,haslo.html Rozbicie dzielnicowe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929200144/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/94616,,,,rozbicie_dzielnicowe,haslo.html |date=29 September 2012 }}. [[WIEM Encyklopedia]].</ref><ref name=PWN>{{in lang|pl}} [http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/index.php?module=haslo&id=3969193 rozbicie dzielnicowe]. [[Internetowa encyklopedia PWN|PWN Encyklopedia]].</ref> Feudal fragmentation is usually associated with [[European history]], particularly during the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="FrankGills1996"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grzymala-Busse |first1=Anna |title=Tilly Goes to Church: The Religious and Medieval Roots of European State Fragmentation |journal=[[American Political Science Review]] |date=2024 |volume=118 | issue=1 |pages=88–107 |doi=10.1017/S0003055423000278 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
⚫
Feudal fragmentation occurs after the death of the legitimate ruler leaves no clear heirs, and rulers of various subdivisions of the original state fail at electing or agreeing on a new leader for the previous, larger entity. In some cases (for example, the [[Holy Roman Empire]]) such a leader may be elected, yet wield much lesser powers than those of his predecessor. Feudal fragmentation is related to the concepts of [[agnatic seniority]] and [[principat (Slavic)|principate]].<ref name=PWN/>


⚫
Feudal fragmentation occurs after the death of the legitimate ruler leaves no clear heirs, and rulers of various subdivisions of the original state fail at electing or agreeing on a new leader for the previous, larger entity. In some cases (for example, the [[Holy Roman Empire]]), such a leader may be elected, yet wield much lesser powers than those of his predecessor. Feudal fragmentation is related to the concepts of [[agnatic seniority]] and [[principate]].<ref name=PWN/>
[[File:TestamentKrzywoustego.png|thumb|right|Fragmentation of Poland between the sons of Bolesław in 1138:
⚫
{{legend|#EE9BA0|The Seniorate Province of [[Władysław II the Exile|Władysław II]]}}
{{legend|#0080FF|Silesian Province of Władysław II}}
⚫
{{legend|#80FFFF|Masovian Province of [[Bolesław IV the Curly|Bolesław IV]]}}
⚫
{{legend|green|Greater Poland Province of [[Mieszko III the Old|Mieszko III]]}}
⚫
{{legend|#FFFF80|Sandomierz Province of [[Henry of Sandomierz|Henry]]}}<hr />
{{legend|gray|Łęczyca Land}}
{{legend|#00FF00|Pomeranian vassals}}]]


[[File:Ustawa sukcesyjna Bolesława Krzywoustego hu.svg|thumb|Division of the Polish state in 1138:
{{legend|crimson|Seniorate Province.}}
{{legend|sandybrown|Pomeranian vassals under the rule of the Seniorate Province.}}
⚫
{{legend|indigo|Silesian Province of [[Władysław II the Exile|Władysław II]].}}
⚫
{{legend|darkslategray|Masovian Province of [[Bolesław IV the Curly|Bolesław IV]].}}
⚫
{{legend|seagreen|Greater Poland Province of [[Mieszko III the Old|Mieszko III]].}}
⚫
{{legend|palegreen|Sandomierz Province of [[Henry of Sandomierz|Henry]].}}
{{legend|lightpink|Łęczyca Province of [[Salomea of Berg]].}}]]

==Examples==
This phenomenon has occurred in the history of several countries and regions:
This phenomenon has occurred in the history of several countries and regions:
* In the [[history of England]], the [[Heptarchy]]
* In the [[history of England]], the [[Heptarchy]]
* In the [[history of Poland]], the regionalization<ref name="Davies2005">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=God's Playground: The origins to 1795|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07vm4vmWPqsC&pg=PA53|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=30 March 2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12817-9|page=53}}</ref> or [[fragmentation of Poland]] ({{lang-pl|rozbicie dzielnicowe}}) refers to the period following the [[testament of Bolesław Krzywousty]] (1138) that led to the split of the [[Kingdom of Poland (Piasts)|Kingdom of Poland]] into several mostly independent provinces, unified only by [[Władysław Łokietek]] approximately two centuries later, in the early 14th century<ref name=WIEM/><ref name=PWN/><ref name="Davies1998">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=Europe: a history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4StZDvPCcJEC&pg=PA429|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=20 January 1998|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-097468-8|page=429}}</ref>
* In the [[history of Poland]], the regionalization<ref name="Davies2005">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=God's Playground: The origins to 1795|url=https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=30 March 2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12817-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/53 53]}}</ref> or [[fragmentation of Poland]] ({{langx|pl|rozbicie dzielnicowe}}) refers to the period following the [[testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth]] (1138) that led to the split of the [[Kingdom of Poland (Piasts)|Kingdom of Poland]] into several mostly independent provinces, unified only by [[Ladislaus the Short]] approximately two centuries later, in the early 14th century<ref name=WIEM/><ref name=PWN/><ref name="Davies1998">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=Europe: a history|url=https://archive.org/details/europehistory00norm|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=20 January 1998|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-097468-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/europehistory00norm/page/429 429]}}</ref>
* In the [[history of Russia]], the period of fragmentation ({{lang-ru|феодальная раздробленность}}) lasted from around the 12th or 13th century (in particular, the fall of [[Kievan Rus']] after the [[Mongol invasion of Rus']]) to 1547, the year of the ascension of [[Ivan IV]] to the throne of the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]]<ref name=PWN/><ref name="Perrie2001">{{cite book|author=Maureen Perrie|title=The cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQxuunLzN0YC&pg=PA100|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-65684-6|page=100}}</ref><ref name="GinsburgsClark2001">{{cite book|author1=George Ginsburgs|author2=Roger Stenson Clark|author3=Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge|author4=Stanisław Pomorski|title=International and national law in Russia and Eastern Europe: essays in honor of George Ginsburgs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zJrKRkSiEMC&pg=PA163|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=2001|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-411-1654-3|page=163}}</ref>
* In the [[history of Belarus]], [[History of Russia|Russia]] and [[History of Ukraine|Ukraine]], the period of fragmentation ({{langx|ru|феодальная раздробленность}}) that started from around the 12th century during the decline of [[Kievan Rus']]. In Russia, it lasted up until the reign of [[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV of Russia]];<ref name=PWN/><ref name="Perrie2001">{{cite book|author=Maureen Perrie|title=The cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQxuunLzN0YC&pg=PA100|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-65684-6|page=100|quote=Bakhrushin, in turn, defended the post-Pokrovskii depiction of Ivan IV as ‘a great statesman who smashes the remains of feudal fragmentation and lays the basis for the further development of the absolutist state’}}</ref><ref name="GinsburgsClark2001">{{cite book|author1=George Ginsburgs|author2=Roger Stenson Clark|author3=Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge|author4=Stanisław Pomorski|title=International and national law in Russia and Eastern Europe: essays in honor of George Ginsburgs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zJrKRkSiEMC&pg=PA163|year=2001|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-411-1654-3|page=163|quote=2. The period of feudal fragmentation (''feodal'naia nazdroblenost{{'}}'') or of the appanage principalities... with its nadir the fall of Kiev in 1240... 3. The formation of a centralized Russian state}}</ref> the last appange Russian prince was [[Vladimir of Staritsa]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Auty |first1=Robert |last2=Obolensky |first2=Dimitri |title=Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History |date=1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28038-9 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0iVBLGd9xEC |language=en}}</ref>
*In the [[history of Bulgaria]], the late 14th century fragmentation of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]<ref name="TanchevBelov2008">{{cite book |author1=Evgeni Tanchev |author2=Martin Belov |author3=Cristian Ionescu |author4=C. A. J. M. Kortmann |author5=J. W. A. Fleuren |author6=Wim Voermans |title=Constitutional law of 2 EU member states: Bulgaria and Romania : the 2007 enlargement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgXk5r1WtZcC&pg=SA1-PA5 |accessdate=23 May 2011 |year=2008 |publisher=Kluwer |isbn=978-90-13-05635-8 |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Somel2003">{{cite book|author=Selçuk Akşin Somel|title=Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGZQL41tg_oC&pg=PA32|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=2003|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-4332-5|page=32}}</ref>
*In the [[history of Bulgaria]], the late 14th century fragmentation of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]<ref name="TanchevBelov2008">{{cite book |author1=Evgeni Tanchev |author2=Martin Belov |author3=Cristian Ionescu |author4=C. A. J. M. Kortmann |author5=J. W. A. Fleuren |author6=Wim Voermans |title=Constitutional law of 2 EU member states: Bulgaria and Romania : the 2007 enlargement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgXk5r1WtZcC&pg=SA1-PA5 |accessdate=23 May 2011 |year=2008 |publisher=Kluwer |isbn=978-90-13-05635-8 |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Somel2003">{{cite book|author=Selçuk Akşin Somel|title=Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGZQL41tg_oC&pg=PA32|year=2003|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-4332-5|page=32}}</ref>
*In the [[history of Serbia]], the [[Fall of the Serbian Empire]] (1371–95)
*In the [[history of Hungary]], the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)#Interregnum (1301–1323)|interregnum]] (1301–1323)
*In the [[history of Serbia]], the [[fall of the Serbian Empire]] (1371–95)
*In the [[history of Germany]], the period described as ''[[Kleinstaaterei]]'' lasted from the 13th century (the demise of the [[Hohenstaufen]] dynasty and the rise of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]) to 1871 (the [[Unification of Germany|unification of the German states]] into the [[German Empire]])<ref name=PWN/><ref name="Bendix1980">{{cite book|author=Reinhard Bendix|title=Kings or people: power and the mandate to rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxAb4kAtzMYC&pg=PA141|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04090-8|page=141}}</ref><ref name="TeichPorter1993">{{cite book|author1=Mikuláš Teich|author2=Roy Porter|title=The National question in Europe in historical context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu2SnETtV3kC&pg=PA153|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-36713-4|page=153}}</ref><ref name="JenkinsMorgan2007">{{cite book|author1=Keith Jenkins|author2=Sue Morgan|author3=Alun Munslow|title=Manifestos for history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xX0FR_HPj6oC&pg=PA188|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-37776-8|page=188}}</ref>
*In the [[History of Georgia (country)|history of Georgia]], the [[collapse of the Georgian realm]] (starting in the 13th century)
*After the extinction of the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], some of its territory was absorbed by France's [[Louis XI]], while its territory in the [[Low Countries]] (the [[Burgundian Netherlands]]) became the [[Habsburg Netherlands]] (also called the [[Seventeen Provinces]]), which itself splintered into the [[Spanish Netherlands]] and the [[Dutch Republic]]<ref name="Caenegem1991">{{cite book|author=[[R. C. van Caenegem]]|title=Legal history: a European perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkWr0wgL_M0C&pg=PA149|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=1991|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-85285-049-4|page=149}}</ref>
*In the [[history of France]], the period after the fall of the [[Carolingian dynasty]] and death of [[Charlemagne]] to its unification by [[Louis XI]]<ref name="Hugill1995">{{cite book|author=Peter J. Hugill|title=World trade since 1431: geography, technology, and capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yy6NSBYKC8C&pg=PA48|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=1995|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5126-1|page=48}}</ref><ref name="Rossbach1999">{{cite book|author=Stefan Rossbach|title=Gnostic wars: the Cold War in the context of a history of Western spirituality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-cKnYXw--kC&pg=PA81|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=1999|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-1024-2|page=81}}</ref><ref name="LampertRittersporn1992">{{cite book|author1=Nicholas Lampert|author2=Gábor Tamás Rittersporn|title=Stalinism: its nature and aftermath : essays in honour of Moshe Lewin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz1vJ_-yV8UC&pg=PA86|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-87332-876-0|page=86}}</ref>
*In the [[history of Germany]], the period described as ''[[Kleinstaaterei]]'' lasted from the 13th century (the demise of the [[Hohenstaufen]] dynasty and the rise of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]) to 1871 (the [[Unification of Germany|unification of the German states]] into the [[German Empire]])<ref name=PWN/><ref name="Bendix1980">{{cite book|author=Reinhard Bendix|title=Kings or people: power and the mandate to rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxAb4kAtzMYC&pg=PA141|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04090-8|page=141}}</ref><ref name="TeichPorter1993">{{cite book|author1=Mikuláš Teich|author-link1=Mikuláš Teich|author-link2=Roy Porter|author2=Roy Porter|title=The National question in Europe in historical context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu2SnETtV3kC&pg=PA153|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-36713-4|page=153}}</ref><ref name="JenkinsMorgan2007">{{cite book|author1=Keith Jenkins|author2=Sue Morgan|author3=Alun Munslow|title=Manifestos for history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xX0FR_HPj6oC&pg=PA188|year=2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-37776-8|page=188}}</ref>
*In the [[history of Italy]], the period from the [[Lombards#Invasion and conquest of the Italian peninsula|invasion of Italy by the Lombards]] (which occurred shortly after Italy was united under the [[Byzantine Empire]] as a result of the [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic War]]) until [[Italian unification]]<ref name="KaganOzment2001">{{cite book|author1=Donald Kagan|author2=Steven Ozment|author3=Frank M. Turner|author4=A. Daniel Frankforter|title=The Western Heritage: To 1715 : Brief Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOpTGZHtm08C|accessdate=24 May 2011|date=13 June 2001|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-041576-9|page=143}}</ref>
*After the extinction of the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], some of its territory was absorbed by France's [[Louis XI]], while its territory in the [[Low Countries]] (the [[Burgundian Netherlands]]) became the [[Habsburg Netherlands]] (also called the [[Seventeen Provinces]]), which itself splintered into the [[Spanish Netherlands]] and the [[Dutch Republic]]<ref name="Caenegem1991">{{cite book|author=R. C. van Caenegem|author-link=R. C. van Caenegem|title=Legal history: a European perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkWr0wgL_M0C&pg=PA149|year=1991|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-85285-049-4|page=149}}</ref>
*In the [[history of France]], the period after the fall of the [[Carolingian dynasty]] and death of [[Charlemagne]] to its unification by [[Louis XI]]<ref name="Hugill1995">{{cite book|author=Peter J. Hugill|title=World trade since 1431: geography, technology, and capitalism|url=https://archive.org/details/worldtradesince10000hugi|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=1995|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5126-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldtradesince10000hugi/page/48 48]}}</ref><ref name="Rossbach1999">{{cite book|author=Stefan Rossbach|title=Gnostic wars: the Cold War in the context of a history of Western spirituality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-cKnYXw--kC&pg=PA81|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=1999|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-1024-2|page=81}}</ref><ref name="LampertRittersporn1992">{{cite book|author1=Nicholas Lampert|author2=Gábor Tamás Rittersporn|title=Stalinism: its nature and aftermath : essays in honour of Moshe Lewin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz1vJ_-yV8UC&pg=PA86|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-87332-876-0|page=86}}</ref> (see also [[Crown lands of France]])
*In the [[history of Italy]], the period from the [[Lombards#Invasion and conquest of the Italian peninsula|invasion of Italy by the Lombards]] (which occurred shortly after Italy was united under the [[Byzantine Empire]] as a result of the [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic War]]) until [[Italian unification]]<ref name="KaganOzment2001">{{cite book|author1=Donald Kagan|author2=Steven Ozment|author3=Frank M. Turner|author4=A. Daniel Frankforter|title=The Western Heritage: To 1715 : Brief Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/westernheritage7edkaga|url-access=registration|accessdate=24 May 2011|date=13 June 2001|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-041576-9|page=143}}</ref>


According to [[Samir Amin]], feudal fragmentation has been mostly a European phenomenon and did not occur in the [[history of China]] or [[Islam]]ic [[history of the Middle East|Middle Eastern states]].<ref name="FrankGills1996">Samir Amin, ''The Ancient World-Systems Versus the Modern Capitalist World-System'', in {{cite book|author1=André Gunder Frank|author2=Barry K. Gills|title=The world system: five hundred years or five thousand?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVAWQ1D8UJUC&pg=PA252|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=1996|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-15089-7|page=252}}</ref><ref name="Amin2011">{{cite book|author=Samir Amin|title=Global History: A View from the South|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWhI5ffIS4oC&pg=PA18|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=January 2011|publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka|isbn=978-1-906387-96-9|page=18}}</ref> At the same time, the term feudal fragmentation has been used in the context of history of China (the [[Warring States period]])<ref name="Magstadt2010">{{cite book|author=Thomas M. Magstadt|title=Nations and Government: Comparative Politics in Regional Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mwG3haSo_cC&pg=PA277|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=25 June 2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-91528-7|page=277}}</ref> and [[history of Japan]] (the [[Sengoku period]]).<ref name="Kopstein2000">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey Kopstein|title=Comparative politics: interests, identities, and institutions in a changing global order|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh3PVi6II54C&pg=PA182|accessdate=23 May 2011|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63356-7|page=182}}</ref><ref name="Siegel2005">{{cite book|author=Paul N. Siegel|title=The Meek and the Militant: Religion and Power Across the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYDYhl3ddo0C&pg=PA210|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=1 September 2005|publisher=Haymarket Books|isbn=978-1-931859-24-0|page=210}}</ref><ref>Jansen, Marius B. Jansen. (1995). {{Google books|lwPxgoaNVWEC|''The Emergence of Meiji Japan,''p. 124|page=124}}; retrieved 6 July 2011</ref>
According to [[Samir Amin]], feudal fragmentation has been mostly a European phenomenon and did not occur in the [[history of China]] or [[Islam]]ic [[history of the Middle East|Middle Eastern states]].<ref name="FrankGills1996">Samir Amin, ''The Ancient World-Systems Versus the Modern Capitalist World-System'', in {{cite book|author1=André Gunder Frank|author2=Barry K. Gills|title=The world system: five hundred years or five thousand?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVAWQ1D8UJUC&pg=PA252|year=1996|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-15089-7|page=252}}</ref><ref name="Amin2011">{{cite book|author=Samir Amin|title=Global History: A View from the South|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWhI5ffIS4oC&pg=PA18|date=January 2011|publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka|isbn=978-1-906387-96-9|page=18}}</ref> At the same time, the term feudal fragmentation has been used in the context of history of China (the [[Warring States period]])<ref name="Magstadt2010">{{cite book|author=Thomas M. Magstadt|title=Nations and Government: Comparative Politics in Regional Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mwG3haSo_cC&pg=PA277|year=2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-91528-7|page=277}}</ref> and [[history of Japan]] (the [[Sengoku period]]).<ref name="Kopstein2000">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey Kopstein|title=Comparative politics: interests, identities, and institutions in a changing global order|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh3PVi6II54C&pg=PA182|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63356-7|page=182}}</ref><ref name="Siegel2005">{{cite book|author=Paul N. Siegel|title=The Meek and the Militant: Religion and Power Across the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYDYhl3ddo0C&pg=PA210|year=2005|publisher=Haymarket Books|isbn=978-1-931859-24-0|page=210}}</ref><ref>Jansen, Marius B. Jansen. (1995). {{Google books|lwPxgoaNVWEC|''The Emergence of Meiji Japan,''p. 124|page=124}}; retrieved 6 July 2011</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Anatolian beyliks]], after the decline of [[Sultanate of Rum]]
*[[Balkanization]]
*[[Balkanization]]
*[[Division of the Mongol Empire]]
*[[Duchies of Silesia]]
*[[Duchies of Silesia]]
*[[Decentralization]]
*[[Decentralization]]
*[[:de:Fränkische Reichsteilung|Frankish Divisions]]
*[[Kleinstaaterei]]
*[[Kleinstaaterei]]
*[[Gavelkind]]
*[[Gavelkind]]
*[[Petty kingdom]]
*[[Rump state]]
*[[Taifa]] periods, after the decline of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] (1031) and the [[Almoravid dynasty]] (1140s)


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==References==
==References==
* [[Marius Jansen|Jansen, Marius B.]]. (1995). ''The Emergence of Meiji Japan.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521482387}}; {{ISBN|9780521484053}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/emergence-of-meiji-japan/oclc/60261738?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 60261738]
* [[Marius Jansen|Jansen, Marius B.]] (1995). ''The Emergence of Meiji Japan.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521482387}}; {{ISBN|9780521484053}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60261738 OCLC 60261738]

⚫
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Feudal Fragmentation}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Feudal Fragmentation}}

Latest revision as of 05:27, 15 November 2024

English feudalism
Manorialism
Feudal land tenure in England
Feudal duties
Feudalism

Feudal fragmentation[1] is a process whereby a feudal state is split into smaller regional state structures, each characterized by significant autonomy, if not outright independence, and ruled by a high-ranking noble such as a prince or a duke.[2][3] Feudal fragmentation is usually associated with European history, particularly during the Middle Ages.[4][5]

Feudal fragmentation occurs after the death of the legitimate ruler leaves no clear heirs, and rulers of various subdivisions of the original state fail at electing or agreeing on a new leader for the previous, larger entity. In some cases (for example, the Holy Roman Empire), such a leader may be elected, yet wield much lesser powers than those of his predecessor. Feudal fragmentation is related to the concepts of agnatic seniority and principate.[3]

Division of the Polish state in 1138:
  Seniorate Province.
  Pomeranian vassals under the rule of the Seniorate Province.
  Silesian Province of Władysław II.
  Masovian Province of Bolesław IV.
  Greater Poland Province of Mieszko III.
  Sandomierz Province of Henry.
  Łęczyca Province of Salomea of Berg.

Examples

[edit]

This phenomenon has occurred in the history of several countries and regions:

According to Samir Amin, feudal fragmentation has been mostly a European phenomenon and did not occur in the history of China or Islamic Middle Eastern states.[4][21] At the same time, the term feudal fragmentation has been used in the context of history of China (the Warring States period)[22] and history of Japan (the Sengoku period).[23][24][25]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Piotr Górecki (2007). A local society in transition: the Henryków book and related documents. PIMS. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-88844-155-3.
  2. ^ a b (in Polish) Rozbicie dzielnicowe Archived 29 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. WIEM Encyklopedia.
  3. ^ a b c d e (in Polish) rozbicie dzielnicowe. PWN Encyklopedia.
  4. ^ a b Samir Amin, The Ancient World-Systems Versus the Modern Capitalist World-System, in André Gunder Frank; Barry K. Gills (1996). The world system: five hundred years or five thousand?. Psychology Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-415-15089-7.
  5. ^ Grzymala-Busse, Anna (2024). "Tilly Goes to Church: The Religious and Medieval Roots of European State Fragmentation". American Political Science Review. 118 (1): 88–107. doi:10.1017/S0003055423000278.
  6. ^ Norman Davies (30 March 2005). God's Playground: The origins to 1795. Columbia University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-231-12817-9. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  7. ^ Norman Davies (20 January 1998). Europe: a history. HarperCollins. p. 429. ISBN 978-0-06-097468-8. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  8. ^ Maureen Perrie (2001). The cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-333-65684-6. Bakhrushin, in turn, defended the post-Pokrovskii depiction of Ivan IV as 'a great statesman who smashes the remains of feudal fragmentation and lays the basis for the further development of the absolutist state'
  9. ^ George Ginsburgs; Roger Stenson Clark; Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge; Stanisław Pomorski (2001). International and national law in Russia and Eastern Europe: essays in honor of George Ginsburgs. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 163. ISBN 978-90-411-1654-3. 2. The period of feudal fragmentation (feodal'naia nazdroblenost') or of the appanage principalities... with its nadir the fall of Kiev in 1240... 3. The formation of a centralized Russian state
  10. ^ Auty, Robert; Obolensky, Dimitri (1976). Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History. Cambridge University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-521-28038-9.
  11. ^ Evgeni Tanchev; Martin Belov; Cristian Ionescu; C. A. J. M. Kortmann; J. W. A. Fleuren; Wim Voermans (2008). Constitutional law of 2 EU member states: Bulgaria and Romania : the 2007 enlargement. Kluwer. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-13-05635-8. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  12. ^ Selçuk Akşin Somel (2003). Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8108-4332-5.
  13. ^ Reinhard Bendix (1980). Kings or people: power and the mandate to rule. University of California Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-520-04090-8.
  14. ^ Mikuláš Teich; Roy Porter (1993). The National question in Europe in historical context. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-521-36713-4.
  15. ^ Keith Jenkins; Sue Morgan; Alun Munslow (2007). Manifestos for history. Taylor & Francis. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-415-37776-8.
  16. ^ R. C. van Caenegem (1991). Legal history: a European perspective. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-85285-049-4.
  17. ^ Peter J. Hugill (1995). World trade since 1431: geography, technology, and capitalism. JHU Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8018-5126-1. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  18. ^ Stefan Rossbach (1999). Gnostic wars: the Cold War in the context of a history of Western spirituality. Edinburgh University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7486-1024-2. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  19. ^ Nicholas Lampert; Gábor Tamás Rittersporn (1992). Stalinism: its nature and aftermath : essays in honour of Moshe Lewin. M.E. Sharpe. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-87332-876-0. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  20. ^ Donald Kagan; Steven Ozment; Frank M. Turner; A. Daniel Frankforter (13 June 2001). The Western Heritage: To 1715 : Brief Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-13-041576-9. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  21. ^ Samir Amin (January 2011). Global History: A View from the South. Fahamu/Pambazuka. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-906387-96-9.
  22. ^ Thomas M. Magstadt (2010). Nations and Government: Comparative Politics in Regional Perspective. Cengage Learning. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-495-91528-7.
  23. ^ Jeffrey Kopstein (2000). Comparative politics: interests, identities, and institutions in a changing global order. Cambridge University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-521-63356-7.
  24. ^ Paul N. Siegel (2005). The Meek and the Militant: Religion and Power Across the World. Haymarket Books. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-931859-24-0.
  25. ^ Jansen, Marius B. Jansen. (1995). The Emergence of Meiji Japan,p. 124, p. 124, at Google Books; retrieved 6 July 2011

References

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Feudal_fragmentation&oldid=1257495580"