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{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in humans}}
{{#invoke:Infobox_gene|getTemplateData}}
{{Infobox gene}}
<!--{{PBB|geneid=1410}}-->

'''Alpha-crystallin B chain''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''CRYAB'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid8431633">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jeanpierre C, Austruy E, Delattre O, Jones C, Junien C | title = Subregional physical mapping of an alpha B-crystallin sequence and of a new expressed sequence D11S877E to human 11q | journal = Mamm Genome | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 104–8 | date = March 1993 | pmid = 8431633 | pmc = | doi = 10.1007/BF00290434 }}</ref> It is part of the small heat shock protein family and functions as molecular chaperone that primarily binds misfolded proteins to prevent protein aggregation, as well as inhibit apoptosis and contribute to intracellular architecture.<ref name="Entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CRYAB crystallin, alpha B| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1410| accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="pmid=25449278">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamamoto S, Yamashita A, Arakaki N, Nemoto H, Yamazaki T | title = Prevention of aberrant protein aggregation by anchoring the molecular chaperone αB-crystallin to the endoplasmic reticulum | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 455 | issue = 3-4 | pages = 241–5 | date = Dec 2014 | pmid = 25449278 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.151 }}</ref><ref name="pmid=24725344">{{cite journal | vauthors = van de Schootbrugge C, Schults EM, Bussink J, Span PN, Grénman R, Pruijn GJ, Kaanders JH, Boelens WC | title = Effect of hypoxia on the expression of αB-crystallin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | journal = BMC Cancer | volume = 14 | pages = 252 | date = 11 April 2014 | pmid = 24725344 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2407-14-252 }}</ref> Post-translational modifications decrease the ability to chaperone.<ref name="Entrez"/><ref name="pmid=24725344"/> Defects in this gene/protein have been associated with cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.<ref name="Entrez"/><ref name="pmid=25449278"/><ref name="pmid=24725344"/>
'''Alpha-crystallin B chain''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''CRYAB'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid8431633">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jeanpierre C, Austruy E, Delattre O, Jones C, Junien C | title = Subregional physical mapping of an alpha B-crystallin sequence and of a new expressed sequence D11S877E to human 11q | journal = Mammalian Genome | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 104–8 | date = March 1993 | pmid = 8431633 | doi = 10.1007/BF00290434 | s2cid = 9038111 }}</ref> It is part of the small heat shock protein family and functions as molecular chaperone that primarily binds misfolded proteins to prevent protein aggregation, as well as inhibit apoptosis and contribute to intracellular architecture.<ref name="Entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CRYAB crystallin, alpha B| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1410}}</ref><ref name="pmid=25449278">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamamoto S, Yamashita A, Arakaki N, Nemoto H, Yamazaki T | title = Prevention of aberrant protein aggregation by anchoring the molecular chaperone αB-crystallin to the endoplasmic reticulum | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 455 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 241–5 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25449278 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.151 }}</ref><ref name="pmid=24725344">{{cite journal | vauthors = van de Schootbrugge C, Schults EM, Bussink J, Span PN, Grénman R, Pruijn GJ, Kaanders JH, Boelens WC | title = Effect of hypoxia on the expression of αB-crystallin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | journal = BMC Cancer | volume = 14 | pages = 252 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24725344 | pmc = 3990244 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2407-14-252 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Post-translational modifications decrease the ability to chaperone.<ref name="Entrez"/><ref name="pmid=24725344"/> Mutations in ''CRYAB'' cause different cardiomyopathies,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brodehl|first1=Andreas|last2=Gaertner-Rommel|first2=Anna|last3=Klauke|first3=Bärbel|last4=Grewe|first4=Simon Andre|last5=Schirmer|first5=Ilona|last6=Peterschröder|first6=Andreas|last7=Faber|first7=Lothar|last8=Vorgerd|first8=Matthias|last9=Gummert|first9=Jan|date=August 2017|title=The novel αB-crystallin (CRYAB) mutation p.D109G causes restrictive cardiomyopathy|journal=Human Mutation|volume=38|issue=8|pages=947–952|doi=10.1002/humu.23248|issn=1098-1004|pmid=28493373|s2cid=13942559|doi-access=free}}</ref> skeletal myopathies<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vicart|first1=P.|last2=Caron|first2=A.|last3=Guicheney|first3=P.|last4=Li|first4=Z.|last5=Prévost|first5=M. C.|last6=Faure|first6=A.|last7=Chateau|first7=D.|last8=Chapon|first8=F.|last9=Tomé|first9=F.|date=September 1998|title=A missense mutation in the alphaB-crystallin chaperone gene causes a desmin-related myopathy|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=20|issue=1|pages=92–95|doi=10.1038/1765|issn=1061-4036|pmid=9731540|s2cid=24517435}}</ref> mainly myofibrillar myopathy,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fichna JP, Maruszak A, Żekanowski C | title = Myofibrillar myopathy in the genomic context | journal = Journal of Applied Genetics | volume = 59 | issue = 4 | pages = 431–439 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30203143 | doi = 10.1007/s13353-018-0463-4 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and also cataracts.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fichna JP, Potulska-Chromik A, Miszta P, Redowicz MJ, Kaminska AM, Zekanowski C, Filipek S | title = A novel dominant D109A CRYAB mutation in a family with myofibrillar myopathy affects αB-crystallin structure | journal = BBA Clinical | volume = 7 | pages = 1–7 | date = November 2016 | pmc = 5124346 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.11.004 | pmid = 27904835 }}</ref> In addition, defects in this gene/protein have been associated with cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.<ref name="Entrez"/><ref name="pmid=25449278"/><ref name="pmid=24725344"/>


== Structure ==
== Structure ==
Line 7: Line 8:
[[Crystallin]]s are separated into two classes: taxon-specific, or enzyme, and ubiquitous. The latter class constitutes the major proteins of vertebrate eye lens and maintains the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Since lens central fiber cells lose their nuclei during development, these crystallins are made and then retained throughout life, making them extremely stable proteins. Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families; beta and gamma crystallins are also considered as a superfamily. Alpha and beta families are further divided into acidic and basic groups.
[[Crystallin]]s are separated into two classes: taxon-specific, or enzyme, and ubiquitous. The latter class constitutes the major proteins of vertebrate eye lens and maintains the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Since lens central fiber cells lose their nuclei during development, these crystallins are made and then retained throughout life, making them extremely stable proteins. Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families; beta and gamma crystallins are also considered as a superfamily. Alpha and beta families are further divided into acidic and basic groups.


Seven protein regions exist in crystallins: four homologous motifs, a connecting peptide, and N- and C-terminal extensions. Alpha crystallins are composed of two gene products: alpha-A and alpha-B, for acidic and basic, respectively. These heterogeneous aggregates consist of 30-40 subunits; the alpha-A and alpha-B subunits have a 3:1 ratio, respectively.<ref name="Entrez"/>
Seven protein regions exist in crystallins: four homologous motifs, a connecting peptide, and N- and C-terminal extensions. [[Alpha crystallin]]s are composed of two gene products: alpha-A and alpha-B, for acidic and basic, respectively. These heterogeneous aggregates consist of 30–40 subunits; the alpha-A and alpha-B subunits have a 3:1 ratio, respectively.<ref name="Entrez"/>


== Function ==
== Function ==


Alpha B chain crystallins (αBC) can be induced by heat shock, ischemia, and oxidation, and are members of the small [[heat shock protein]] (sHSP also known as the HSP20) family.<ref name="Entrez"/><ref name="pmid=2488020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Easterbrook M, Trope G | title = Value of Humphrey perimetry in the detection of early chloroquine retinopathy | journal = Lens and Eye Toxicity Research | volume = 6 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 255–68 | date = 1989 | pmid = 2488020 }}</ref> They act as molecular chaperones although they do not renature proteins and release them in the fashion of a true chaperone; instead, they bind improperly folded proteins to prevent protein aggregation.<ref name="Entrez"/><ref name="pmid=25449278"/><ref name="pmid=24725344"/>
Alpha B chain crystallins (αBC) can be induced by heat shock, ischemia, and oxidation, and are members of the small [[heat shock protein]] (sHSP also known as the HSP20) family.<ref name="Entrez"/><ref name="pmid=2488020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Easterbrook M, Trope G | title = Value of Humphrey perimetry in the detection of early chloroquine retinopathy | journal = Lens and Eye Toxicity Research | volume = 6 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 255–68 | date = 1989 | pmid = 2488020 }}</ref> They act as molecular chaperones although they do not renature proteins and release them in the fashion of a true chaperone; instead, they bind improperly folded proteins to prevent protein aggregation.<ref name="Entrez"/><ref name="pmid=25449278"/><ref name="pmid=24725344"/>


Furthermore, αBC may confer stress resistance to cells by inhibiting the processing of the pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3.<ref name="pmid=24725344"/> Two additional functions of alpha crystallins are an autokinase activity and participation in the intracellular architecture. Alpha-A and alpha-B gene products are differentially expressed; alpha-A is preferentially restricted to the lens and alpha-B is expressed widely in many tissues and organs. Elevated expression of alpha-B crystallin occurs in many neurological diseases; a missense mutation cosegregated in a family with a desmin-related myopathy.<ref name="Entrez"/>
Furthermore, αBC may confer stress resistance to cells by inhibiting the processing of the pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3.<ref name="pmid=24725344"/> Two additional functions of alpha crystallins are an autokinase activity and participation in the intracellular architecture. Alpha-A and alpha-B gene products are differentially expressed; alpha-A is preferentially restricted to the lens and alpha-B is expressed widely in many tissues and organs. Elevated expression of alpha-B crystallin occurs in many neurological diseases; a missense mutation cosegregated in a family with a desmin-related myopathy.<ref name="Entrez"/>
Line 17: Line 18:
== Clinical significance ==
== Clinical significance ==


Although not yet clearly understood, defective chaperone activity is expected to trigger the accumulation of protein aggregates and underlie the development of α-crystallinopathy, or the failure of protein quality control, resulting in protein deposition diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
Although not yet clearly understood, defective chaperone activity is expected to trigger the accumulation of protein aggregates and underlie the development of α-crystallinopathy, or the failure of protein quality control, resulting in protein deposition diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Mutations in CRYAB could also cause restrictive cardiomyopathy.<ref name="pmid28493373">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brodehl A, Gaertner-Rommel A, Klauke B, Grewe SA, Schirmer I, Peterschröder A, Faber L, Vorgerd M, Gummert J, Anselmetti D, Schulz U, Paluszkiewicz L, Milting H | title = The novel αB-crystallin (CRYAB) mutation p.D109G causes restrictive cardiomyopathy | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 38 | issue = 8 | pages = 947–952 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28493373 | doi = 10.1002/humu.23248 | s2cid = 13942559 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ER-anchored αBC can suppress aggregate formation mediated by the disease mutant. Thus, modulation of the micromilieu surrounding the ER membrane can serve as a potential target in developing pharmacological interventions for protein deposition disease.<ref name="pmid=25449278"/>
ER-anchored αBC can suppress aggregate formation mediated by the disease mutant.Thus, modulation of the micromilieu surrounding the ER membrane can serve as a potential target in developing pharmacological interventions for protein deposition disease.<ref name="pmid=25449278"/>


Though expressed highly in eye lens and muscle tissues, αBC can also be found in several types of cancer, among which head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and breast carcinomas. αBC expression is associated with metastasis formation in HNSCC and in breast carcinomas and in other types of cancer, expression is often correlated with poor prognosis as well. The expression of αBC can be increased during various stresses, like heat shock, osmotic stress or exposure to heavy metals, which then may lead to prolonged survival of cells under these conditions.<ref name="pmid=24725344"/>
Though expressed highly in eye lens and muscle tissues, αBC can also be found in several types of cancer, among which [[Head and neck cancer|head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]] (HNSCC) and breast carcinomas, as well as in patients with [[tuberous sclerosis]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang F, Chen X, Li C, Sun Q, Chen Y, Wang Y, Peng H, Liu Z, Chen R, Liu K, Yan H, Ye BH, Kwiatkowski DJ, Zhang H | title = Pivotal role of augmented αB-crystallin in tumor development induced by deficient TSC1/2 complex | journal = Oncogene | volume = 33 | issue = 34 | pages = 4352–8 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24077282 | doi = 10.1038/onc.2013.401 | doi-access = free }}</ref> αBC expression is associated with metastasis formation in HNSCC and in breast carcinomas and in other types of cancer, expression is often correlated with poor prognosis as well.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moyano JV, Evans JR, Chen F, Lu M, Werner ME, Yehiely F, Diaz LK, Turbin D, Karaca G, Wiley E, Nielsen TO, Perou CM, Cryns VL | title = AlphaB-crystallin is a novel oncoprotein that predicts poor clinical outcome in breast cancer | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 116 | issue = 1 | pages = 261–70 | date = January 2006 | pmc = 1323258 | doi = 10.1172/JCI25888 | pmid = 16395408 }}</ref> The expression of αBC can be increased during various stresses, like heat shock, osmotic stress or exposure to heavy metals, which then may lead to prolonged survival of cells under these conditions.<ref name="pmid=24725344"/>


== Interactions ==
== Interactions ==
Line 26: Line 26:
CRYAB has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with:
CRYAB has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with:
* [[CRYAA]],<ref name = pmid11700327/>
* [[CRYAA]],<ref name = pmid11700327/>
* [[CRYBB2]],<ref name = pmid11700327>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fu L, Liang JJ | title = Detection of protein-protein interactions among lens crystallins in a mammalian two-hybrid system assay | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 6 | pages = 4255–60 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11700327 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M110027200 }}</ref>
* [[CRYBB2]],<ref name = pmid11700327>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fu L, Liang JJ | title = Detection of protein-protein interactions among lens crystallins in a mammalian two-hybrid system assay | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 277 | issue = 6 | pages = 4255–60 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11700327 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M110027200 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[CRYGC]],<ref name = pmid11700327/>
* [[CRYGC]],<ref name = pmid11700327/>
* [[HSPB2]],<ref name = pmid10625651>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sugiyama Y, Suzuki A, Kishikawa M, Akutsu R, Hirose T, Waye MM, Tsui SK, Yoshida S, Ohno S | title = Muscle develops a specific form of small heat shock protein complex composed of MKBP/HSPB2 and HSPB3 during myogenic differentiation | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 275 | issue = 2 | pages = 1095–104 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10625651 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.275.2.1095}}</ref>
* [[HSPB2]],<ref name = pmid10625651>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sugiyama Y, Suzuki A, Kishikawa M, Akutsu R, Hirose T, Waye MM, Tsui SK, Yoshida S, Ohno S | title = Muscle develops a specific form of small heat shock protein complex composed of MKBP/HSPB2 and HSPB3 during myogenic differentiation | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 275 | issue = 2 | pages = 1095–104 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10625651 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.275.2.1095 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Hsp27]],<ref name = pmid11700327/><ref name = pmid1560006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kato K, Shinohara H, Goto S, Inaguma Y, Morishita R, Asano T | title = Copurification of small heat shock protein with alpha B crystallin from human skeletal muscle | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 267 | issue = 11 | pages = 7718–25 | date = April 1992 | pmid = 1560006 | doi = }}</ref> and
* [[Hsp27]],<ref name = pmid11700327/><ref name = pmid1560006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kato K, Shinohara H, Goto S, Inaguma Y, Morishita R, Asano T | title = Copurification of small heat shock protein with alpha B crystallin from human skeletal muscle | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 267 | issue = 11 | pages = 7718–25 | date = April 1992 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42574-4 | pmid = 1560006 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and
* [[PSMA3]].<ref name = pmid11341940>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boelens WC, Croes Y, de Jong WW | title = Interaction between alphaB-crystallin and the human 20S proteasomal subunit C8/alpha7 | journal = Biochim. Biophys. Acta | volume = 1544 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 311–9 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11341940 | doi = 10.1016/S0167-4838(00)00243-0}}</ref>
* [[PSMA3]].<ref name = pmid11341940>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boelens WC, Croes Y, de Jong WW | title = Interaction between αB-crystallin and the human 20S proteasomal subunit C8/α7| journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology| volume = 1544 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 311–9 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11341940 | doi = 10.1016/S0167-4838(00)00243-0 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Alpha crystallin]]
{{Clear}}


== References ==
== References ==
Line 41: Line 37:
== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|35em}}
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Derham BK, Harding JJ | title = Alpha-crystallin as a molecular chaperone | journal = Progress in retinal and eye research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 463–509 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10217480 | doi = 10.1016/S1350-9462(98)00030-5 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Derham BK, Harding JJ | title = Alpha-crystallin as a molecular chaperone | journal = Progress in Retinal and Eye Research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 463–509 | date = July 1999 | pmid = 10217480 | doi = 10.1016/S1350-9462(98)00030-5 | s2cid = 25124893 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Calinisan V, Gravem D, Chen RP, Brittin S, Mohandas N, Lecomte MC, Gascard P | title = New insights into potential functions for the protein 4.1 superfamily of proteins in kidney epithelium | journal = Front. Biosci. | volume = 11 | issue = | pages = 1646–66 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16368544 | doi = 10.2741/1911 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Calinisan V, Gravem D, Chen RP, Brittin S, Mohandas N, Lecomte MC, Gascard P | title = New insights into potential functions for the protein 4.1 superfamily of proteins in kidney epithelium | journal = Frontiers in Bioscience | volume = 11 | pages = 1646–66 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16368544 | doi = 10.2741/1911 | s2cid = 26325962 | url = https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc892527/ | doi-access = free }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=mfm GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Myofibrillar Myopathy]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=mfm GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Myofibrillar Myopathy]


{{Eye proteins}}
{{Eye proteins}}


⚫
[[Category:Heat shock proteins]]


⚫
[[Category:Proteins]]

Latest revision as of 12:00, 15 November 2024

CRYAB
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesCRYAB, CMD1II, CRYA2, CTPP2, CTRCT16, HEL-S-101, HSPB5, MFM2, crystallin alpha B
External IDsOMIM: 123590; MGI: 88516; HomoloGene: 68209; GeneCards: CRYAB; OMA:CRYAB - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

1410

12955

Ensembl

ENSG00000109846

ENSMUSG00000032060

UniProt

P02511

P23927

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001289782
NM_001289784
NM_001289785
NM_009964

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001276711
NP_001276713
NP_001276714
NP_034094

Location (UCSC)Chr 11: 111.91 – 111.92 MbChr 9: 50.66 – 50.67 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Alpha-crystallin B chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRYAB gene.[5] It is part of the small heat shock protein family and functions as molecular chaperone that primarily binds misfolded proteins to prevent protein aggregation, as well as inhibit apoptosis and contribute to intracellular architecture.[6][7][8] Post-translational modifications decrease the ability to chaperone.[6][8] Mutations in CRYAB cause different cardiomyopathies,[9] skeletal myopathies[10] mainly myofibrillar myopathy,[11] and also cataracts.[12] In addition, defects in this gene/protein have been associated with cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.[6][7][8]

Structure

[edit]

Crystallins are separated into two classes: taxon-specific, or enzyme, and ubiquitous. The latter class constitutes the major proteins of vertebrate eye lens and maintains the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Since lens central fiber cells lose their nuclei during development, these crystallins are made and then retained throughout life, making them extremely stable proteins. Mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families; beta and gamma crystallins are also considered as a superfamily. Alpha and beta families are further divided into acidic and basic groups.

Seven protein regions exist in crystallins: four homologous motifs, a connecting peptide, and N- and C-terminal extensions. Alpha crystallins are composed of two gene products: alpha-A and alpha-B, for acidic and basic, respectively. These heterogeneous aggregates consist of 30–40 subunits; the alpha-A and alpha-B subunits have a 3:1 ratio, respectively.[6]

Function

[edit]

Alpha B chain crystallins (αBC) can be induced by heat shock, ischemia, and oxidation, and are members of the small heat shock protein (sHSP also known as the HSP20) family.[6][13] They act as molecular chaperones although they do not renature proteins and release them in the fashion of a true chaperone; instead, they bind improperly folded proteins to prevent protein aggregation.[6][7][8]

Furthermore, αBC may confer stress resistance to cells by inhibiting the processing of the pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3.[8] Two additional functions of alpha crystallins are an autokinase activity and participation in the intracellular architecture. Alpha-A and alpha-B gene products are differentially expressed; alpha-A is preferentially restricted to the lens and alpha-B is expressed widely in many tissues and organs. Elevated expression of alpha-B crystallin occurs in many neurological diseases; a missense mutation cosegregated in a family with a desmin-related myopathy.[6]

Clinical significance

[edit]

Although not yet clearly understood, defective chaperone activity is expected to trigger the accumulation of protein aggregates and underlie the development of α-crystallinopathy, or the failure of protein quality control, resulting in protein deposition diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Mutations in CRYAB could also cause restrictive cardiomyopathy.[14] ER-anchored αBC can suppress aggregate formation mediated by the disease mutant. Thus, modulation of the micromilieu surrounding the ER membrane can serve as a potential target in developing pharmacological interventions for protein deposition disease.[7]

Though expressed highly in eye lens and muscle tissues, αBC can also be found in several types of cancer, among which head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and breast carcinomas, as well as in patients with tuberous sclerosis.[15] αBC expression is associated with metastasis formation in HNSCC and in breast carcinomas and in other types of cancer, expression is often correlated with poor prognosis as well.[16] The expression of αBC can be increased during various stresses, like heat shock, osmotic stress or exposure to heavy metals, which then may lead to prolonged survival of cells under these conditions.[8]

Interactions

[edit]

CRYAB has been shown to interact with:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000109846 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032060 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Jeanpierre C, Austruy E, Delattre O, Jones C, Junien C (March 1993). "Subregional physical mapping of an alpha B-crystallin sequence and of a new expressed sequence D11S877E to human 11q". Mammalian Genome. 4 (2): 104–8. doi:10.1007/BF00290434. PMID 8431633. S2CID 9038111.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Entrez Gene: CRYAB crystallin, alpha B".
  7. ^ a b c d Yamamoto S, Yamashita A, Arakaki N, Nemoto H, Yamazaki T (December 2014). "Prevention of aberrant protein aggregation by anchoring the molecular chaperone αB-crystallin to the endoplasmic reticulum". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 455 (3–4): 241–5. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.151. PMID 25449278.
  8. ^ a b c d e f van de Schootbrugge C, Schults EM, Bussink J, Span PN, Grénman R, Pruijn GJ, Kaanders JH, Boelens WC (April 2014). "Effect of hypoxia on the expression of αB-crystallin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma". BMC Cancer. 14: 252. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-252. PMC 3990244. PMID 24725344.
  9. ^ Brodehl, Andreas; Gaertner-Rommel, Anna; Klauke, Bärbel; Grewe, Simon Andre; Schirmer, Ilona; Peterschröder, Andreas; Faber, Lothar; Vorgerd, Matthias; Gummert, Jan (August 2017). "The novel αB-crystallin (CRYAB) mutation p.D109G causes restrictive cardiomyopathy". Human Mutation. 38 (8): 947–952. doi:10.1002/humu.23248. ISSN 1098-1004. PMID 28493373. S2CID 13942559.
  10. ^ Vicart, P.; Caron, A.; Guicheney, P.; Li, Z.; Prévost, M. C.; Faure, A.; Chateau, D.; Chapon, F.; Tomé, F. (September 1998). "A missense mutation in the alphaB-crystallin chaperone gene causes a desmin-related myopathy". Nature Genetics. 20 (1): 92–95. doi:10.1038/1765. ISSN 1061-4036. PMID 9731540. S2CID 24517435.
  11. ^ Fichna JP, Maruszak A, Żekanowski C (November 2018). "Myofibrillar myopathy in the genomic context". Journal of Applied Genetics. 59 (4): 431–439. doi:10.1007/s13353-018-0463-4. PMID 30203143.
  12. ^ Fichna JP, Potulska-Chromik A, Miszta P, Redowicz MJ, Kaminska AM, Zekanowski C, Filipek S (November 2016). "A novel dominant D109A CRYAB mutation in a family with myofibrillar myopathy affects αB-crystallin structure". BBA Clinical. 7: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.11.004. PMC 5124346. PMID 27904835.
  13. ^ Easterbrook M, Trope G (1989). "Value of Humphrey perimetry in the detection of early chloroquine retinopathy". Lens and Eye Toxicity Research. 6 (1–2): 255–68. PMID 2488020.
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Further reading

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