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{{Short description|Scottish-American architect (1871–1942)}}
[[Image:BF Keith Memorial Theatre, Boston interior.JPG|thumb|right|Interior of the B.F. Keith Memorial Theatre, [[Boston]]. Opened in [[1928]]. Designed by Thomas W. Lamb. From the [[Historic American Building Survey]] collection of the [[Library of Congress]].]]
{{other people|Thomas Lamb}}
'''Thomas White Lamb''' ([[1871]] - [[1942]]) was one of the foremost [[American]] [[theater]] and [[cinema]] [[architect|architects]] in the late [[19th|19th Century]] and early [[20th|20th Centuries]]. He is noted for designing [[New York City| New York's]] [[Ziegfeld Theatre]], as well as [[Madison Square Garden]]. He also designed the [[Metro Cinema]] in [[Mumbai]], [[India]] which opened in [[1938]].
{{Infobox architect
| name = Thomas W. Lamb
| image = File:Thomas W. Lamb 1926.jpg
| caption = Lamb in 1926
| nationality = American
| birth_date = May 5, 1870
| birth_place = [[Dundee, Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date = February 26, 1942 (aged 71)
| death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]]
| alma_mater = [[Cooper Union]]
| practice = Thomas W. Lamb, Incorporated
| significant_buildings = [[Fox Theatre (San Francisco, California)|Fox Theatre]], San Francisco, 1929;<br />[[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]], 1925
| significant_projects =
| significant_design =
| awards =
}}


'''Thomas White Lamb''' (May 5, 1870 – February 26, 1942) was a Scottish-born, American [[architect]]. He was one of the foremost designers of [[theater (structure)|theaters]] and [[movie theater|cinemas]] of the 20th century.
==External Links==
[http://www.cinematreasures.org/architect/66/ Cinema Treasures List of Lamb designed theatres]


==Career==
{{theat-stub}}


Born in [[Dundee, Scotland]], United Kingdom, Thomas W. Lamb came to the United States at the age of 12. He studied architecture at [[Cooper Union]] in New York and initially worked for the City of New York as an inspector. His architecture firm, Thomas W. Lamb, Inc., was located at 36 West 40th Street in Manhattan, New York.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C14FD3F5D167B93C5AB1789D85F468485F9&scp=2&sq=thomas%20w%20lamb%20architect&st=cse |title=THOMAS W. LAMB, 71; A NOTED ARCHITECT |date=February 27, 1942 |work=New York Times }}</ref>
[[Category:1871 births|Lamb, Thomas W.]]

[[Category:1942 deaths|Lamb, Thomas W.]]
Lamb achieved recognition as one of the leading architects of the boom in [[movie theater]] construction of the 1910s and 1920s{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}. Particularly associated with the [[Fox Theatres]], [[Loews Cineplex Entertainment|Loew's Theatres]] and [[RKO|Keith-Albee]] chains of vaudeville and film theaters, Lamb was instrumental in establishing and developing the design and construction of the large, lavishly decorated theaters, known as "[[movie palaces]]", as showcases for the films of the emerging Hollywood studios.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
[[Category:American architects|Lamb, Thomas W.]]

[[Category:Theater architects|Lamb, Thomas W.]]
As early as 1904, Lamb was credited with renovations for two existing theaters in the city: the [[Weber and Fields' Broadway Music Hall]] at 1215 Broadway, and the Dewey Theater on East 14th Street, the latter owned by Tammany Hall figure [[Timothy Sullivan|"Big Tim" Sullivan]].<ref>{{cite news |title="Big Tim's" Theater to Have Improvements |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/468712255/ |access-date=2 November 2021 |publisher=New-York Tribune |date=6 Aug 1904}}</ref> His first complete theater design was the City Theatre, built on 14th Street in 1909 for film mogul [[William Fox (producer)|William Fox]]. His designs for the 1914 [[Mark Strand Theatre]], the 1916 [[Rialto Theatre (New York City)|Rialto Theatre]] and the 1917 [[Rivoli Theatre (New York City)|Rivoli Theatre]], all in [[Times Square]], set the template for what would become the American movie palace.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Among his most notable theaters are the 1929 [[Fox Theatre (San Francisco, California)|Fox Theatre]] in San Francisco and the 1919 [[Capitol Theatre (New York City)|Capitol Theatre]] in New York, both now demolished. Among his most noted designs that have been preserved and restored are the B.F. Keith Memorial Theatre in Boston (1928) (now the [[Boston Opera House (1980)|Boston Opera House]]), [[Mark Hellinger Theatre|Warner's Hollywood Theatre]] (1930) in New York (now the [[Times Square Church]]), the [[Hippodrome Theatre (Baltimore)|Hippodrome Theatre]] (1914) in Baltimore, and the [[Ohio Theatre (Columbus, Ohio)|Loew's Ohio Theatre]] (1928) in Columbus, Ohio. Among Lamb's existing Canadian theaters are the Pantages Theatre in Toronto (1920) (now the [[Ed Mirvish Theatre]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates |last=Pound |first=Richard W. |publisher=Fitzhenry and Whiteside |year=2005}}</ref> and [[Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres]]. The Cinema Treasures website, which documents the history of film theaters, lists 174 theaters designed by Lamb's company.

Aside from movie theaters, Lamb is noted for designing (with [[Joseph Urban]]) [[New York City|New York's]] [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)|Ziegfeld Theatre]], a legitimate theater, as well as the third [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]] and the [[Paramount Hotel]] in midtown Manhattan.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Lamb died in 1942 in New York City at the age of 71. His architectural archive is held by the Drawings and Archives Department of [[Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library]] at [[Columbia University]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

===John J. McNamara===
During the last ten years of his practice, Lamb's associate was the architect John J. McNamara.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/09/obituaries/john-j-mcnamara-an-architect-and-theater-designer-dies-at-90.html |title=John J. McNamara, an Architect And Theater Designer, Dies at 90 |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=May 9, 1988 |work=New York Times }}</ref> After Lamb's death, McNamara continued as an architect of theaters under his own name. McNamara was responsible for renovating some of Lamb's older New York theaters, and among his original designs was one for the 1969 [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1969)|Ziegfeld Theatre]] in Manhattan, which replaced Lamb's original building.

==Selected theater designs==

===United States===
<gallery>
Image:BF Keith Memorial Theatre, Boston interior.JPG|Interior of B.F. Keith Memorial Theatre, Boston, 1928 (1970)
Image:Loews Pitkin jeh.JPG|Pitkin, Brooklyn, 1928 (2010)<ref name = "Pitkin">[http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/3887 Cinema Treasures, Brooklyn]</ref>
Image:TivoliTheater.jpg|Tivoli, Washington, DC, 1924 (2005)
Image:United Palace 175 jeh.jpg|The [[United Palace Theater]], formerly Loew's 175th Street Theatre, New York, 1930 (2009)
Image:United Palace Balcony.jpg|Interior of the United Palace Theater (2007)
Image: Miami Beach FL Lincoln Mall Lincoln Theatre01.jpg|Lincoln Theatre, [[Lincoln Road]], [[South Beach]], [[Miami Beach, Florida]], 1936
Image:PalaceTheater-WaterburyCT-1.jpg|Palace Theater, Waterbury, Connecticut, 1922 (2016)
</gallery>
* [[Palladium (New York City)|Academy of Music]], New York City, 1927
* [[Boston Opera House (1980)|B.F. Keith Memorial Theatre]], Boston, Massachusetts, 1928
* [[Capitol Theatre (New York City)|Capitol Theatre]], New York City, 1919
* [[Capitol Theater (Port Chester, New York)|Capitol Theatre]], Port Chester, New York, 1926
* [[James Earl Jones Theatre|Cort (now James Earl Jones) Theatre]], New York City, 1912<ref name="Morrison-82">{{cite book |last1=Morrison |first1=William |title=Broadway Theatres: History and Architecture|type=trade paperback |series=Dover Books on Architecture |year=1999|publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |location=[[Mineola, New York]]|isbn=0-486-40244-4 |page=82}}</ref>
* [[Embassy Theatre (New York City)|Embassy Theatre]], New York City, 1925
* [[Empire Theatre (42nd Street)|Eltinge 42nd Street Theatre]], New York City, 1912
* [[Fenway Theatre]], Boston, 1915
* [[Fox Theatre (San Francisco)|Fox Theatre]], San Francisco, California, 1929
* [[Hanover Theatre for the Performing Arts|Franklin Square Theatre]], Worcester, Massachusetts, 1927
* [[Hippodrome Theatre (Baltimore)|Hippodrome Theatre]], Baltimore, Maryland, 1914
* [[New York Hippodrome|Hippodrome]], New York City, 1923 redesign<ref name="Morrison">Morrison, p. 82</ref>
* [[RKO Keith's Theater (Flushing, New York)|Keith-Albee Theatre]], Flushing, Queens, New York, 1928
* [[Keith-Albee Theatre]], Huntington, West Virginia, 1928
* [[Palace Theatre (Columbus, Ohio)|Keith-Albee Palace Theatre]], Columbus, Ohio, 1926
* [[Stamford Center for the Arts|Keith-Albee Palace Theatre]], Stamford, Connecticut, 1927
* [[Lincoln Theatre (Miami Beach, Florida)|Lincoln Theatre]], Miami Beach, Florida, 1936
* Loew's 72nd Street Theatre, New York City, 1930
* Loew’s Canal Theatre, 1926<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/photos-inside-the-abandoned-old-loews-theatre-on-canal-street | title=Photos: Inside the Abandoned Old Loew's Theatre on Canal Street | date=27 June 2014 }}</ref>
* [[United Palace Theater|Loew's 175th Street Theater]], New York City, 1930
* [[Ohio Theatre (Columbus, Ohio)|Loew's and United Artists' Ohio Theatre]], Columbus, Ohio, 1928
* [[Loew's Grand Theatre]], Atlanta, Georgia, 1932 redesign<ref>[http://cinematreasures.org/theater/2468 Cinema Treasures]</ref>
* [[Midland Theatre|Loew's Midland Theatre]], Kansas City, Missouri, 1927
* Midway Theatre, [[Forest Hills, New York]], 1942
* Loew's Pitkin Theatre, Brooklyn, New York, 1928<ref name = "Pitkin"/>
* [[State Theatre (Cleveland, Ohio)|Loew's State Theatre]], Playhouse Square, Cleveland, Ohio, 1920
* Loew's State Theatre (Now the TCC Roper Performing Arts Center), Norfolk, Virginia, 1926<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tccropercenter.org/ |title=Home |website=tccropercenter.org}}</ref>
* Loew's State Theatre, Times Square, New York City, 1924
* [[Newark Paramount Theatre]], [[Downtown Newark]], [[Newark, New Jersey]], 1920s.
* [[State Palace Theatre (New Orleans, Louisiana)|Loew's State Theatre]], New Orleans, Louisiana, 1926
* [[Loew's Theatre, New Rochelle|Loew's Theatre]], New Rochelle, New York, 1925
* [[Landmark Theatre (Syracuse, New York)|Loew's State Theatre]] (Now the Landmark Theatre), Syracuse, New York, 1928
* Madison Square Garden, New York City, 1925
* Madison Theater, Albany, New York, 1929
* [[Mark Hellinger Theatre]] (now [[Times Square Church]]), New York City, 1930
* [[Mark Strand Theater]], New York City, 1914
* [[Maryland Theatre (Hagerstown)|Maryland Theatre]], Hagerstown, Maryland, 1915
* [[Boutwell Memorial Auditorium|Municipal Auditorium]], Birmingham, Alabama, 1924
* [[Ohio Theatre (Cleveland, Ohio)|Ohio Theatre]], [[Playhouse Square]], Cleveland, Ohio, 1921
* [[Orpheum Theatre (Boston, Massachusetts)|Orpheum Theatre]], Boston, Massachusetts, 1915 redesign
* Palace Theater, Waterbury, Connecticut, 1922
* Poli's Majestic Theatre, Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1922
* Poli's Palace Theatre, Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1922
* [[Pythian Temple (New York City)|Pythian Temple]], Manhattan, 1927, the spacious theater the building once housed is gone; the facade remains.
* Proctor's 58th Street Theatre, New York City, 1928
* Proctor's 86th Street Theatre, New York City, 1927
* [[Proctor's Theatre (Schenectady, New York)|Proctor's Theatre]], Schenectady, New York, 1926
* [[State Theatre (New Brunswick, New Jersey)|Reade's State Theatre]], New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1921
* Regent Theatre, New York City, 1913
* Rialto Theatre, New York City, 1916
* Ridgewood Theatre, Ridgewood, New York, 1916
* Rivoli Theatre, New York City, 1917
* [[Stanley Theater (Utica, New York)|Stanley Theatre]], Utica, New York, 1928
* [[State Theatre Center for the Arts (Uniontown, Pennsylvania)|State Theatre]], Uniontown, Pennsylvania, 1922
* [[Strand Theater (Lakewood, New Jersey)|Strand Theatre]], Lakewood, New Jersey, 1922
* [[Tivoli Theatre (Washington, D.C.)|Tivoli Theatre]], Washington, DC, 1924
* [[Victoria Theater (New York City)|Victoria Theater]], New York City, 1917
* [[Warner Theatre (Torrington, Connecticut)|Warner Theatre]], Torrington, Connecticut, 1931
* [[Mark Hellinger Theatre|Warner's Hollywood Theatre]], New York City, 1930
* [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)|Ziegfeld Theatre]], New York City (with [[Joseph Urban]]), 1927

===Canada===
<gallery>
Image:Ottawacapitolmgs2.jpg|Lobby of [[Capitol Cinema (Ottawa)|Capitol Cinema]], in [[Ottawa, Ontario]], Canada 1920; demolished 1970
Image:Elgin and Wintergarden.JPG|[[Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres]] double-decker vaudeville theatres [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]] 1913-1914<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritagefdn.on.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_8090_1.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-03-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320231233/http://www.heritagefdn.on.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_8090_1.html |archive-date=2012-03-20 }} Ontario Heritage Trust Loew's Yonge Street and Winter Garden Theatres</ref>
File:CanonTheatre-051123.JPG|The Canon Theatre (now Ed Mirvish Theatre), [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], 1920
</gallery>
* [[Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres]], Toronto, 1913
* [[The Sanderson Centre]], Brantford, Ontario, 1919; auditorium restored in 1990, currently a performing arts centre
* Capitol Theatre, Hamilton, Ontario, 1920; 103 King Street East, Hamilton all but lobby demolished in 1973;<ref>[https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/ENGLISH/exhibits/theatres/theatres/capitol_hamilton.htm Archives of Ontario] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031227221132/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/exhibits/theatres/theatres/capitol_hamilton.htm |date=2003-12-27 }}</ref> now vacant after Buttinsky's Bar and Wing Joint closed
* [[Capitol Theatre (Windsor, Ontario)]], 1920; currently a performing arts centre.<ref>[http://windsor.wikispot.org/Capitol_Theatre The Capitol Theatre and Arts Centre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401070802/http://windsor.wikispot.org/Capitol_Theatre |date=2013-04-01 }}</ref>
* [[Pantages Theatre (Toronto)|Pantages Theatre]], Toronto, Ontario, 1920
* [[Uptown Theatre (Toronto)|Uptown Theatre]], Toronto, Ontario, 1920; demolished in 2003

===India===
<gallery>
Image:Metro-Cinema.jpg|Metro Cinema, Mumbai, India
Image:Metro Cinema - Esplanade - Kolkata 2011-12-18 0024.JPG|Metro Cinema, [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta), 2010
</gallery>
* [[Metro BIG Cinemas|Metro Cinema]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], 1938
* [[Metro Cinema (Kolkata)|Metro Cinema]], [[Kolkata]] ([[Calcutta]]), [[West Bengal]], 1935; Currently being renovated.

==Residential architecture==
[[File:ISplp7wkxywh9b1000000000.jpg|thumbnail|Thomas W. Lamb Residence]]
In 1920, Lamb designed for himself a private summer home in the [[Adirondacks]] in the village of [[Elizabethtown, New York]]. The house, which is still extant as a residence, is situated on the [[Boquet River]]. The eight-bedroom manor, referred to today as Cobble Mountain Lodge, is a shingle and cobble stone design marked by the inclusion of a stone turret.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cinematreasures.org/architect/66/ Cinema Treasures' List of theatres designed by Thomas W. Lamb.]
*[http://collection.cooperhewitt.org/people/18043417/ Thomas W. Lamb works in the collection of the] [[Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum]]
* Gray, Christopher, [http://wirednewyork.com/forum/showthread.php?t=19305 Streetscapes: Thomas W. Lamb's Theaters, An Architect for Stage and Screen], ''Wired New York'', October 5, 2008
*[http://www.arti-fact.com/architect/map/558/Thomas-W-Lamb Thomas W. Lamb Architecture on Google Maps]
*[https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/6473624 Thomas W. Lamb and John J. McNamara architectural records, 1895-1989, held by the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University]
*[http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3822244&lang=eng Lamb, Thomas W. fonds (R12543)] at [[Library and Archives Canada]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lamb, Thomas W.}}
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:American theatre architects]]
[[Category:Architecture firms based in New York City]]
[[Category:Architects from New York City]]
[[Category:People from Dundee]]
[[Category:British emigrants to the United States]]

Latest revision as of 16:29, 15 November 2024

For other people named Thomas Lamb, see Thomas Lamb (disambiguation).
Thomas W. Lamb
Lamb in 1926
BornMay 5, 1870
Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
DiedFebruary 26, 1942 (aged 71)
New York City, New York, United States
NationalityAmerican
Alma materCooper Union
OccupationArchitect
PracticeThomas W. Lamb, Incorporated
BuildingsFox Theatre, San Francisco, 1929;
Madison Square Garden, 1925

Thomas White Lamb (May 5, 1870 – February 26, 1942) was a Scottish-born, American architect. He was one of the foremost designers of theaters and cinemas of the 20th century.

Career

[edit]

Born in Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, Thomas W. Lamb came to the United States at the age of 12. He studied architecture at Cooper Union in New York and initially worked for the City of New York as an inspector. His architecture firm, Thomas W. Lamb, Inc., was located at 36 West 40th Street in Manhattan, New York.[1]

Lamb achieved recognition as one of the leading architects of the boom in movie theater construction of the 1910s and 1920s[citation needed]. Particularly associated with the Fox Theatres, Loew's Theatres and Keith-Albee chains of vaudeville and film theaters, Lamb was instrumental in establishing and developing the design and construction of the large, lavishly decorated theaters, known as "movie palaces", as showcases for the films of the emerging Hollywood studios.[citation needed]

As early as 1904, Lamb was credited with renovations for two existing theaters in the city: the Weber and Fields' Broadway Music Hall at 1215 Broadway, and the Dewey Theater on East 14th Street, the latter owned by Tammany Hall figure "Big Tim" Sullivan.[2] His first complete theater design was the City Theatre, built on 14th Street in 1909 for film mogul William Fox. His designs for the 1914 Mark Strand Theatre, the 1916 Rialto Theatre and the 1917 Rivoli Theatre, all in Times Square, set the template for what would become the American movie palace.[citation needed]

Among his most notable theaters are the 1929 Fox Theatre in San Francisco and the 1919 Capitol Theatre in New York, both now demolished. Among his most noted designs that have been preserved and restored are the B.F. Keith Memorial Theatre in Boston (1928) (now the Boston Opera House), Warner's Hollywood Theatre (1930) in New York (now the Times Square Church), the Hippodrome Theatre (1914) in Baltimore, and the Loew's Ohio Theatre (1928) in Columbus, Ohio. Among Lamb's existing Canadian theaters are the Pantages Theatre in Toronto (1920) (now the Ed Mirvish Theatre).[3] and Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres. The Cinema Treasures website, which documents the history of film theaters, lists 174 theaters designed by Lamb's company.

Aside from movie theaters, Lamb is noted for designing (with Joseph Urban) New York's Ziegfeld Theatre, a legitimate theater, as well as the third Madison Square Garden and the Paramount Hotel in midtown Manhattan.[citation needed]

Lamb died in 1942 in New York City at the age of 71. His architectural archive is held by the Drawings and Archives Department of Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University.[citation needed]

John J. McNamara

[edit]

During the last ten years of his practice, Lamb's associate was the architect John J. McNamara.[4] After Lamb's death, McNamara continued as an architect of theaters under his own name. McNamara was responsible for renovating some of Lamb's older New York theaters, and among his original designs was one for the 1969 Ziegfeld Theatre in Manhattan, which replaced Lamb's original building.

Selected theater designs

[edit]

United States

[edit]
  • Interior of B.F. Keith Memorial Theatre, Boston, 1928 (1970)
    Interior of B.F. Keith Memorial Theatre, Boston, 1928 (1970)
  • Pitkin, Brooklyn, 1928 (2010)[5]
    Pitkin, Brooklyn, 1928 (2010)[5]
  • Tivoli, Washington, DC, 1924 (2005)
    Tivoli, Washington, DC, 1924 (2005)
  • The United Palace Theater, formerly Loew's 175th Street Theatre, New York, 1930 (2009)
    The United Palace Theater, formerly Loew's 175th Street Theatre, New York, 1930 (2009)
  • Interior of the United Palace Theater (2007)
    Interior of the United Palace Theater (2007)
  • Lincoln Theatre, Lincoln Road, South Beach, Miami Beach, Florida, 1936
    Lincoln Theatre, Lincoln Road, South Beach, Miami Beach, Florida, 1936
  • Palace Theater, Waterbury, Connecticut, 1922 (2016)
    Palace Theater, Waterbury, Connecticut, 1922 (2016)

Canada

[edit]

India

[edit]
  • Metro Cinema, Mumbai, India
    Metro Cinema, Mumbai, India
  • Metro Cinema, Kolkata (Calcutta), 2010
    Metro Cinema, Kolkata (Calcutta), 2010

Residential architecture

[edit]
Thomas W. Lamb Residence

In 1920, Lamb designed for himself a private summer home in the Adirondacks in the village of Elizabethtown, New York. The house, which is still extant as a residence, is situated on the Boquet River. The eight-bedroom manor, referred to today as Cobble Mountain Lodge, is a shingle and cobble stone design marked by the inclusion of a stone turret.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "THOMAS W. LAMB, 71; A NOTED ARCHITECT". New York Times. February 27, 1942.
  2. ^ ""Big Tim's" Theater to Have Improvements". New-York Tribune. 6 Aug 1904. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  3. ^ Pound, Richard W. (2005). Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates. Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
  4. ^ Dunlap, David W. (May 9, 1988). "John J. McNamara, an Architect And Theater Designer, Dies at 90". New York Times.
  5. ^ a b Cinema Treasures, Brooklyn
  6. ^ Morrison, William (1999). Broadway Theatres: History and Architecture (trade paperback). Dover Books on Architecture. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 82. ISBN 0-486-40244-4.
  7. ^ Morrison, p. 82
  8. ^ "Photos: Inside the Abandoned Old Loew's Theatre on Canal Street". 27 June 2014.
  9. ^ Cinema Treasures
  10. ^ "Home". tccropercenter.org.
  11. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2011-03-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Ontario Heritage Trust Loew's Yonge Street and Winter Garden Theatres
  12. ^ Archives of Ontario Archived 2003-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ The Capitol Theatre and Arts Centre Archived 2013-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
[edit]
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