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|region=foothills of the [[Ural Mountains]] in [[Russia]]
|region=foothills of the [[Ural Mountains]] in [[Russia]]
|familycolor=Uralic
|familycolor=Uralic
|fam2=[[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]]
|fam3=[[Finno-Permic languages|Finno-Permic]]?
|glotto=perm1256
|glotto=perm1256
|glottorefname=Permian
|glottorefname=Permian
|child1=[[Komi language|Komi]]
|child1=Komi ([[Komi language|Zyryan]], [[Komi-Yazva language|Yazva]], [[Permyak language|Permyak]])
|child2=[[Komi-Yazva language|Yazva]]
|child2=[[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]
|map=5-Permic-branch.png
|child3=[[Permyak language|Permyak]]
|mapcaption=Distribution of the Permic languages at the beginning of the 20th century<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648|doi-access=free |pmid=35675367 |pmc=9176854 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref>
|child4=[[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]
|child5=[[Meshchera language|Meshchera?]]
|map=Permic languages.png
|mapcaption=The Permic languages
}}
}}
The '''Permic''' or '''Permian''' languages are a branch of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] language family. They are spoken in several regions to the west of the [[Ural Mountains]] within the [[Russian Federation]]. The total number of speakers is around 950,000, of which around 550,000 speak the most widely spoken language, [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]. Like other Uralic languages, the Permic languages are primarily agglutinative and have a rich system of grammatical cases. Unlike many others, they do not have [[vowel harmony]].<ref name="graz">{{cite web | url=http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/desc?id=154&type=r | title=The Permic Languages | publisher=The University of Graz | work=LanguageServer - the Languages of the World | access-date=August 22, 2012 | author=Scheucher, Bernhard}}</ref>
The '''Permic''' or '''Permian''' languages are a branch of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] language family. They are spoken in several regions to the west of the [[Ural Mountains]] within the [[Russian Federation]]. The total number of speakers is around 950,000, of which around 550,000 speak the most widely spoken language, [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]. Like other Uralic languages, the Permic languages are primarily agglutinative and have a rich system of grammatical cases. Unlike many other agglutinative languages, they do not have [[vowel harmony]].<ref name="graz">{{cite web | url=http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/desc?id=154&type=r | title=The Permic Languages | publisher=The University of Graz | work=LanguageServer - the Languages of the World | access-date=August 22, 2012 | author=Scheucher, Bernhard}}</ref>


The earliest Permic language to be preserved in writing was [[Old Permic]] or Old Zyryan, in the 14th century.<ref name=graz/>
The earliest Permic language to be preserved in writing was [[Old Permic]] or Old Zyryan, in the 14th century.<ref name=graz/>


==Classification==
The extant Permic languages division of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family consists of the:
The extant Permic languages are:


* [[Udmurt language|Udmurt (Votyak)]]
* [[Udmurt language|Udmurt (Votyak)]]
Line 29: Line 25:


The Permic languages have traditionally been classified as [[Finno-Permic languages]], along with the Finnic, Saami, Mordvin, and Mari languages. The Finno-Permic and [[Ugric languages]] together made up the [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric family]]. However, this taxonomy has more recently been called into question, and the relationship of the Permic languages to other Uralic languages remains uncertain.<ref name="case">{{cite book | title=Case, Animacy and Semantic Roles | publisher=John Benjamins Publishing | author=Kittilä, Seppo | year=2011 | pages=354 | isbn=9789027206800 | last2=Västi | first2=Katja | last3=Ylikoski | first3=Jussi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQMIpcwerrIC |access-date=2012-08-23}}</ref>
The Permic languages have traditionally been classified as [[Finno-Permic languages]], along with the Finnic, Saami, Mordvin, and Mari languages. The Finno-Permic and [[Ugric languages]] together made up the [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric family]]. However, this taxonomy has more recently been called into question, and the relationship of the Permic languages to other Uralic languages remains uncertain.<ref name="case">{{cite book | title=Case, Animacy and Semantic Roles | publisher=John Benjamins Publishing | author=Kittilä, Seppo | year=2011 | pages=354 | isbn=9789027206800 | last2=Västi | first2=Katja | last3=Ylikoski | first3=Jussi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQMIpcwerrIC |access-date=2012-08-23}}</ref>

==History==
The word ''Permian'' can be traced back philologically to the Russian word ''Perem'' (Перемь) or ''Perm'' (Пермь) which is found in medieval Russian chronicles.{{sfn|Riese2015|page=249}} The word was initially used to designate certain territories, including the lower reaches of the [[Northern Dvina|Dvina River]], as well as the area bounded by the [[Pechora]], [[Vychegda]] and [[Kama (river)|Kama]] rivers in the north, west and south, and the [[Ural Mountains|Urals]] in the east, which was incorporated into the Russian state in the late 15th century.{{sfn|Riese2015|page=249}} The word ''Permian'' was then used to designate the non-Russian peoples who lived in there, which mostly included the [[Komi peoples|Zyrians]], and the Russians later began using the appellation ''Zyrian''.{{sfn|Riese2015|page=249}} From the 19th century, the word ''Permian'' was used in scholarly writing to designate the Zyrians and the [[Udmurts]].{{sfn|Riese2015|page=249}}


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 34: Line 33:
* Original geminates *pp, *tt, *kk were reduced to single voiceless stops *p, *t, *k.
* Original geminates *pp, *tt, *kk were reduced to single voiceless stops *p, *t, *k.
* Between vowels, original single *p, *t, *k as well as *w and *x were lost entirely.
* Between vowels, original single *p, *t, *k as well as *w and *x were lost entirely.
* Second-syllable vowels were lost almost entirely. Certain words in Udmurt may preserve traces (PU *lumi "snow" → Udm ''лымы'' {{IPA|/lɯˈmɯ/}}).
* Second-syllable vowels were lost entirely. This was obscured in Udmurt by adding ''-ы'' to certain words. (PU *lumi "snow" → Udm ''лымы'' {{IPA|/lɯˈmɯ/}} vs PU *lämi "broth" → Udm ''лым'' {{IPA|/lɯm/}}).
* The sibilants *s, *ś, *š have remained distinct from each other in all positions, but were voiced to *z, *ž, *ź {{IPA|[z ʒ ʑ]}} between voiced sounds.
* The sibilants *s, *ś, *š have remained distinct from each other in all positions, but were voiced to *z, *ž, *ź {{IPA|[z ʒ ʑ]}} between voiced sounds.
* Consonant clusters were largely simplified: in particular nasal + stop/affricate clusters yield voiced stops/affricates, and stop + sibilant clusters yield voiceless sibilants.
* Consonant clusters were largely simplified: in particular nasal + stop/affricate clusters yield voiced stops/affricates, and stop + sibilant clusters yield voiceless sibilants.
Line 114: Line 113:
In later Russian loanwords, the consonants {{IPA|/f x t͡s/}} may occur.
In later Russian loanwords, the consonants {{IPA|/f x t͡s/}} may occur.


The consonant {{IPA|*w}} was marginal and occurred only word-initially or after a word-initial {{IPA|*k}}, generally traceable to diphthongization of the close back vowel of the 2nd series. An exceptional word is the numeral "six", {{IPA|*kwatʲ}}, which in Komi is the only native word root with an initial cluster.<ref>Bartens 2000, p. 51-52</ref>
The consonant {{IPA|*w}} was marginal and occurred only word-initially or after a word-initial {{IPA|*k}}, generally traceable to diphthongization of the close back vowel of the 2nd series.{{Clarify|date=November 2023|reason=Which Proto-Permic vowel is this referring to?}} An exceptional{{Clarify|date=November 2023|reason=How is this exceptional, other than the Komi reflex?}} word is the numeral "six", {{IPA|*kwatʲ}}, which in Komi is the only native word root with an initial cluster.<ref>Bartens 2000, p. 51-52</ref>


Literary [[Komi-Zyryan language|Komi]] and literary [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] both possess a seven-vowel system {{IPA|/i ɯ u e ə o a/}}. These are however not related straightforwardly, and numerous additional vowels are required for Proto-Permic, perhaps as many as 15 altogether. The reconstruction of Proto-Permic vocalism and its development from [[Proto-Uralic]] has always been a puzzling topic, for which there are several models. There is general agreement on the existence of two series of [[close vowel]]s, one of which results in modern {{IPA|/i ɯ u/}} in literary Udmurt and literary Komi-Zyryan, the other in correspondences of Udmurt {{IPA|/e ɯ u/}} to Komi {{IPA|/e ə o/}} (but {{IPA|/i ʉ u/}} in the [[Komi-Yazva language]]). Proposed distinguishing factors for these include length ({{IPA|*u, *uː}}), [[tenseness]] ({{IPA|*ʊ, *u}}) and [[Vowel height|height]] ({{IPA|*u, *o}}).<ref>Bartens 2000, p. 55-56</ref>
Literary [[Komi-Zyryan language|Komi]] and literary [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] both possess a seven-vowel system {{IPA|/i ɯ u e ə o a/}}. These are however not related straightforwardly, and numerous additional vowels are required for Proto-Permic, perhaps as many as 15 altogether. The reconstruction of Proto-Permic vocalism and its development from [[Proto-Uralic]] has always been a puzzling topic, for which there are several models. There is general agreement on the existence of two series of [[close vowel]]s, one of which results in modern {{IPA|/i ɯ u/}} in literary Udmurt and literary Komi-Zyryan, the other in correspondences of Udmurt {{IPA|/e ɯ u/}} to Komi {{IPA|/e ə o/}} (but {{IPA|/i ʉ u/}} in the [[Komi-Yazva language]]). Proposed distinguishing factors for these include length ({{IPA|*u, *uː}}), [[tenseness]] ({{IPA|*ʊ, *u}}) and [[Vowel height|height]] ({{IPA|*u, *o}}).<ref>Bartens 2000, p. 55-56</ref>

Here is the vowel table used in Wiktionary:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Proto-Permic vowels
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!<small>unrounded</small>
!<small>rounded</small>
!<small>unrounded</small>
!<small>rounded</small>
!<small>unrounded</small>
!<small>rounded</small>
|-
!Close
|i
|ü
|
|u̇
|
|u
|-
!Close-Mid
|e
|ö
|
|ȯ
|
|o
|-
!Mid
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Open-Mid
|ɛ
|ɔ̈
|
|ɔ̇
|
|ɔ
|-
!Open
|ä
|
|
|
|a
|å
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="8" |Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (word-initial syllable)
|-
!Proto-Permic
!Old Komi
!Komi-Zyrian
!Komi-Permyak
!Komi-Yazva
!Udmurt
!Finnic
!notes
|-
|*a
|𐍐
|а
|а
|a
|а
|*a, *ä
|-
|*å
|𐍐
|а
|а
|a
|у
|*a
|-
|*ä
|𐍩
|ӧ
|ӧ
|ӧ
|е
|*ä, *e, *i
|Dialectally, Udmurt *ä > ӧ
|-
|*ɔ
|𐍩
|о
|о
|о
|у
|*ä, *e, *i, *ö, *ü
|-
|*o
|𐍞
|о
|о
|у
|у
|*a, *ë, *i, *o, *u
|Udmurt *wo- > ва-
Beserman *wo- > ўа-
Irregularly, Udmurt *o > ы/и
Irregularly, Beserman *o > ө
|-
|*ɛ
|𐍔
|е
|е
|е
|о
|*ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü)
|Next to palatals, Udmurt *ɛ > е
Irregularly, Udmurt *ɛ > e
|-
|*e
|𐍱
|е
|е
|и
|о
|*ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü)
|Next to palatals, Udmurt *e > е
Irregularly, Udmurt *e > e
|-
|*ɔ̇
|𐍩
|ӧ
|ӧ
|ӧ
|о
|*ä mainly
|Before *l, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а
Irregularly, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а
|-
|*ȯ
|𐍩
|ӧ
|ӧ
|ӱ
|ӧ
|*o, *u mainly
|Udmurt unstressed *ȯ > ы
Beserman unstressed *ȯ > ө
|-
|*ɔ̈
|𐍩
|ӧ
|ӧ
|ӧ
|ӧ
|*ö, *ü
|Udmurt unstressed *ɔ̈ > у
Irregularly, Komi *ɔ̈ > е
|-
|*ö
|𐍞
|о
|о
|у
|у
|*ä, e, i, ö, ü
|Beserman *ö > ө
|-
|*u̇
|𐍨
|ы
|ы
|ө
|ы
|*u, *ü mainly
|Beserman *u̇ > ө
|-
|*i
|𐍙
|и
|и
|и
|и
|*i, *e mainly
|
|-
|*u
|𐍣
|у
|у
|у
|у
|*a, *o mainly
|Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и
Irregularly, Beserman *u > ө
|-
|*ü
|𐍣
|у
|у
|у
|у
|*ä, *e *i, *ö, *ü
|Beserman *ü > ө
Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="7" |Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (non-initial syllable)
|-
!Proto-Permic
!Old Komi
!Komi-Zyrian
!Komi-Permyak
!Komi-Yazva
!Udmurt
!notes
|-
|*a
|𐍐
|а
|а
|a
|а / о
|
|-
|*ä
|𐍩
|ӧ
|ӧ
|ө
|е
|
|-
|*i
|𐍙 / 𐍨
|и / ы
|и / ы
|и / ө
|и / ы / у
|different realisations in
dialectal Udmurt
|}


==Morphophonology==
==Morphophonology==
Line 153: Line 398:
* {{cite book|title=Permiläisten kielten rakenne ja kehitys|last=Bartens|first=Raija|year=2000|publisher=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura|location=Helsinki|language=fi|isbn=952-5150-55-0}}
* {{cite book|title=Permiläisten kielten rakenne ja kehitys|last=Bartens|first=Raija|year=2000|publisher=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura|location=Helsinki|language=fi|isbn=952-5150-55-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Csúcs|first=Sándor|title=Die Rekonstruktion der permischen Grundsprache|year=2005|series=Bibliotheca Uralica|volume=13|language=de|publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó|location=Budapest|isbn=963-05-8184-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Csúcs|first=Sándor|title=Die Rekonstruktion der permischen Grundsprache|year=2005|series=Bibliotheca Uralica|volume=13|language=de|publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó|location=Budapest|isbn=963-05-8184-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Riese |first1=Timothy |editor1-last=Abondolo |editor1-first=Daniel |title=The Uralic Languages |date=8 April 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-13500-2 |pages=249–275 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWDxBwAAQBAJ |language=en}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==

Latest revision as of 14:21, 15 November 2024

Permic
Geographic
distribution		foothills of the Ural Mountains in Russia
EthnicityPermians
Linguistic classificationUralic
  • Permic
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologperm1256
Distribution of the Permic languages at the beginning of the 20th century[1][2]

The Permic or Permian languages are a branch of the Uralic language family. They are spoken in several regions to the west of the Ural Mountains within the Russian Federation. The total number of speakers is around 950,000, of which around 550,000 speak the most widely spoken language, Udmurt. Like other Uralic languages, the Permic languages are primarily agglutinative and have a rich system of grammatical cases. Unlike many other agglutinative languages, they do not have vowel harmony.[3]

The earliest Permic language to be preserved in writing was Old Permic or Old Zyryan, in the 14th century.[3]

Classification

[edit]

The extant Permic languages are:

The Permic languages have traditionally been classified as Finno-Permic languages, along with the Finnic, Saami, Mordvin, and Mari languages. The Finno-Permic and Ugric languages together made up the Finno-Ugric family. However, this taxonomy has more recently been called into question, and the relationship of the Permic languages to other Uralic languages remains uncertain.[4]

History

[edit]

The word Permian can be traced back philologically to the Russian word Perem (Перемь) or Perm (Пермь) which is found in medieval Russian chronicles.[5] The word was initially used to designate certain territories, including the lower reaches of the Dvina River, as well as the area bounded by the Pechora, Vychegda and Kama rivers in the north, west and south, and the Urals in the east, which was incorporated into the Russian state in the late 15th century.[5] The word Permian was then used to designate the non-Russian peoples who lived in there, which mostly included the Zyrians, and the Russians later began using the appellation Zyrian.[5] From the 19th century, the word Permian was used in scholarly writing to designate the Zyrians and the Udmurts.[5]

Phonology

[edit]

Proto-Uralic word roots have been subject to particularly heavy reduction in the Permic languages.

  • Original geminates *pp, *tt, *kk were reduced to single voiceless stops *p, *t, *k.
  • Between vowels, original single *p, *t, *k as well as *w and *x were lost entirely.
  • Second-syllable vowels were lost entirely. This was obscured in Udmurt by adding -ы to certain words. (PU *lumi "snow" → Udm лымы /lɯˈmɯ/ vs PU *lämi "broth" → Udm лым /lɯm/).
  • The sibilants *s, *ś, *š have remained distinct from each other in all positions, but were voiced to *z, *ž, *ź [z ʒ ʑ] between voiced sounds.
  • Consonant clusters were largely simplified: in particular nasal + stop/affricate clusters yield voiced stops/affricates, and stop + sibilant clusters yield voiceless sibilants.

A peculiarity of Permic is the occurrence of the voiced consonants such as *b, *g word-initially even in inherited vocabulary, apparently a development from original PU voiceless consonants.

The Proto-Permic consonant inventory is reconstructed as:[6][7][8]

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t c k
voiced b d ɟ ɡ
Affricate voiceless t͡ʃ t͡ɕ
voiced d͡ʒ d͡ʑ
Fricative voiceless s, ʃ ɕ
voiced z, ʒ ʑ
Approximant w, ʋ l j, ʎ
Trill r

This inventory is retained nearly unchanged in the modern-day Permic languages.

Komi has merged original *w into /ʋ/ and undergone a word-final a change *l → /ʋ/ ~ /enwiki/w/ in many dialects, while Udmurt has changed word-initially *r → /d͡ʒ/ or /d͡ʑ/. *ŋ is retained only in some Udmurt dialects; in other Permic varieties it has become /m/ next to back vowels, /n/ next to central vowels, /ɲ/ next to front vowels.

In later Russian loanwords, the consonants /f x t͡s/ may occur.

The consonant *w was marginal and occurred only word-initially or after a word-initial *k, generally traceable to diphthongization of the close back vowel of the 2nd series.[clarification needed] An exceptional[clarification needed] word is the numeral "six", *kwatʲ, which in Komi is the only native word root with an initial cluster.[9]

Literary Komi and literary Udmurt both possess a seven-vowel system /i ɯ u e ə o a/. These are however not related straightforwardly, and numerous additional vowels are required for Proto-Permic, perhaps as many as 15 altogether. The reconstruction of Proto-Permic vocalism and its development from Proto-Uralic has always been a puzzling topic, for which there are several models. There is general agreement on the existence of two series of close vowels, one of which results in modern /i ɯ u/ in literary Udmurt and literary Komi-Zyryan, the other in correspondences of Udmurt /e ɯ u/ to Komi /e ə o/ (but /i ʉ u/ in the Komi-Yazva language). Proposed distinguishing factors for these include length (*u, *uː), tenseness (*ʊ, *u) and height (*u, *o).[10]

Here is the vowel table used in Wiktionary:

Proto-Permic vowels
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i ü u̇ u
Close-Mid e ö ȯ o
Mid
Open-Mid ɛ ɔ̈ ɔ̇ ɔ
Open ä a å
Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (word-initial syllable)
Proto-Permic Old Komi Komi-Zyrian Komi-Permyak Komi-Yazva Udmurt Finnic notes
*a 𐍐 а а a а *a, *ä
*å 𐍐 а а a у *a
*ä 𐍩 ӧ ӧ ӧ е *ä, *e, *i Dialectally, Udmurt *ä > ӧ
*ɔ 𐍩 о о о у *ä, *e, *i, *ö, *ü
*o 𐍞 о о у у *a, *ë, *i, *o, *u Udmurt *wo- > ва-

Beserman *wo- > ўа- Irregularly, Udmurt *o > ы/и Irregularly, Beserman *o > ө

*ɛ 𐍔 е е е о *ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü) Next to palatals, Udmurt *ɛ > е

Irregularly, Udmurt *ɛ > e

*e 𐍱 е е и о *ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü) Next to palatals, Udmurt *e > е

Irregularly, Udmurt *e > e

*ɔ̇ 𐍩 ӧ ӧ ӧ о *ä mainly Before *l, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а

Irregularly, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а

*ȯ 𐍩 ӧ ӧ ӱ ӧ *o, *u mainly Udmurt unstressed *ȯ > ы

Beserman unstressed *ȯ > ө

*ɔ̈ 𐍩 ӧ ӧ ӧ ӧ *ö, *ü Udmurt unstressed *ɔ̈ > у

Irregularly, Komi *ɔ̈ > е

*ö 𐍞 о о у у *ä, e, i, ö, ü Beserman *ö > ө
*u̇ 𐍨 ы ы ө ы *u, *ü mainly Beserman *u̇ > ө
*i 𐍙 и и и и *i, *e mainly
*u 𐍣 у у у у *a, *o mainly Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и

Irregularly, Beserman *u > ө

*ü 𐍣 у у у у *ä, *e *i, *ö, *ü Beserman *ü > ө

Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и

Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (non-initial syllable)
Proto-Permic Old Komi Komi-Zyrian Komi-Permyak Komi-Yazva Udmurt notes
*a 𐍐 а а a а / о
*ä 𐍩 ӧ ӧ ө е
*i 𐍙 / 𐍨 и / ы и / ы и / ө и / ы / у different realisations in

dialectal Udmurt

Morphophonology

[edit]

Noun roots in the Permic languages are predominantly monosyllabic and invariable with the canonical shape (C)VC. CV roots, such as Udmurt ву /ʋu/, Komi and Permyak ва /ʋa/ 'water', and (C)VCC roots, such as Udmurt урт /urt/, Komi орт /ort/ 'soul', exist as well. In Udmurt, there are furthermore a number of bisyllabic roots, mostly of the shape (C)VCɯ.[11]

In noun roots with certain final clusters, the second consonant surfaces only when followed with a vowel in inflected or derived forms :

Full cluster Shortens to Example
-nm- -n син /ɕin/ 'eye'
-pt- -p шеп /ʃep/ 'ear of corn'
-kt- -k кык /kɯk/ '2'
-sk- -s мус /mus/ 'liver'
-ʃk- -ʃ мыш /mɯʃ/ 'back'
-ɕk- -ɕ юсь /juɕ/ 'swan'

Udmurt has similar alternation for a number of other clusters of the shape voiced consonant+/m/, while Komi-Zyryan adds a number of clusters of the shape voiced consonant+/j/.[12]

The verb root for 'to come': Udmurt лыкты- /lɯktɯ-/, Komi локты- /loktɯ-/ also shows alternation to plain /k/ in e.g. the imperative (in Udmurt only dialectally).[13]

Notes

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  1. ^ Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08). "Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic". PLOS ONE. 17 (6): e0269648. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1769648R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648. PMC 9176854. PMID 35675367.
  2. ^ Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). Geographical database of the Uralic languages (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188
  3. ^ a b Scheucher, Bernhard. "The Permic Languages". LanguageServer - the Languages of the World. The University of Graz. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  4. ^ Kittilä, Seppo; Västi, Katja; Ylikoski, Jussi (2011). Case, Animacy and Semantic Roles. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 354. ISBN 9789027206800. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
  5. ^ a b c d Riese2015, p. 249.
  6. ^ Bartens 2000, p. 33.
  7. ^ Csúcs 2005, pp. 101–102.
  8. ^ Lytkin 1970, pp. 10–21.
  9. ^ Bartens 2000, p. 51-52
  10. ^ Bartens 2000, p. 55-56
  11. ^ Bartens 2000, p. 66
  12. ^ Bartens 2000, p. 69-71
  13. ^ Bartens 2000, p. 178

Bibliography

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  • Lytkin, Vasily (1957). Историческая грамматика коми языка (in Russian). Syktyvkar: Коми книжное издательство.
  • Lytkin, Vasily (1964). Исторический вокализм пермских языков (in Russian). Moscow: Наука.
  • Lytkin, Vasily (1970). Краткий этимологический словарь коми языка (in Russian). Moscow: Наука.
  • Bartens, Raija (2000). Permiläisten kielten rakenne ja kehitys (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. ISBN 952-5150-55-0.
  • Csúcs, Sándor (2005). Die Rekonstruktion der permischen Grundsprache. Bibliotheca Uralica (in German). Vol. 13. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-8184-1.
  • Riese, Timothy (8 April 2015). Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages. Routledge. pp. 249–275. ISBN 978-1-136-13500-2.

Further reading

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  • Ante, Aikio. "Studies in Uralic Etymology V: Permic Etymologies". In: Linguistica Uralica LVII, nr. 3 (2021): 161–179. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3176/lu.2021.3.01
  • Fedjunjova, Galina. "Etnitsheskije kontakty i divergentsija permskich jazykov" [Ethnic Contacts and the Divergence of the Permic Languages]. In: Linguistica Uralica 50, nr. 2 (2014). pp. 109-121. DOI: 10.3176/lu.2014.2.03
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