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{{Short description|Russian entrepreneur and mathematician; cofounder of ''MMM''}}
{{Short description|Russian financial fraudster (1955–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Family name hatnote|Panteleevich|[[Mavrodi]]|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = <!-- Sergei P Mavrodi-->
| name = <!-- Sergei P Mavrodi-->
| image = File:S Mavrodi 2012.jpg
| image = File:S Mavrodi 2012.jpg
| caption = Sergei in 2012
| caption = Mavrodi in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1955|08|11}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1955|08|11}}
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|03|26|1955|08|11}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|03|26|1955|08|11}}
| death_place = Moscow, [[Russia]]
| death_place = Moscow, Russia
| nationality = Russian
| other_names =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| occupation =
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}}
}}


'''Sergei Panteleevich Mavrodi''' ({{lang-ru|Серге́й Пантеле́евич Мавро́ди}}; 11 August 1955 – 26 March 2018) was a Russian financial fraudster, financial criminal and previously a deputy of the [[State Duma]]. He was the founder of the [[MMM (Ponzi scheme company)|МММ]], a scheme that defrauded millions of people around the globe.
'''Sergei Panteleevich Mavrodi''' ({{langx|ru|Серге́й Пантеле́евич Мавро́ди}}; 11 August 1955 – 26 March 2018) was a Russian financial fraudster, financial criminal and previously a deputy of the [[State Duma]]. He was the founder of the [[MMM (Ponzi scheme company)|МММ]], a scheme that defrauded millions of people around the globe.


In 2007 Sergei Mavrodi was convicted in a Russian court of defrauding 10,000 investors out of 110 million rubles ($4.3 million).<ref name=piramidos>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=21471 "Sergei Mavrodi Convicted of Fraud in MMM Trial"], by Kevin O’Flynn, The St. Petersburg Times.</ref><ref name=gazeta>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/piramidos.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125181755/http://www.gazeta.ru/piramidos.shtml|url-status=dead|title="Mavrodi's Internet-Pyramide Commapsed"|archive-date=25 January 2011}}</ref><ref name=temptation>{{Cite web|url=http://itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=14623514&PageNum=44|title=ITAR-TASS}}</ref> Mavrodi claimed he was not the beneficiary of the donations and that he was not used to a flamboyant lifestyle. The charge of which he was later convicted was [[tax fraud]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/out-of-russia-mythical-money-helps-to-buy-voters-1445499.html|title=Out of Russia:Mythical money helps to buy voters|last=Higgins|first=Andrew |date= 28 October 1994}}</ref> though he claimed that the MMM scheme was not a business, but instead a mutual donation program against which there is no law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mmm-a-revolution.blogspot.com.ng/p/sergey-panteleevich-mavrodi-born-august.html|title=MMM is a Revolution For Each And Everyone Of You.To Fight Against Financial Slavery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828023629/http://mmm-a-revolution.blogspot.com.ng/p/sergey-panteleevich-mavrodi-born-august.html|archive-date=28 August 2016}}</ref>
In 2007 Sergei Mavrodi was convicted in a Russian court of defrauding 10,000 investors out of 110 million rubles ($4.3 million).<ref name=piramidos>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=21471 "Sergei Mavrodi Convicted of Fraud in MMM Trial"], by Kevin O’Flynn, The St. Petersburg Times.</ref><ref name=gazeta>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/piramidos.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125181755/http://www.gazeta.ru/piramidos.shtml|url-status=dead|title="Mavrodi's Internet-Pyramide Commapsed"|archive-date=25 January 2011}}</ref><ref name=temptation>{{Cite web|url=http://itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=14623514&PageNum=44|title=ITAR-TASS}}</ref> Mavrodi claimed he was not the beneficiary of the donations and that he was not used to a flamboyant lifestyle. The charge of which he was later convicted was [[tax fraud]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/out-of-russia-mythical-money-helps-to-buy-voters-1445499.html|title=Out of Russia:Mythical money helps to buy voters|last=Higgins|first=Andrew |date= 28 October 1994}}</ref> though he claimed that the MMM scheme was not a business, but instead a mutual donation program against which there is no law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mmm-a-revolution.blogspot.com.ng/p/sergey-panteleevich-mavrodi-born-august.html|title=MMM is a Revolution For Each And Everyone Of You.To Fight Against Financial Slavery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828023629/http://mmm-a-revolution.blogspot.com.ng/p/sergey-panteleevich-mavrodi-born-august.html|archive-date=28 August 2016}}</ref>
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== MMM activities ==
== MMM activities ==
{{see also|MMM (Ponzi scheme company)|MMM Global}}
In 1989 Mavrodi founded [[MMM (Ponzi scheme)|MMM]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/21/weekinreview/21rampell.html "A Scheme With No Off Button"] by [[Catherine Rampell]], NY Times</ref><ref name="RFE/RL">{{Cite web |first=Claire |last=Bigg |title=Jailed For Not Paying A Fine, Ponzi Scheme Founder Plots 'Financial Apocalypse' |date=15 March 2012 |work=[[RFE/RL]] |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/mmm_mavrodi_plots_financial_apocalypse/24517183.html }}</ref> He was then imprisoned on charges of financial fraud involving MMM.<ref name="tmt"/>
In 1989 Mavrodi founded [[MMM (Ponzi scheme)|MMM]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/21/weekinreview/21rampell.html "A Scheme With No Off Button"] by [[Catherine Rampell]], NY Times</ref><ref name="RFE/RL">{{Cite web |first=Claire |last=Bigg |title=Jailed For Not Paying A Fine, Ponzi Scheme Founder Plots 'Financial Apocalypse' |date=15 March 2012 |work=[[RFE/RL]] |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/mmm_mavrodi_plots_financial_apocalypse/24517183.html }}</ref> He was then imprisoned on charges of financial fraud involving MMM.<ref name="tmt"/>


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In January 2011, Mavrodi launched another pyramid scheme called MMM-2011, asking investors to buy so-called Mavro currency units. He frankly described it as a pyramid, adding "It is a naked scheme, nothing more ... People interact with each other and give each other money. For no reason!"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2042721,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119030331/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2042721,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2011|title=Why is Russia's Bernie Madoff Back in Business? |last=Shuster|first=Simon|date=15 January 2011|work=Time Magazine|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> Mavrodi said that his goal with MMM-2011 was to destroy the current financial system, which he considered unfair, which would allow something new to take its place. MMM-2011 was able to function openly as Ponzi schemes and financial pyramids are not illegal under Russian law.<ref name="asia">{{cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/NC20Ag01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320021928/http://atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/NC20Ag01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=20 March 2012|title=Mavrodi's Ponzi comeback seeks financial apocalypse|last=Bigg|first=Claire|date=20 March 2012|work=Asia Times|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> In May 2012 he froze the operation and announced that there would be no more payouts.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}
In January 2011, Mavrodi launched another pyramid scheme called MMM-2011, asking investors to buy so-called Mavro currency units. He frankly described it as a pyramid, adding "It is a naked scheme, nothing more ... People interact with each other and give each other money. For no reason!"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2042721,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119030331/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2042721,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2011|title=Why is Russia's Bernie Madoff Back in Business? |last=Shuster|first=Simon|date=15 January 2011|work=Time Magazine|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> Mavrodi said that his goal with MMM-2011 was to destroy the current financial system, which he considered unfair, which would allow something new to take its place. MMM-2011 was able to function openly as Ponzi schemes and financial pyramids are not illegal under Russian law.<ref name="asia">{{cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/NC20Ag01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320021928/http://atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/NC20Ag01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=20 March 2012|title=Mavrodi's Ponzi comeback seeks financial apocalypse|last=Bigg|first=Claire|date=20 March 2012|work=Asia Times|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> In May 2012 he froze the operation and announced that there would be no more payouts.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}


In 2011 he launched a similar scheme in India, called MMM India, again stating clearly that the vehicle was a pyramid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indrus.in/articles/2012/08/31/mmm_scheme_heads_to_india_17331.html|title=MMM scheme heads to India|last=Lobazina|first=Alina|date=1 September 2012|work=Russia & India Report|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> He has also launched MMM in China.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chinammm.net/cn/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529233703/http://chinammm.net/cn/ |archive-date=29 May 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was reported to be trying to expand his operations into Western Europe, Canada, and Latin America.<ref name = "asia" /> As of September 2015 it had spread rapidly in [[South Africa]] with a claimed 1% per day or 30% per month interest rate scheme<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rsa-mmm.co/ |title="MMM South Africa Scheme" |access-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216121953/http://rsa-mmm.co/ |archive-date=16 February 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and warnings from both the [[South African Communist Party|South African]] and [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Russian Communist Parties]] for people not to participate in it.<ref name="MGinSA">{{cite web | url=http://mg.co.za/article/2015-09-10-rich-pickings-for-russian-con-artist | title=Rich pickings for Russian con artist | publisher=[[Mail and Guardian]] | date=11 September 2015 | access-date=20 September 2015 | author=de Wet, Phillip}}</ref> In early 2016, he continued the same model in [[Zimbabwe]] (the accounts were frozen in September 2016), and later, in [[Nigeria]] (accounts frozen in December 2016).<ref name="rferl">{{cite news|url=http://www.svoboda.org/a/28068695.html|title=African pyramids of Mavrodi|last=Khazov-Kassia|first=Sergey|date=22 October 2016|work=RFE/RL Russian|access-date=22 October 2016|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.somtoo.com/2016/12/breaking-news-mmm-nigeria-finally.html |title=Breaking news: MMM Nigeria finally crashes - Somtoo Okoye blog |website=www.somtoo.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224190208/http://www.somtoo.com/2016/12/breaking-news-mmm-nigeria-finally.html |archive-date=2016-12-24}} </ref>
In 2011 he launched a similar scheme in India, called MMM India, again stating clearly that the vehicle was a pyramid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indrus.in/articles/2012/08/31/mmm_scheme_heads_to_india_17331.html|title=MMM scheme heads to India|last=Lobazina|first=Alina|date=1 September 2012|work=Russia & India Report|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> He has also launched MMM in China.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chinammm.net/cn/ |title=MMM CHINA - Official Website |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529233703/http://chinammm.net/cn/ |archive-date=29 May 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was reported to be trying to expand his operations into Western Europe, Canada, and Latin America.<ref name = "asia" /> As of September 2015 it had spread rapidly in [[South Africa]] with a claimed 1% per day or 30% per month interest rate scheme<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rsa-mmm.co/ |title="MMM South Africa Scheme" |access-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216121953/http://rsa-mmm.co/ |archive-date=16 February 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and warnings from both the [[South African Communist Party|South African]] and [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Russian Communist Parties]] for people not to participate in it.<ref name="MGinSA">{{cite web | url=http://mg.co.za/article/2015-09-10-rich-pickings-for-russian-con-artist | title=Rich pickings for Russian con artist | publisher=[[Mail and Guardian]] | date=11 September 2015 | access-date=20 September 2015 | author=de Wet, Phillip}}</ref> In early 2016, he continued the same model in [[Zimbabwe]] (the accounts were frozen in September 2016), and later, in [[Nigeria]] (accounts frozen in December 2016).<ref name="rferl">{{cite news|url=http://www.svoboda.org/a/28068695.html|title=African pyramids of Mavrodi|last=Khazov-Kassia|first=Sergey|date=22 October 2016|work=RFE/RL Russian|access-date=22 October 2016|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.somtoo.com/2016/12/breaking-news-mmm-nigeria-finally.html |title=Breaking news: MMM Nigeria finally crashes - Somtoo Okoye blog |website=www.somtoo.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224190208/http://www.somtoo.com/2016/12/breaking-news-mmm-nigeria-finally.html |archive-date=2016-12-24}} </ref>
MMM Nigeria resumed activities on 13 January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://encomium.ng/mmm-nigeria-reopens/|title=MMM Nigeria reopens &#124; Encomium Magazine}}</ref>
MMM Nigeria resumed activities on 13 January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://encomium.ng/mmm-nigeria-reopens/|title=MMM Nigeria reopens &#124; Encomium Magazine|date=24 January 2017 }}</ref>


== Stock Generation ==
== Stock Generation ==
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[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Moscow]]
[[Category:Criminals from Moscow]]
[[Category:Russian people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Russian people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Russian people of Ukrainian descent]]
[[Category:Russian people of Ukrainian descent]]
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[[Category:21st-century Russian criminals]]
[[Category:21st-century Russian criminals]]
[[Category:Confidence tricksters]]
[[Category:Confidence tricksters]]
[[Category:Economy of Russia]]
[[Category:Russian white-collar criminals]]
[[Category:Russian white-collar criminals]]
[[Category:Russian fraudsters]]
[[Category:Russian fraudsters]]
[[Category:Russian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Russian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Russia]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Russia]]
[[Category:Russian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Moscow]]
[[Category:Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery]]
[[Category:Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery]]

Latest revision as of 13:57, 15 November 2024

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Panteleevich and the family name is Mavrodi.
Sergei Mavrodi
Mavrodi in 2012
Born(1955-08-11)11 August 1955
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Died26 March 2018(2018-03-26) (aged 62)
Moscow, Russia
Known forRussian financial fraudster and previously a deputy of the State Duma

Sergei Panteleevich Mavrodi (Russian: Серге́й Пантеле́евич Мавро́ди; 11 August 1955 – 26 March 2018) was a Russian financial fraudster, financial criminal and previously a deputy of the State Duma. He was the founder of the МММ, a scheme that defrauded millions of people around the globe.

In 2007 Sergei Mavrodi was convicted in a Russian court of defrauding 10,000 investors out of 110 million rubles ($4.3 million).[1][2][3] Mavrodi claimed he was not the beneficiary of the donations and that he was not used to a flamboyant lifestyle. The charge of which he was later convicted was tax fraud[4] though he claimed that the MMM scheme was not a business, but instead a mutual donation program against which there is no law.[5] There were interviews after his release where he claimed MMM Global was behind the bitcoin price rally.[6]

Early life

[edit]

Mavrodi was born in Moscow. His mother was Russian. His father was half Greek (therefore his surname is Mavrodi), half Ukrainian.[7] During his childhood he was diagnosed with a bilateral heart defect.[8] Mavrodi recalled that in school he was proficient in mathematics and physics.[8] He studied at the Moscow State Institute of Electronics and Mathematics.[8] In 1983 he was arrested for ten days due to illegal economic activity.[8]

MMM activities

[edit]
See also: MMM (Ponzi scheme company) and MMM Global

In 1989 Mavrodi founded MMM.[9][10] He was then imprisoned on charges of financial fraud involving MMM.[11]

In 1994 Mavrodi was elected deputy of State Duma obtaining parliamentary immunity, just three weeks after he was released from prison. He ran in a by-election in the Mytishchinsky District to replace deputy Andrey Aizderdzis, who was gunned down earlier that year.[11] Mavrodi took nearly 27% of the votes with a turnout of only 30%.[11]

Mavrodi declared MMM bankrupt on 22 December 1997, then disappeared, and was on the run until his arrest in 2003.[12]

On 28 April 2007, a Moscow court sentenced him to four and a half years in a penal colony. The court also fined him 10,000 rubles ($390).[12]

In January 2011, Mavrodi launched another pyramid scheme called MMM-2011, asking investors to buy so-called Mavro currency units. He frankly described it as a pyramid, adding "It is a naked scheme, nothing more ... People interact with each other and give each other money. For no reason!"[13] Mavrodi said that his goal with MMM-2011 was to destroy the current financial system, which he considered unfair, which would allow something new to take its place. MMM-2011 was able to function openly as Ponzi schemes and financial pyramids are not illegal under Russian law.[14] In May 2012 he froze the operation and announced that there would be no more payouts.[citation needed]

In 2011 he launched a similar scheme in India, called MMM India, again stating clearly that the vehicle was a pyramid.[15] He has also launched MMM in China.[16] He was reported to be trying to expand his operations into Western Europe, Canada, and Latin America.[14] As of September 2015 it had spread rapidly in South Africa with a claimed 1% per day or 30% per month interest rate scheme[17] and warnings from both the South African and Russian Communist Parties for people not to participate in it.[18] In early 2016, he continued the same model in Zimbabwe (the accounts were frozen in September 2016), and later, in Nigeria (accounts frozen in December 2016).[19][20] MMM Nigeria resumed activities on 13 January 2017.[21]

Stock Generation

[edit]

In 1998 Mavrodi created Stock Generation,[22][23] allegedly a classic pyramid scheme presented as a "virtual stock market game".[1] The website ran from 1998 to early 2000. It was based around trading non-existent companies' stocks in a form of the "stock exchange game" on the company's site, stockgeneration.com. Despite a bold-letter warning on the main page that the site was not a real stock exchange, between 20,000 and 275,000 people, according to various estimates, fell for the promised 200% returns and lost their money. According to U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), losses of victims were at least US$5.5 million.[24] The Massachusetts district court initially found that U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission was unable to cite Stock Generation's founders and owners for securities violations. However, the United States Court of Appeals reversed this decision in 2001, concluding that the SEC alleged sufficient facts to state a triable claim.[25] In 2003 the SEC obtained permanent injunctions against SG Ltd. and relief defendants SG Perfect and SG Trading, which profited from the disbursement of funds fraudulently gained by SG Ltd.[26][27]

Death

[edit]

Mavrodi died of heart problems at the age of 62 at a hospital in Moscow.[28][8][29] The funeral was funded by the investors of МММ-2011.[30]

Book

[edit]

In 2008 Mavrodi published the book Temptation. In May 2008, bailiffs arrested Mavrodi's rights to this book. Seven thousand copies of the book were published.[3][31]

Film

[edit]

A feature film The PyraMMMid, based on the story of the same name by Mavrodi was released in Russia on 7 April 2011. The role of Sergei Mavrodi (in the film he is called Sergei Mamontov) is played by Aleksei Serebryakov.

Theater

[edit]

His play was performed in theatres. The director of the play was Maria Kuznetsova.[32][33]

Other media

[edit]

Mavrodi was depicted as a non-playable character in the 2011 video game Postal III, owning the arcade in the north of the city of Catharsis.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Sergei Mavrodi Convicted of Fraud in MMM Trial", by Kevin O’Flynn, The St. Petersburg Times.
  2. ^ ""Mavrodi's Internet-Pyramide Commapsed"". Archived from the original on 25 January 2011.
  3. ^ a b "ITAR-TASS".
  4. ^ Higgins, Andrew (28 October 1994). "Out of Russia:Mythical money helps to buy voters".
  5. ^ "MMM is a Revolution For Each And Everyone Of You.To Fight Against Financial Slavery". Archived from the original on 28 August 2016.
  6. ^ I’m no crook,’ declares MMM scamster, while claiming credit for the Bitcoin price spike, by Izabella Kaminska 9 November 2015.
  7. ^ "Бизнес-секреты: Сергей Мавроди". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Мы можем многое". Что обещал россиянам Сергей Мавроди (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  9. ^ "A Scheme With No Off Button" by Catherine Rampell, NY Times
  10. ^ Bigg, Claire (15 March 2012). "Jailed For Not Paying A Fine, Ponzi Scheme Founder Plots 'Financial Apocalypse'". RFE/RL.
  11. ^ a b c "MMM's Mavrodi Voted Into Duma". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  12. ^ a b "Moscow court sentences pyramid scheme head Mavrodi to 4.5 yrs".
  13. ^ Shuster, Simon (15 January 2011). "Why is Russia's Bernie Madoff Back in Business?". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  14. ^ a b Bigg, Claire (20 March 2012). "Mavrodi's Ponzi comeback seeks financial apocalypse". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  15. ^ Lobazina, Alina (1 September 2012). "MMM scheme heads to India". Russia & India Report. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  16. ^ "MMM CHINA - Official Website". Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  17. ^ ""MMM South Africa Scheme"". Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  18. ^ de Wet, Phillip (11 September 2015). "Rich pickings for Russian con artist". Mail and Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  19. ^ Khazov-Kassia, Sergey (22 October 2016). "African pyramids of Mavrodi". RFE/RL Russian (in Russian). Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  20. ^ "Breaking news: MMM Nigeria finally crashes - Somtoo Okoye blog". www.somtoo.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016.
  21. ^ "MMM Nigeria reopens | Encomium Magazine". 24 January 2017.
  22. ^ MMM Corporation Archived 14 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine by Peter Symes
  23. ^ "Money For Nothing", by Dan Brekke,Wired Magazine, Issue 8.09, Sep 2000
  24. ^ "SG Limited: Lit. Rel. No. 17129 / September 14, 2001". www.sec.gov. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  25. ^ Appeal of SEC vs. Stock Generation, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
  26. ^ "SG Ltd. (Stock Generation Ltd.) et al". www.sec.gov.
  27. ^ Securities and Exchange Commission v. SG Limited et al., (United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, No. 00-11141-GAO), U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Litigation Release No.. 18181 / 9 June 2003
  28. ^ "Sergei Mavrodi, 90s Ponzi scheme mastermind, dies in Moscow hospital". TASS. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  29. ^ "Russian Ponzi Scheme Operator Mavrodi Dies at Age 62". The New York Times. Associated Press. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  30. ^ Сергея Мавроди похоронят на деньги вкладчиков "МММ-2011" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 30 March 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  31. ^ Сергей Мавроди. Искушение. Москва, Р7осмэн, 2008.
  32. ^ "Спектакль "Сын Люцифера -- День 69, Голос"". 26 November 2018.
  33. ^ "ГОЛОС". theatreyalta.com.
[edit]
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