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{{Short description|List of earliest tools and their use}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}

The following table attempts to list the oldest-known [[Paleolithic]] and [[Paleo-Indians|Paleo-Indian]] sites where [[Hominini|hominin]] tools have been found. It includes sites where compelling evidence of hominin tool ''use'' has been found, even if no actual ''tools'' have been found.
The following table attempts to list the oldest-known [[Paleolithic]] and [[Paleo-Indians|Paleo-Indian]] sites where [[Hominini|hominin]] tools have been found. It includes sites where compelling evidence of hominin tool ''use'' has been found, even if no actual ''tools'' have been found.


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Similarly, hard materials like bone or shell are more likely than softer materials to leave discernible cut marks on bone. Bamboo has been shown to leave cut marks on bone that are harder to see than cut marks by stone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=West |first1=Jolee A. |last2=Louys |first2=Julien |date=2007-04-01 |title=Differentiating bamboo from stone tool cut marks in the zooarchaeological record, with a discussion on the use of bamboo knives |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440306001221 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=512–518 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.06.007 |bibcode=2007JArSc..34..512W |issn=0305-4403}}</ref> So the earliest evidence of tool ''use'' that we are likely to find are often cut marks made on bone by stone or shell tools.
Similarly, hard materials like bone or shell are more likely than softer materials to leave discernible cut marks on bone. Bamboo has been shown to leave cut marks on bone that are harder to see than cut marks by stone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=West |first1=Jolee A. |last2=Louys |first2=Julien |date=2007-04-01 |title=Differentiating bamboo from stone tool cut marks in the zooarchaeological record, with a discussion on the use of bamboo knives |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440306001221 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=512–518 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.06.007 |bibcode=2007JArSc..34..512W |issn=0305-4403}}</ref> So the earliest evidence of tool ''use'' that we are likely to find are often cut marks made on bone by stone or shell tools.

Therefore the reader should not assume that the items on this list represent the earliest uses of tools in each area, but rather the earliest uses of tools ''that have been found''.
Therefore the reader should not assume that the items on this list represent the earliest uses of tools in each area, but rather the earliest uses of tools ''that have been found''.


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This list excludes tools and tool use attributed to non-hominin species. See [[Tool use by non-humans]].
This list excludes tools and tool use attributed to non-hominin species. See [[Tool use by non-humans]].
⚫
Since there are far too many hominin tool sites to list on a single page, this page attempts to list the 6 or fewer top candidates for oldest tool site within each significant geographic area.

==Geographic areas covered==
⚫
Since there are far too many hominin tool sites to list on a single page, this page attempts to list the 6 or fewer top candidates for oldest tool site within each significant geographic area. These are the geographic areas covered:

* Africa
* Africa
** [[East Africa]]
** [[East Africa]]
Line 36: Line 32:
** [[Western Europe]]
** [[Western Europe]]
* [[Sahul]] - [[Australia]] and [[New Guinea]]
* [[Sahul]] - [[Australia]] and [[New Guinea]]
* [[Indian Ocean]]
Due to its focus on [[Paleolithic]] and [[Paleo-Indians|Paleo-Indian]] sites, this list omits areas such as Antarctica, where the earliest known tools are from the historical period, and [[Oceania]] east of Sahul, where the earliest known artifacts are [[Neolithic]] - see [[Polynesia]], [[Lapita culture]].
<!-- Due to its focus on [[Paleolithic]] and [[Paleo-Indians|Paleo-Indian]] sites, this list omits areas such as Antarctica, where the earliest known tools are from the historical period, and [[Oceania]] east of Sahul, where the earliest known artifacts are [[Neolithic]] - see [[Polynesia]], [[Lapita culture]]. -->

⚫
For much of the 20th century, a "[[Clovis culture|Clovis]] first" idea dominated American archeology. Many sites with dates too old to be compatible with "Clovis first" were published, but these were mostly dismissed under the hegemony of "Clovis first."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirst |first=K. Kris |date=2018-04-11 |title=Guide to the Pre-Clovis Culture: Evidence (and Controversy) for Human Settlement in the Americas Before Clovis |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/guide-to-the-pre-clovis-americas-173068 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Choi |first=Charles Q |date=2020-07-22 |title=New Research Suggests Humans Arrived in the Americas Much Earlier Than Thought |url=https://www.insidescience.org/news/new-research-suggests-humans-arrived-americas-much-earlier-thought |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Inside Science |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile some indigenous archeologists insisted throughout the "Clovis first" era that the peopling of the Americas was much older than Clovis.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Nick |date=2021-09-24 |title=The White Sands discovery only confirms what Indigenous people have said all along |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/53.11/indigenous-affairs-archaeology-the-white-sands-discovery-only-confirms-what-indigenous-people-have-said-all-along |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=High Country News |language=en-us}}</ref> Recent publications with very strong evidence for pre-Clovis sites seem to have ended the hegemony of "Clovis first."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-22 |title=Earliest evidence for humans in the Americas |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53486868 |access-date=2023-12-06}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Becerra-Valdivia |first1=Lorena |last2=Higham |first2=Thomas |date=2020-07-22 |title=The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2491-6 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=584 |issue=7819 |pages=93–97 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6 |pmid=32699413 |bibcode=2020Natur.584...93B |s2cid=220715918 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>

== List of tools ==


⚫
It is especially difficult to list the top few candidates for oldest tool sites in the Americas. For much of the 20th century, a "[[Clovis culture|Clovis]] first" idea dominated American archeology. Many sites with dates too old to be compatible with "Clovis first" were published, but these were mostly dismissed under the hegemony of "Clovis first."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirst |first=K. Kris |date=2018-04-11 |title=Guide to the Pre-Clovis Culture: Evidence (and Controversy) for Human Settlement in the Americas Before Clovis |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/guide-to-the-pre-clovis-americas-173068 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Choi |first=Charles Q |date=2020-07-22 |title=New Research Suggests Humans Arrived in the Americas Much Earlier Than Thought |url=https://www.insidescience.org/news/new-research-suggests-humans-arrived-americas-much-earlier-thought |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Inside Science |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile some indigenous archeologists insisted throughout the "Clovis first" era that the peopling of the Americas was much older than Clovis.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Nick |date=2021-09-24 |title=The White Sands discovery only confirms what Indigenous people have said all along |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/53.11/indigenous-affairs-archaeology-the-white-sands-discovery-only-confirms-what-indigenous-people-have-said-all-along |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=High Country News |language=en-us}}</ref> Recent publications with very strong evidence for pre-Clovis sites seem to have ended the hegemony of "Clovis first."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-22 |title=Earliest evidence for humans in the Americas |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53486868 |access-date=2023-12-06}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Becerra-Valdivia |first1=Lorena |last2=Higham |first2=Thomas |date=2020-07-22 |title=The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2491-6 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=584 |issue=7819 |pages=93–97 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6 |pmid=32699413 |bibcode=2020Natur.584...93B |s2cid=220715918 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> It seems likely that we may soon see new papers on many pre-Clovis sites that had previously been considered highly controversial or even dismissed outright. This page lists a few of the potentially oldest sites in the Americas that seem to represent legitimate archeology and have withstood some, if not all, criticism.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
⚫
|+
!Name
!Name
!Date
!width=80|Date<br>(Ma)
!Location
!Location
!Geographic Area
!Geographic<br>area
!Species
!Species
!Type
!Type
Line 50: Line 49:
|-
|-
|[[Dikika]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McPherron |first1=Shannon P. |last2=Alemseged |first2=Zeresenay |last3=Marean |first3=Curtis W. |last4=Wynn |first4=Jonathan G. |last5=Reed |first5=Denné |last6=Geraads |first6=Denis |last7=Bobe |first7=René |last8=Béarat |first8=Hamdallah A. |date=2010-08-12 |title=Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09248 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=466 |issue=7308 |pages=857–860 |doi=10.1038/nature09248 |pmid=20703305 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..857M |s2cid=4356816 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|[[Dikika]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McPherron |first1=Shannon P. |last2=Alemseged |first2=Zeresenay |last3=Marean |first3=Curtis W. |last4=Wynn |first4=Jonathan G. |last5=Reed |first5=Denné |last6=Geraads |first6=Denis |last7=Bobe |first7=René |last8=Béarat |first8=Hamdallah A. |date=2010-08-12 |title=Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09248 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=466 |issue=7308 |pages=857–860 |doi=10.1038/nature09248 |pmid=20703305 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..857M |s2cid=4356816 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|3.39 Ma
|3.39
|Hadar, Ethiopia
|Hadar, Ethiopia
|East Africa
|East Africa
|[[Australopithecus afarensis|''A. afarensis'']] (presumed)
|[[Australopithecus afarensis|''A. afarensis'']] (presumed)
|Cut marks on bone
|Cut marks on bone
|Controversial<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Domínguez-Rodrigo |first1=Manuel |last2=Pickering |first2=Travis Rayne |last3=Bunn |first3=Henry T. |date=2010-12-07 |title=Configurational approach to identifying the earliest hominin butchers |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=107 |issue=49 |pages=20929–20934 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1013711107 |pmid=21078985 |pmc=3000273 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10720929D |issn=0027-8424 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Jessica C. |last2=McPherron |first2=Shannon P. |last3=Bobe |first3=René |last4=Reed |first4=Denné |last5=Barr |first5=W. Andrew |last6=Wynn |first6=Jonathan G. |last7=Marean |first7=Curtis W. |last8=Geraads |first8=Denis |last9=Alemseged |first9=Zeresenay |date=2015-09-01 |title=Taphonomy of fossils from the hominin-bearing deposits at Dikika, Ethiopia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248415001657 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=86 |pages=112–135 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.013|pmid=26277305 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sahle |first1=Yonatan |last2=El Zaatari |first2=Sireen |last3=White |first3=Tim D. |date=2017-12-12 |title=Hominid butchers and biting crocodiles in the African Plio–Pleistocene |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=114 |issue=50 |pages=13164–13169 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1716317114 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5740633 |pmid=29109249 |bibcode=2017PNAS..11413164S |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|Controversial<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Domínguez-Rodrigo |first1=Manuel |last2=Pickering |first2=Travis Rayne |last3=Bunn |first3=Henry T. |date=2010-12-07 |title=Configurational approach to identifying the earliest hominin butchers |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=107 |issue=49 |pages=20929–20934 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1013711107 |pmid=21078985 |pmc=3000273 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10720929D |issn=0027-8424 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Jessica C. |last2=McPherron |first2=Shannon P. |last3=Bobe |first3=René |last4=Reed |first4=Denné |last5=Barr |first5=W. Andrew |last6=Wynn |first6=Jonathan G. |last7=Marean |first7=Curtis W. |last8=Geraads |first8=Denis |last9=Alemseged |first9=Zeresenay |date=2015-09-01 |title=Taphonomy of fossils from the hominin-bearing deposits at Dikika, Ethiopia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248415001657 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=86 |pages=112–135 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.013|pmid=26277305 |bibcode=2015JHumE..86..112T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sahle |first1=Yonatan |last2=El Zaatari |first2=Sireen |last3=White |first3=Tim D. |date=2017-12-12 |title=Hominid butchers and biting crocodiles in the African Plio–Pleistocene |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=114 |issue=50 |pages=13164–13169 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1716317114 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5740633 |pmid=29109249 |bibcode=2017PNAS..11413164S |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Lomekwi|Lomekwi 3]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harmand |first1=Sonia |last2=Lewis |first2=Jason E. |last3=Feibel |first3=Craig S. |last4=Lepre |first4=Christopher J. |last5=Prat |first5=Sandrine |last6=Lenoble |first6=Arnaud |last7=Boës |first7=Xavier |last8=Quinn |first8=Rhonda L. |last9=Brenet |first9=Michel |last10=Arroyo |first10=Adrian |last11=Taylor |first11=Nicholas |last12=Clément |first12=Sophie |last13=Daver |first13=Guillaume |last14=Brugal |first14=Jean-Philip |last15=Leakey |first15=Louise |date=May 2015 |title=3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14464 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=521 |issue=7552 |pages=310–315 |doi=10.1038/nature14464 |pmid=25993961 |bibcode=2015Natur.521..310H |s2cid=1207285 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|[[Lomekwi|Lomekwi 3]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harmand |first1=Sonia |last2=Lewis |first2=Jason E. |last3=Feibel |first3=Craig S. |last4=Lepre |first4=Christopher J. |last5=Prat |first5=Sandrine |last6=Lenoble |first6=Arnaud |last7=Boës |first7=Xavier |last8=Quinn |first8=Rhonda L. |last9=Brenet |first9=Michel |last10=Arroyo |first10=Adrian |last11=Taylor |first11=Nicholas |last12=Clément |first12=Sophie |last13=Daver |first13=Guillaume |last14=Brugal |first14=Jean-Philip |last15=Leakey |first15=Louise |date=May 2015 |title=3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14464 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=521 |issue=7552 |pages=310–315 |doi=10.1038/nature14464 |pmid=25993961 |bibcode=2015Natur.521..310H |s2cid=1207285 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|3.3 Ma
|3.3
|West Turkana, Kenya
|West Turkana, Kenya
|East Africa
|East Africa
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|-
|-
|Nyayanga<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Plummer |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Oliver |first2=James S. |last3=Finestone |first3=Emma M. |last4=Ditchfield |first4=Peter W. |last5=Bishop |first5=Laura C. |last6=Blumenthal |first6=Scott A. |last7=Lemorini |first7=Cristina |last8=Caricola |first8=Isabella |last9=Bailey |first9=Shara E. |last10=Herries |first10=Andy I. R. |last11=Parkinson |first11=Jennifer A. |last12=Whitfield |first12=Elizabeth |last13=Hertel |first13=Fritz |last14=Kinyanjui |first14=Rahab N. |last15=Vincent |first15=Thomas H. |date=2023-02-10 |title=Expanded geographic distribution and dietary strategies of the earliest Oldowan hominins and Paranthropus |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo7452 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=379 |issue=6632 |pages=561–566 |doi=10.1126/science.abo7452 |pmid=36758076 |bibcode=2023Sci...379..561P |s2cid=256697931 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
|Nyayanga<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Plummer |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Oliver |first2=James S. |last3=Finestone |first3=Emma M. |last4=Ditchfield |first4=Peter W. |last5=Bishop |first5=Laura C. |last6=Blumenthal |first6=Scott A. |last7=Lemorini |first7=Cristina |last8=Caricola |first8=Isabella |last9=Bailey |first9=Shara E. |last10=Herries |first10=Andy I. R. |last11=Parkinson |first11=Jennifer A. |last12=Whitfield |first12=Elizabeth |last13=Hertel |first13=Fritz |last14=Kinyanjui |first14=Rahab N. |last15=Vincent |first15=Thomas H. |date=2023-02-10 |title=Expanded geographic distribution and dietary strategies of the earliest Oldowan hominins and Paranthropus |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo7452 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=379 |issue=6632 |pages=561–566 |doi=10.1126/science.abo7452 |pmid=36758076 |bibcode=2023Sci...379..561P |s2cid=256697931 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
|3.0–2.6
|2.6-3 Ma
|Nyayanga, Kenya
|Nyayanga, Kenya
|East Africa
|East Africa
|''[[Paranthropus]]'' (associated)
|''[[Paranthropus]]'' (associated)
|Hominin remains, stone tools
|Hominin remains, stone tools
|Some - ''e.g.'', Kathy Shick<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burakoff |first=Maddie |date=2023-02-09 |title=Stone Age discovery fuels mystery of who made early tools |url=https://apnews.com/article/science-new-york-city-queens-kenya-c3e202e326daa841ee1893fc7902299d |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> - have suggested that the user of the tools in question may have been early ''[[Homo]]'' butchering ''[[Paranthropus]]'' as food.
|Some, e.g. Kathy Shick,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burakoff |first=Maddie |date=2023-02-09 |title=Stone Age discovery fuels mystery of who made early tools |url=https://apnews.com/article/science-new-york-city-queens-kenya-c3e202e326daa841ee1893fc7902299d |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> have suggested that the user of the tools may have been early ''[[Homo]]'' butchering ''[[Paranthropus]]'' as food.
⚫
|-
|[[:fr:Masol|Masol]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dambricourt Malassé |first=Anne |date=2016-02-01 |title=The first Indo-French Prehistorical Mission in Siwaliks and the discovery of anthropic activities at 2.6 million years |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |series=Human origins in the Indian sub-continent / Origines de l’homme dans le sous-continent Indien |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=281–294 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2015.12.001 |bibcode=2016CRPal..15..281D |issn=1631-0683|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chapon Sao |first1=Cécile |last2=Tudryn |first2=Alina |last3=Dambricourt Malassé |first3=Anne |last4=Moigne |first4=Anne-Marie |last5=Gargani |first5=Julien |last6=Singh |first6=Mukesh |last7=Abdessadok |first7=Salah |last8=Voinchet |first8=Pierre |last9=Cauche |first9=Dominique |last10=Karir |first10=Baldev |last11=Pal |first11=Surinder |title=Magnetostratigraphy of the Pliocene Masol Formation, Siwalik Frontal Range, India: Implications for the age of intentional cut-marked fossil bones |journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences |date=January 2024 |volume=259 |pages=105884 |doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2023.105884 |bibcode=2024JAESc.25905884C }}</ref>
|2.9–2.7
⚫
|Chandigarh, India
⚫
|South Asia
|
⚫
|Stone tools and cut marks on bone
⚫
|Controversial<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soni |first1=Vidwan Singh |last2=Soni |first2=Anujot Singh |date=2017-06-05 |title=On the Late Pliocene stone tools of the Quranwala Zone, north-west sub-Himalayas, India |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/on-the-late-pliocene-stone-tools-of-the-quranwala-zone-northwest-subhimalayas-india/C0AC770974844CF83105B5045ABF0E73 |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=357 |pages=e1 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.43 |s2cid=134118052 |issn=0003-598X}}</ref>
|-
|-
|Bokol Dora 1<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Braun |first1=David R. |last2=Aldeias |first2=Vera |last3=Archer |first3=Will |last4=Arrowsmith |first4=J Ramon |last5=Baraki |first5=Niguss |last6=Campisano |first6=Christopher J. |last7=Deino |first7=Alan L. |last8=DiMaggio |first8=Erin N. |last9=Dupont-Nivet |first9=Guillaume |last10=Engda |first10=Blade |last11=Feary |first11=David A. |last12=Garello |first12=Dominique I. |last13=Kerfelew |first13=Zenash |last14=McPherron |first14=Shannon P. |last15=Patterson |first15=David B. |date=2019-06-11 |title=Earliest known Oldowan artifacts at >2.58 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Ethiopia, highlight early technological diversity |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=24 |pages=11712–11717 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1820177116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6575601 |pmid=31160451 |bibcode=2019PNAS..11611712B |doi-access=free }}</ref> (BD 1)
|Bokol Dora 1<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Braun |first1=David R. |last2=Aldeias |first2=Vera |last3=Archer |first3=Will |last4=Arrowsmith |first4=J Ramon |last5=Baraki |first5=Niguss |last6=Campisano |first6=Christopher J. |last7=Deino |first7=Alan L. |last8=DiMaggio |first8=Erin N. |last9=Dupont-Nivet |first9=Guillaume |last10=Engda |first10=Blade |last11=Feary |first11=David A. |last12=Garello |first12=Dominique I. |last13=Kerfelew |first13=Zenash |last14=McPherron |first14=Shannon P. |last15=Patterson |first15=David B. |date=2019-06-11 |title=Earliest known Oldowan artifacts at >2.58 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Ethiopia, highlight early technological diversity |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=24 |pages=11712–11717 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1820177116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6575601 |pmid=31160451 |bibcode=2019PNAS..11611712B |doi-access=free }}</ref> (BD 1)
|2.6 Ma
|2.6
|[[Ledi-Geraru]], Ethiopia
|[[Ledi-Geraru]], Ethiopia
|East Africa
|East Africa
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|
|
|-
|-
|[[Gona, Ethiopia|Gona]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Semaw |first1=Sileshi |last2=Rogers |first2=Michael J |last3=Quade |first3=Jay |last4=Renne |first4=Paul R |last5=Butler |first5=Robert F |last6=Dominguez-Rodrigo |first6=Manuel |last7=Stout |first7=Dietrich |last8=Hart |first8=William S |last9=Pickering |first9=Travis |last10=Simpson |first10=Scott W |date=August 2003 |title=2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248403000939 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=169–177 |doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9|pmid=14529651 }}</ref>
|[[Gona, Ethiopia|Gona]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Semaw |first1=Sileshi |last2=Rogers |first2=Michael J |last3=Quade |first3=Jay |last4=Renne |first4=Paul R |last5=Butler |first5=Robert F |last6=Dominguez-Rodrigo |first6=Manuel |last7=Stout |first7=Dietrich |last8=Hart |first8=William S |last9=Pickering |first9=Travis |last10=Simpson |first10=Scott W |date=August 2003 |title=2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248403000939 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=169–177 |doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9|pmid=14529651 |bibcode=2003JHumE..45..169S }}</ref>
|2.6 Ma
|2.6
|Ethiopia
|Ethiopia
|East Africa
|East Africa
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|
|-
|-
| Perdikkas <ref>{{cite web |title=Ο Ελέφαντας του Περδίκκα και οι σχετικές περί αυτού απόψεις |url=http://www.ptolemaida.gr/Mousio-2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128163043/http://www.ptolemaida.gr/Mousio-2.html |access-date=5 October 2024|archive-date=2010-01-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ο Δήμος Εορδαίας, απάντησε στον Άρη Πουλιανό, πως ο ελέφαντας του Περδίκκα υπάρχει και θα συντηρηθεί το 2020… Αλλά όχι το υπουργείο Πολιτισμού… Νέα ερωτήματα τώρα… |url=https://efkozani.gr/%CE%BF-%CE%B4%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82-%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B5-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD-%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B7-%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Current Anthropology, Vol 27 |date=1 April 1986 |page=150 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/203405 |access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>
|[[:fr:Masol|Masol]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dambricourt Malassé |first=Anne |date=2016-02-01 |title=The first Indo-French Prehistorical Mission in Siwaliks and the discovery of anthropic activities at 2.6 million years |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631068315002286 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |series=Human origins in the Indian sub-continent / Origines de l’homme dans le sous-continent Indien |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=281–294 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2015.12.001 |bibcode=2016CRPal..15..281D |issn=1631-0683|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|3.3–2.5
|2.6 Ma
|Perdikkas, Greece
⚫
|Chandigarh, India
|Eastern Europe
⚫
|South Asia
|
|
|”Butchered” mammoth bones, stone tools
⚫
|Cut marks on bone
|Controversial
⚫
|Controversial<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soni |first1=Vidwan Singh |last2=Soni |first2=Anujot Singh |date=2017-06-05 |title=On the Late Pliocene stone tools of the Quranwala Zone, north-west sub-Himalayas, India |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/on-the-late-pliocene-stone-tools-of-the-quranwala-zone-northwest-subhimalayas-india/C0AC770974844CF83105B5045ABF0E73 |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=357 |pages=e1 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.43 |s2cid=134118052 |issn=0003-598X}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Bouri Formation|Bouri]] Hatayae layer<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heinzelin |first1=Jean de |last2=Clark |first2=J. Desmond |last3=White |first3=Tim |last4=Hart |first4=William |last5=Renne |first5=Paul |last6=WoldeGabriel |first6=Giday |last7=Beyene |first7=Yonas |last8=Vrba |first8=Elisabeth |date=1999-04-23 |title=Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.284.5414.625 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=284 |issue=5414 |pages=625–629 |doi=10.1126/science.284.5414.625 |pmid=10213682 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
|[[Bouri Formation|Bouri]] Hatayae layer<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heinzelin |first1=Jean de |last2=Clark |first2=J. Desmond |last3=White |first3=Tim |last4=Hart |first4=William |last5=Renne |first5=Paul |last6=WoldeGabriel |first6=Giday |last7=Beyene |first7=Yonas |last8=Vrba |first8=Elisabeth |date=1999-04-23 |title=Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.284.5414.625 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=284 |issue=5414 |pages=625–629 |doi=10.1126/science.284.5414.625 |pmid=10213682 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
|2.5 Ma
|2.5
|Ethiopia
|Ethiopia
|East Africa
|East Africa
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|-
|-
|Longgupo<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wanpo |first1=Huang |last2=Ciochon |first2=Russell |last3=Yumin |first3=Gu |last4=Larick |first4=Roy |last5=Qiren |first5=Fang |last6=Schwarcz |first6=Henry |last7=Yonge |first7=Charles |last8=de Vos |first8=John |last9=Rink |first9=William |date=1995-11-16 |title=Early Homo and associated artefacts from Asia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/378275a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=378 |issue=6554 |pages=275–278 |doi=10.1038/378275a0 |pmid=7477345 |bibcode=1995Natur.378..275W |s2cid=4352713 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
|Longgupo<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wanpo |first1=Huang |last2=Ciochon |first2=Russell |last3=Yumin |first3=Gu |last4=Larick |first4=Roy |last5=Qiren |first5=Fang |last6=Schwarcz |first6=Henry |last7=Yonge |first7=Charles |last8=de Vos |first8=John |last9=Rink |first9=William |date=1995-11-16 |title=Early Homo and associated artefacts from Asia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/378275a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=378 |issue=6554 |pages=275–278 |doi=10.1038/378275a0 |pmid=7477345 |bibcode=1995Natur.378..275W |s2cid=4352713 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
|2.48 Ma<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Fei |last2=Bahain |first2=Jean-Jacques |last3=Deng |first3=Chenglong |last4=Boëda |first4=Éric |last5=Hou |first5=Yamei |last6=Wei |first6=Guangbiao |last7=Huang |first7=Wanbo |last8=Garcia |first8=Tristan |last9=Shao |first9=Qingfeng |last10=He |first10=Cunding |last11=Falguères |first11=Christophe |last12=Voinchet |first12=Pierre |last13=Yin |first13=Gongming |date=2017-04-01 |title=The earliest evidence of hominid settlement in China: Combined electron spin resonance and uranium series (ESR/U-series) dating of mammalian fossil teeth from Longgupo cave |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618215001160 |journal=Quaternary International |series=Quaternary Biostratigraphy in East Asia: A Multidisciplinary Research Approach on Gigantopithecus Fauna and Human Evolution |volume=434 |pages=75–83 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.025 |bibcode=2017QuInt.434...75H |issn=1040-6182|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|2.48<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Fei |last2=Bahain |first2=Jean-Jacques |last3=Deng |first3=Chenglong |last4=Boëda |first4=Éric |last5=Hou |first5=Yamei |last6=Wei |first6=Guangbiao |last7=Huang |first7=Wanbo |last8=Garcia |first8=Tristan |last9=Shao |first9=Qingfeng |last10=He |first10=Cunding |last11=Falguères |first11=Christophe |last12=Voinchet |first12=Pierre |last13=Yin |first13=Gongming |date=2017-04-01 |title=The earliest evidence of hominid settlement in China: Combined electron spin resonance and uranium series (ESR/U-series) dating of mammalian fossil teeth from Longgupo cave |journal=Quaternary International |series=Quaternary Biostratigraphy in East Asia: A Multidisciplinary Research Approach on Gigantopithecus Fauna and Human Evolution |volume=434 |pages=75–83 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.025 |bibcode=2017QuInt.434...75H |issn=1040-6182|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|Longgupo, southwest China
|Longgupo, southwest China
|East Asia
|East Asia
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|-
|-
|[[:fr:Aïn Boucherit|Aïn Boucherit]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sahnouni |first1=Mohamed |last2=Parés |first2=Josep M. |last3=Duval |first3=Mathieu |last4=Cáceres |first4=Isabel |last5=Harichane |first5=Zoheir |last6=van der Made |first6=Jan |last7=Pérez-González |first7=Alfredo |last8=Abdessadok |first8=Salah |last9=Kandi |first9=Nadia |last10=Derradji |first10=Abdelkader |last11=Medig |first11=Mohamed |last12=Boulaghraif |first12=Kamel |last13=Semaw |first13=Sileshi |date=2018-12-14 |title=1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau0008 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=362 |issue=6420 |pages=1297–1301 |doi=10.1126/science.aau0008 |pmid=30498166 |bibcode=2018Sci...362.1297S |s2cid=54166305 |issn=0036-8075|hdl=10072/383164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|[[:fr:Aïn Boucherit|Aïn Boucherit]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sahnouni |first1=Mohamed |last2=Parés |first2=Josep M. |last3=Duval |first3=Mathieu |last4=Cáceres |first4=Isabel |last5=Harichane |first5=Zoheir |last6=van der Made |first6=Jan |last7=Pérez-González |first7=Alfredo |last8=Abdessadok |first8=Salah |last9=Kandi |first9=Nadia |last10=Derradji |first10=Abdelkader |last11=Medig |first11=Mohamed |last12=Boulaghraif |first12=Kamel |last13=Semaw |first13=Sileshi |date=2018-12-14 |title=1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau0008 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=362 |issue=6420 |pages=1297–1301 |doi=10.1126/science.aau0008 |pmid=30498166 |bibcode=2018Sci...362.1297S |s2cid=54166305 |issn=0036-8075|hdl=10072/383164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|2.4 Ma
|2.4
|Algeria
|Algeria
|North Africa
|North Africa
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|-
|-
|[[Xihoudu]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Guanjun |last2=Wang |first2=Yiren |last3=Tu |first3=Hua |last4=Tong |first4=Haowen |last5=Wu |first5=Zhenkun |last6=Kuman |first6=Kathleen |last7=Fink |first7=David |last8=Granger |first8=Darryl E. |date=2020-12-01 |title=Isochron 26Al/10Be burial dating of Xihoudu: Evidence for the earliest human settlement in northern China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000355212030073X |journal=L'Anthropologie |series=PaléoanthropologieGéochronologie |volume=124 |issue=5 |pages=102790 |doi=10.1016/j.anthro.2020.102790 |s2cid=229385735 |issn=0003-5521}}</ref>
|[[Xihoudu]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Guanjun |last2=Wang |first2=Yiren |last3=Tu |first3=Hua |last4=Tong |first4=Haowen |last5=Wu |first5=Zhenkun |last6=Kuman |first6=Kathleen |last7=Fink |first7=David |last8=Granger |first8=Darryl E. |date=2020-12-01 |title=Isochron 26Al/10Be burial dating of Xihoudu: Evidence for the earliest human settlement in northern China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000355212030073X |journal=L'Anthropologie |series=PaléoanthropologieGéochronologie |volume=124 |issue=5 |pages=102790 |doi=10.1016/j.anthro.2020.102790 |s2cid=229385735 |issn=0003-5521}}</ref>
|2.4 Ma
|2.4
|Shanxi Province, China
|Shanxi Province, China
|East Asia
|East Asia
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|-
|-
|Renzidong<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=张 |first1=森水 |last2=韩 |first2=立刚 |last3=金 |first3=昌柱 |last4=魏 |first4=光飚 |last5=郑 |first5=龙亭 |last6=徐 |first6=钦琦 |date=2000-08-01 |title=繁昌人字洞旧石器遗址1998年发现的人工制品 |url=http://www.cnki.net/kcms/doi/10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2000.03.001.html |journal=人类学学报 |issue=3 |pages=169–183+253–255 |doi=10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2000.03.001 |issn=1000-3193}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=S. |last2=Jin |first2=C. |last3=Wei |first3=G. |last4=Xu |first4=Q. |last5=Han |first5=L. |last6=Zheng |first6=L. |date=2000-08-01 |title=On the artifacts unearthed from the Renzidong paleolithic site in 1998 |url=http://www.anthropol.ac.cn/EN/Y2000/V19/I03/169 |journal=Acta Anthropologica Sinica |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=169–183+253–255 |doi=10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2000.03.001 |issn=1000-3193}}</ref> (Renzi Cave)
|Renzidong<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=张 |first1=森水 |last2=韩 |first2=立刚 |last3=金 |first3=昌柱 |last4=魏 |first4=光飚 |last5=郑 |first5=龙亭 |last6=徐 |first6=钦琦 |date=2000-08-01 |title=繁昌人字洞旧石器遗址1998年发现的人工制品 |url=http://www.cnki.net/kcms/doi/10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2000.03.001.html |journal=人类学学报 |issue=3 |pages=169–183+253–255 |doi=10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2000.03.001 |issn=1000-3193}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=S. |last2=Jin |first2=C. |last3=Wei |first3=G. |last4=Xu |first4=Q. |last5=Han |first5=L. |last6=Zheng |first6=L. |date=2000-08-01 |title=On the artifacts unearthed from the Renzidong paleolithic site in 1998 |url=http://www.anthropol.ac.cn/EN/Y2000/V19/I03/169 |journal=Acta Anthropologica Sinica |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=169–183+253–255 |doi=10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2000.03.001 |issn=1000-3193}}</ref> (Renzi Cave)
|2-2.4 Ma<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=C. |last2=Dong |first2=Wei |last3=Liu |first3=Jinyi |last4=Wei |first4=G. |last5=Xu |first5=Q. |last6=Zheng |first6=J. |last7=Zheng |first7=L. |last8=Han |first8=L. |last9=Wang |first9=F. |date=2000 |title=A preliminary study on the early Pleistocene deposits and the mammalian fauna from the Renzi Cave, Fanchang, Anhui, China |journal=Acta Anthropologica Sinica |volume=19 |issue=supplement |pages=235–245}}</ref>
|2.4–2.0<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=C. |last2=Dong |first2=Wei |last3=Liu |first3=Jinyi |last4=Wei |first4=G. |last5=Xu |first5=Q. |last6=Zheng |first6=J. |last7=Zheng |first7=L. |last8=Han |first8=L. |last9=Wang |first9=F. |date=2000 |title=A preliminary study on the early Pleistocene deposits and the mammalian fauna from the Renzi Cave, Fanchang, Anhui, China |journal=Acta Anthropologica Sinica |volume=19 |issue=supplement |pages=235–245}}</ref>
|Renzidong, southeast China
|Renzidong, southeast China
|East Asia
|East Asia
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|-
|[[Shangchen]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Zhaoyu |last2=Dennell |first2=Robin |last3=Huang |first3=Weiwen |last4=Wu |first4=Yi |last5=Qiu |first5=Shifan |last6=Yang |first6=Shixia |last7=Rao |first7=Zhiguo |last8=Hou |first8=Yamei |last9=Xie |first9=Jiubing |last10=Han |first10=Jiangwei |last11=Ouyang |first11=Tingping |date=2018-07-11 |title=Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0299-4 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=559 |issue=7715 |pages=608–612 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4 |pmid=29995848 |bibcode=2018Natur.559..608Z |s2cid=49670311 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|[[Shangchen]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Zhaoyu |last2=Dennell |first2=Robin |last3=Huang |first3=Weiwen |last4=Wu |first4=Yi |last5=Qiu |first5=Shifan |last6=Yang |first6=Shixia |last7=Rao |first7=Zhiguo |last8=Hou |first8=Yamei |last9=Xie |first9=Jiubing |last10=Han |first10=Jiangwei |last11=Ouyang |first11=Tingping |date=2018-07-11 |title=Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0299-4 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=559 |issue=7715 |pages=608–612 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4 |pmid=29995848 |bibcode=2018Natur.559..608Z |s2cid=49670311 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|2.1 Ma
|2.1
|Shaanxi, China
|Shaanxi, China
|East Asia
|East Asia
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|-
|[[Drimolen]] Main Quarry (DMQ)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I. R. |last2=Martin |first2=Jesse M. |last3=Leece |first3=A. B. |last4=Adams |first4=Justin W. |last5=Boschian |first5=Giovanni |last6=Joannes-Boyau |first6=Renaud |last7=Edwards |first7=Tara R. |last8=Mallett |first8=Tom |last9=Massey |first9=Jason |last10=Murszewski |first10=Ashleigh |last11=Neubauer |first11=Simon |last12=Pickering |first12=Robyn |last13=Strait |first13=David S. |last14=Armstrong |first14=Brian J. |last15=Baker |first15=Stephanie |date=2020-04-03 |title=Contemporaneity of Australopithecus , Paranthropus , and early Homo erectus in South Africa |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaw7293 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=368 |issue=6486 |doi=10.1126/science.aaw7293 |pmid=32241925 |s2cid=214763272 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stammers |first1=Rhiannon C. |last2=Caruana |first2=Matthew V. |last3=Herries |first3=Andy I.R. |date=2018-11-30 |title=The first bone tools from Kromdraai and stone tools from Drimolen, and the place of bone tools in the South African Earlier Stone Age |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618217312685 |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=495 |pages=87–101 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2018.04.026|bibcode=2018QuInt.495...87S |s2cid=135196415 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|[[Drimolen]] Main Quarry (DMQ)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I. R. |last2=Martin |first2=Jesse M. |last3=Leece |first3=A. B. |last4=Adams |first4=Justin W. |last5=Boschian |first5=Giovanni |last6=Joannes-Boyau |first6=Renaud |last7=Edwards |first7=Tara R. |last8=Mallett |first8=Tom |last9=Massey |first9=Jason |last10=Murszewski |first10=Ashleigh |last11=Neubauer |first11=Simon |last12=Pickering |first12=Robyn |last13=Strait |first13=David S. |last14=Armstrong |first14=Brian J. |last15=Baker |first15=Stephanie |date=2020-04-03 |title=Contemporaneity of Australopithecus , Paranthropus , and early Homo erectus in South Africa |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaw7293 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=368 |issue=6486 |doi=10.1126/science.aaw7293 |pmid=32241925 |s2cid=214763272 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stammers |first1=Rhiannon C. |last2=Caruana |first2=Matthew V. |last3=Herries |first3=Andy I.R. |date=2018-11-30 |title=The first bone tools from Kromdraai and stone tools from Drimolen, and the place of bone tools in the South African Earlier Stone Age |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=495 |pages=87–101 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2018.04.026|bibcode=2018QuInt.495...87S |s2cid=135196415 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|2 MA
|2
|South Africa
|South Africa
|Southern Africa
|Southern Africa
|''[[Homo erectus|H. erectus]], [[Paranthropus robustus|P. robustus]]'' (associated)
|''[[Homo erectus|H. erectus]],<br>[[Paranthropus robustus|P. robustus]]'' (associated)
|Hominin remains, stone tools, bone tools
|Hominin remains, stone tools, bone tools
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Riwat]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dennell |first1=R.W. |last2=Rendell |first2=H. |last3=Hailwood |first3=E. |date=March 1988 |title=Early tool-making in Asia: two-million-year-old artefacts in Pakistan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X00073555/type/journal_article |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=62 |issue=234 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00073555 |s2cid=163876857 |issn=0003-598X}}</ref>
|[[Riwat]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dennell |first1=R.W. |last2=Rendell |first2=H. |last3=Hailwood |first3=E. |date=March 1988 |title=Early tool-making in Asia: two-million-year-old artefacts in Pakistan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X00073555/type/journal_article |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=62 |issue=234 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00073555 |s2cid=163876857 |issn=0003-598X}}</ref>
|1.9 Ma
|1.9
|Riwat, Pakistan
|Riwat, Pakistan
|South Asia
|South Asia
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|-
|-
|[[:fr:El Kowm|Aïn al Fil]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Tensorer |first1=Jean-Marie |last2=Le Tensorer |first2=Hélène |last3=Martini |first3=Pietro |last4=von Falkenstein |first4=Vera |last5=Schmid |first5=Peter |last6=Villalain |first6=Juan José |date=November–December 2015 |title=The Oldowan site Aïn al Fil (El Kowm, Syria) and the first humans of the Syrian Desert |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003552115000801 |journal=L'Anthropologie |language=en |volume=119 |issue=5 |pages=581–594 |doi=10.1016/j.anthro.2015.10.009}}</ref>
|[[:fr:El Kowm|Aïn al Fil]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Tensorer |first1=Jean-Marie |last2=Le Tensorer |first2=Hélène |last3=Martini |first3=Pietro |last4=von Falkenstein |first4=Vera |last5=Schmid |first5=Peter |last6=Villalain |first6=Juan José |date=November–December 2015 |title=The Oldowan site Aïn al Fil (El Kowm, Syria) and the first humans of the Syrian Desert |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003552115000801 |journal=L'Anthropologie |language=en |volume=119 |issue=5 |pages=581–594 |doi=10.1016/j.anthro.2015.10.009}}</ref>
|1.8 Ma
|1.8
|El Kowm, Syria
|El Kowm, Syria
|West Asia
|West Asia
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|
|
|-
|-
|[[Dmanisi]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mgeladze |first1=Ana |last2=Lordkipanidze |first2=David |last3=Moncel |first3=Marie-Hélène |last4=Despriee |first4=Jackie |last5=Chagelishvili |first5=Rusudan |last6=Nioradze |first6=Medea |last7=Nioradze |first7=Giorgi |date=2011-05-01 |title=Hominin occupations at the Dmanisi site, Georgia, Southern Caucasus: Raw materials and technical behaviours of Europe's first hominins |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248410002411 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=571–596 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.10.008 |pmid=21277002 |issn=0047-2484}}</ref>
|[[Dmanisi]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mgeladze |first1=Ana |last2=Lordkipanidze |first2=David |last3=Moncel |first3=Marie-Hélène |last4=Despriee |first4=Jackie |last5=Chagelishvili |first5=Rusudan |last6=Nioradze |first6=Medea |last7=Nioradze |first7=Giorgi |date=2011-05-01 |title=Hominin occupations at the Dmanisi site, Georgia, Southern Caucasus: Raw materials and technical behaviours of Europe's first hominins |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248410002411 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=571–596 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.10.008 |pmid=21277002 |bibcode=2011JHumE..60..571M |issn=0047-2484}}</ref>
|1.8 Ma
|1.8
|Dmanisi, Georgia
|Dmanisi, Georgia
|West Asia
|West Asia
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|-
|-
|[[Swartkrans]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Backwell |first=L. R. |date=2001-02-13 |title=From the Cover: Evidence of termite foraging by Swartkrans early hominids |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=1358–1363 |doi=10.1073/pnas.021551598 |pmc=29261 |pmid=11171955 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|[[Swartkrans]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Backwell |first=L. R. |date=2001-02-13 |title=From the Cover: Evidence of termite foraging by Swartkrans early hominids |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=1358–1363 |doi=10.1073/pnas.021551598 |pmc=29261 |pmid=11171955 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|1.8 Ma
|1.8
|South Africa
|South Africa
|Southern Africa
|Southern Africa
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|-
|-
|[[Sterkfontein]] StW 53<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pickering |first1=Travis Rayne |last2=White |first2=Tim D. |last3=Toth |first3=Nicholas |date=2000-03-21 |title=Brief communication: Cutmarks on a Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Sterkfontein, South Africa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200004)111:43.0.CO;2-Y |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |language=en |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=579–584 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200004)111:4<579::AID-AJPA12>3.0.CO;2-Y |pmid=10727975 |issn=0002-9483}}</ref>
|[[Sterkfontein]] StW 53<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pickering |first1=Travis Rayne |last2=White |first2=Tim D. |last3=Toth |first3=Nicholas |date=2000-03-21 |title=Brief communication: Cutmarks on a Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Sterkfontein, South Africa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200004)111:43.0.CO;2-Y |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |language=en |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=579–584 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200004)111:4<579::AID-AJPA12>3.0.CO;2-Y |pmid=10727975 |issn=0002-9483}}</ref>
|1.5-1.8 Ma<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I. R. |last2=Shaw |first2=John |date=2011-05-01 |title=Palaeomagnetic analysis of the Sterkfontein palaeocave deposits: Implications for the age of the hominin fossils and stone tool industries |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248410001727 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=523–539 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001 |pmid=21392817 |issn=0047-2484}}</ref>
|1.8–1.5<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I. R. |last2=Shaw |first2=John |date=2011-05-01 |title=Palaeomagnetic analysis of the Sterkfontein palaeocave deposits: Implications for the age of the hominin fossils and stone tool industries |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248410001727 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=523–539 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001 |pmid=21392817 |bibcode=2011JHumE..60..523H |issn=0047-2484}}</ref>
|South Africa
|South Africa
|Southern Africa
|Southern Africa
Line 195: Line 202:
|-
|-
|[[Sangiran]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=Kildo |last2=Driwantoro |first2=Dubel |date=January 2007 |title=Shell tool use by early members of Homo erectus in Sangiran, central Java, Indonesia: cut mark evidence |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030544030600077X |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=48–58 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.03.013|bibcode=2007JArSc..34...48C }}</ref>
|[[Sangiran]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=Kildo |last2=Driwantoro |first2=Dubel |date=January 2007 |title=Shell tool use by early members of Homo erectus in Sangiran, central Java, Indonesia: cut mark evidence |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030544030600077X |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=48–58 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.03.013|bibcode=2007JArSc..34...48C }}</ref>
|1.5-1.6 Ma
|1.6–1.5
|Java, Indonesia
|Java, Indonesia
|[[Sunda Shelf]]
|[[Sunda Shelf]]
Line 201: Line 208:
|Hominin remains, shell tool cut marks on bone
|Hominin remains, shell tool cut marks on bone
|
|
|-
|Socotra Island<ref>{{cite web|title=Islands - Socotra|url=https://www.theextinctions.com/articles-1/islands-socotra|access-date=2024-11-14|website=www.theextinctions.com}}</ref>
|2.5–1.4
|[[Socotra Island]]
|[[Indian Ocean]]
|[[Homo erectus|''H. erectus'']] (presumed)
|Stone tools
|[[Oldowan]] stone tools. May very well be earliest evidence of seafaring.
|-
|-
|[[Kozarnika, Dimovo Municipality]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sirakov |first1=N. |last2=Guadelli |first2=J.-L. |last3=Ivanova |first3=S. |last4=Sirakova |first4=S. |last5=Boudadi-Maligne |first5=M. |last6=Dimitrova |first6=I. |last7=Ph |first7=Fernandez |last8=Ferrier |first8=C. |last9=Guadelli |first9=A. |last10=Iordanova |first10=D. |last11=Iordanova |first11=N. |last12=Kovatcheva |first12=M. |last13=Krumov |first13=I. |last14=Leblanc |first14=J.-Cl. |last15=Miteva |first15=V. |date=2010-09-01 |title=An ancient continuous human presence in the Balkans and the beginnings of human settlement in western Eurasia: A Lower Pleistocene example of the Lower Palaeolithic levels in Kozarnika cave (North-western Bulgaria) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S104061821000087X |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=223-224 |pages=94–106 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2010.02.023|bibcode=2010QuInt.223...94S }}</ref>
|[[Kozarnika, Dimovo Municipality]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sirakov |first1=N. |last2=Guadelli |first2=J.-L. |last3=Ivanova |first3=S. |last4=Sirakova |first4=S. |last5=Boudadi-Maligne |first5=M. |last6=Dimitrova |first6=I. |last7=Ph |first7=Fernandez |last8=Ferrier |first8=C. |last9=Guadelli |first9=A. |last10=Iordanova |first10=D. |last11=Iordanova |first11=N. |last12=Kovatcheva |first12=M. |last13=Krumov |first13=I. |last14=Leblanc |first14=J.-Cl. |last15=Miteva |first15=V. |date=2010-09-01 |title=An ancient continuous human presence in the Balkans and the beginnings of human settlement in western Eurasia: A Lower Pleistocene example of the Lower Palaeolithic levels in Kozarnika cave (North-western Bulgaria) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S104061821000087X |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=223-224 |pages=94–106 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2010.02.023|bibcode=2010QuInt.223...94S }}</ref>
|1.4-1.6 Ma
|1.4-1.6
|Bulgaria
|Bulgaria
|Eastern Europe
|Eastern Europe
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|-
|-
|[[:it:Pirro Nord|Pirro Nord]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arzarello |first1=Marta |last2=Peretto |first2=Carlo |last3=Moncel |first3=Marie-Hélène |date=2015-12-02 |title=The Pirro Nord site (Apricena, Fg, Southern Italy) in the context of the first European peopling: Convergences and divergences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214006259 |journal=Quaternary International |series=The Jaramillo Subchron and the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition in continental records from a multidisciplinary perspective |volume=389 |pages=255–263 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.051 |bibcode=2015QuInt.389..255A |hdl=11392/2317019 |issn=1040-6182|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|[[:it:Pirro Nord|Pirro Nord]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arzarello |first1=Marta |last2=Peretto |first2=Carlo |last3=Moncel |first3=Marie-Hélène |date=2015-12-02 |title=The Pirro Nord site (Apricena, Fg, Southern Italy) in the context of the first European peopling: Convergences and divergences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214006259 |journal=Quaternary International |series=The Jaramillo Subchron and the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition in continental records from a multidisciplinary perspective |volume=389 |pages=255–263 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.051 |bibcode=2015QuInt.389..255A |hdl=11392/2317019 |issn=1040-6182|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|1.3-1.6 Ma<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=López-García |first1=Juan Manuel |last2=Luzi |first2=Elisa |last3=Berto |first3=Claudio |last4=Peretto |first4=Carlo |last5=Arzarello |first5=Marta |date=2015-01-01 |title=Chronological context of the first hominin occurrence in southern Europe: the Allophaiomys ruffoi (Arvicolinae, Rodentia, Mammalia) from Pirro 13 (Pirro Nord, Apulia, southwestern Italy) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379114004168 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=107 |pages=260–266 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.10.029|bibcode=2015QSRv..107..260L }}</ref>
|1.3-1.6<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=López-García |first1=Juan Manuel |last2=Luzi |first2=Elisa |last3=Berto |first3=Claudio |last4=Peretto |first4=Carlo |last5=Arzarello |first5=Marta |date=2015-01-01 |title=Chronological context of the first hominin occurrence in southern Europe: the Allophaiomys ruffoi (Arvicolinae, Rodentia, Mammalia) from Pirro 13 (Pirro Nord, Apulia, southwestern Italy) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379114004168 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=107 |pages=260–266 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.10.029|bibcode=2015QSRv..107..260L }}</ref>
|Italy
|Italy
|Western Europe
|Western Europe
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|
|
|-
|-
|[[Sterkfontein]] Member 5<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I.R. |last2=Shaw |first2=John |date=May 2011 |title=Palaeomagnetic analysis of the Sterkfontein palaeocave deposits: Implications for the age of the hominin fossils and stone tool industries |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248410001727 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=523–539 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001|pmid=21392817 }}</ref>
|[[Sterkfontein]] Member 5<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I.R. |last2=Shaw |first2=John |date=May 2011 |title=Palaeomagnetic analysis of the Sterkfontein palaeocave deposits: Implications for the age of the hominin fossils and stone tool industries |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248410001727 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=523–539 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001|pmid=21392817 |bibcode=2011JHumE..60..523H }}</ref>
|1.1-1.6 Ma
|1.1-1.6
|South Africa
|South Africa
|Southern Africa
|Southern Africa
Line 226: Line 241:
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Barranco León]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Toro-Moyano |first1=Isidro |last2=Martínez-Navarro |first2=Bienvenido |last3=Agustí |first3=Jordi |last4=Souday |first4=Caroline |last5=Bermúdez de Castro |first5=José María |last6=Martinón-Torres |first6=María |last7=Fajardo |first7=Beatriz |last8=Duval |first8=Mathieu |last9=Falguères |first9=Christophe |last10=Oms |first10=Oriol |last11=Parés |first11=Josep Maria |last12=Anadón |first12=Pere |last13=Julià |first13=Ramón |last14=García-Aguilar |first14=José Manuel |last15=Moigne |first15=Anne-Marie |date=July 2013 |title=The oldest human fossil in Europe, from Orce (Spain) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248413000304 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.012|pmid=23481345 |hdl=10072/338463 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|[[Barranco León]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Toro-Moyano |first1=Isidro |last2=Martínez-Navarro |first2=Bienvenido |last3=Agustí |first3=Jordi |last4=Souday |first4=Caroline |last5=Bermúdez de Castro |first5=José María |last6=Martinón-Torres |first6=María |last7=Fajardo |first7=Beatriz |last8=Duval |first8=Mathieu |last9=Falguères |first9=Christophe |last10=Oms |first10=Oriol |last11=Parés |first11=Josep Maria |last12=Anadón |first12=Pere |last13=Julià |first13=Ramón |last14=García-Aguilar |first14=José Manuel |last15=Moigne |first15=Anne-Marie |date=July 2013 |title=The oldest human fossil in Europe, from Orce (Spain) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248413000304 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.012|pmid=23481345 |bibcode=2013JHumE..65....1T |hdl=10072/338463 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|1.2-1.4 Ma
|1.2-1.4
|Spain
|Spain
|Western Europe
|Western Europe
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|-
|-
|[[:fr:Le Bois-de-Riquet|Bois de Riquet]] US 2<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bourguignon |first1=Laurence |last2=Crochet |first2=Jean-Yves |last3=Capdevila |first3=Ramon |last4=Ivorra |first4=Jérôme |last5=Antoine |first5=Pierre-Olivier |last6=Agustí |first6=Jordi |last7=Barsky |first7=Deborah |last8=Blain |first8=Hugues-Alexandre |last9=Boulbes |first9=Nicolas |last10=Bruxelles |first10=Laurent |last11=Claude |first11=Julien |last12=Cochard |first12=David |last13=Filoux |first13=Arnaud |last14=Firmat |first14=Cyril |last15=Lozano-Fernández |first15=Iván |date=July 2015 |title=Bois-de-Riquet (Lézignan-la-Cèbe, Hérault): A late Early Pleistocene archeological occurrence in southern France |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618215006370 |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=393 |pages=24–40 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.06.037}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bourguignon |first1=Laurence |last2=Barsky |first2=Deborah |last3=Ivorra |first3=Jérôme |last4=de Weyer |first4=Louis |last5=Cuartero |first5=Felipe |last6=Capdevila |first6=Ramon |last7=Cavallina |first7=Chiara |last8=Oms |first8=Oriol |last9=Bruxelles |first9=Laurent |last10=Crochet |first10=Jean-Yves |last11=Garaizar |first11=Joseba Rios |date=March 2016 |title=The stone tools from stratigraphical unit 4 of the Bois-de-Riquet site (Lézignan-la-Cèbe, Hérault, France): A new milestone in the diversity of the European Acheulian |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618216000951 |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=411 |pages=160–181 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.065|bibcode=2016QuInt.411..160B }}</ref>
|[[:fr:Le Bois-de-Riquet|Bois de Riquet]] US 2<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bourguignon |first1=Laurence |last2=Crochet |first2=Jean-Yves |last3=Capdevila |first3=Ramon |last4=Ivorra |first4=Jérôme |last5=Antoine |first5=Pierre-Olivier |last6=Agustí |first6=Jordi |last7=Barsky |first7=Deborah |last8=Blain |first8=Hugues-Alexandre |last9=Boulbes |first9=Nicolas |last10=Bruxelles |first10=Laurent |last11=Claude |first11=Julien |last12=Cochard |first12=David |last13=Filoux |first13=Arnaud |last14=Firmat |first14=Cyril |last15=Lozano-Fernández |first15=Iván |date=July 2015 |title=Bois-de-Riquet (Lézignan-la-Cèbe, Hérault): A late Early Pleistocene archeological occurrence in southern France |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618215006370 |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=393 |pages=24–40 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.06.037}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bourguignon |first1=Laurence |last2=Barsky |first2=Deborah |last3=Ivorra |first3=Jérôme |last4=de Weyer |first4=Louis |last5=Cuartero |first5=Felipe |last6=Capdevila |first6=Ramon |last7=Cavallina |first7=Chiara |last8=Oms |first8=Oriol |last9=Bruxelles |first9=Laurent |last10=Crochet |first10=Jean-Yves |last11=Garaizar |first11=Joseba Rios |date=March 2016 |title=The stone tools from stratigraphical unit 4 of the Bois-de-Riquet site (Lézignan-la-Cèbe, Hérault, France): A new milestone in the diversity of the European Acheulian |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618216000951 |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=411 |pages=160–181 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.065|bibcode=2016QuInt.411..160B }}</ref>
|1.2 Ma
|1.2
|France
|France
|Western Europe
|Western Europe
Line 243: Line 258:
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|-
|Wolo Sege, [[:de:Soa-Becken|So'a Basin]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brumm |first1=Adam |last2=Jensen |first2=Gitte M. |last3=van den Bergh |first3=Gert D. |last4=Morwood |first4=Michael J. |last5=Kurniawan |first5=Iwan |last6=Aziz |first6=Fachroel |last7=Storey |first7=Michael |date=2010-03-17 |title=Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by one million years ago |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08844 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=464 |issue=7289 |pages=748–752 |doi=10.1038/nature08844 |pmid=20237472 |bibcode=2010Natur.464..748B |s2cid=205219871 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|Wolo Sege, [[:de:Soa-Becken|So'a Basin]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brumm |first1=Adam |last2=Jensen |first2=Gitte M. |last3=van den Bergh |first3=Gert D. |last4=Morwood |first4=Michael J. |last5=Kurniawan |first5=Iwan |last6=Aziz |first6=Fachroel |last7=Storey |first7=Michael |date=2010-03-17 |title=Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by one million years ago |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08844 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=464 |issue=7289 |pages=748–752 |doi=10.1038/nature08844 |pmid=20237472 |bibcode=2010Natur.464..748B |s2cid=205219871 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|1 Ma
|1
|Flores, Indonesia
|Flores, Indonesia
|Island Southeast Asia
|Island Southeast Asia
Line 251: Line 266:
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|-
|[[Happisburgh]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parfitt |first1=Simon A. |last2=Ashton |first2=Nick M. |last3=Lewis |first3=Simon G. |last4=Abel |first4=Richard L. |last5=Coope |first5=G. Russell |last6=Field |first6=Mike H. |last7=Gale |first7=Rowena |last8=Hoare |first8=Peter G. |last9=Larkin |first9=Nigel R. |last10=Lewis |first10=Mark D. |last11=Karloukovski |first11=Vassil |last12=Maher |first12=Barbara A. |last13=Peglar |first13=Sylvia M. |last14=Preece |first14=Richard C. |last15=Whittaker |first15=John E. |date=2010-07-08 |title=Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in northwest Europe |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09117 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=466 |issue=7303 |pages=229–233 |doi=10.1038/nature09117 |pmid=20613840 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..229P |s2cid=4418334 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|[[Happisburgh]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parfitt |first1=Simon A. |last2=Ashton |first2=Nick M. |last3=Lewis |first3=Simon G. |last4=Abel |first4=Richard L. |last5=Coope |first5=G. Russell |last6=Field |first6=Mike H. |last7=Gale |first7=Rowena |last8=Hoare |first8=Peter G. |last9=Larkin |first9=Nigel R. |last10=Lewis |first10=Mark D. |last11=Karloukovski |first11=Vassil |last12=Maher |first12=Barbara A. |last13=Peglar |first13=Sylvia M. |last14=Preece |first14=Richard C. |last15=Whittaker |first15=John E. |date=2010-07-08 |title=Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in northwest Europe |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09117 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=466 |issue=7303 |pages=229–233 |doi=10.1038/nature09117 |pmid=20613840 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..229P |s2cid=4418334 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|0.9–0.7
|700-900 Ka
|Great Britain
|Great Britain
|Western Europe
|Western Europe
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|-
|-
|Kalinga site<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=T. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=G. D. |last3=Jago-on |first3=C. |last4=Bahain |first4=J.-J. |last5=Chacón |first5=M. G. |last6=Amano |first6=N. |last7=Forestier |first7=H. |last8=King |first8=C. |last9=Manalo |first9=K. |last10=Nomade |first10=S. |last11=Pereira |first11=A. |last12=Reyes |first12=M. C. |last13=Sémah |first13=A.-M. |last14=Shao |first14=Q. |last15=Voinchet |first15=P. |date=2018-05-02 |title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0072-8 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..233I |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=29720661 |s2cid=13742336}}</ref>
|Kalinga site<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=T. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=G. D. |last3=Jago-on |first3=C. |last4=Bahain |first4=J.-J. |last5=Chacón |first5=M. G. |last6=Amano |first6=N. |last7=Forestier |first7=H. |last8=King |first8=C. |last9=Manalo |first9=K. |last10=Nomade |first10=S. |last11=Pereira |first11=A. |last12=Reyes |first12=M. C. |last13=Sémah |first13=A.-M. |last14=Shao |first14=Q. |last15=Voinchet |first15=P. |date=2018-05-02 |title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0072-8 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..233I |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=29720661 |s2cid=13742336}}</ref>
|0.7
|700 Ka
|Luzon, Philippines
|Luzon, Philippines
|Island Southeast Asia
|Island Southeast Asia
Line 267: Line 282:
|-
|-
|[[Mata Menge]], So'a Basin<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brumm |first1=Adam |last2=Aziz |first2=Fachroel |last3=van den Bergh |first3=Gert D. |last4=Morwood |first4=Michael J. |last5=Moore |first5=Mark W. |last6=Kurniawan |first6=Iwan |last7=Hobbs |first7=Douglas R. |last8=Fullagar |first8=Richard |date=2006-06-01 |title=Early stone technology on Flores and its implications for Homo floresiensis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04618 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=441 |issue=7093 |pages=624–628 |doi=10.1038/nature04618 |pmid=16738657 |bibcode=2006Natur.441..624B |s2cid=4396093 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
|[[Mata Menge]], So'a Basin<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brumm |first1=Adam |last2=Aziz |first2=Fachroel |last3=van den Bergh |first3=Gert D. |last4=Morwood |first4=Michael J. |last5=Moore |first5=Mark W. |last6=Kurniawan |first6=Iwan |last7=Hobbs |first7=Douglas R. |last8=Fullagar |first8=Richard |date=2006-06-01 |title=Early stone technology on Flores and its implications for Homo floresiensis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04618 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=441 |issue=7093 |pages=624–628 |doi=10.1038/nature04618 |pmid=16738657 |bibcode=2006Natur.441..624B |s2cid=4396093 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
|0.7
|700 Ka
|Flores, Indonesia
|Flores, Indonesia
|Island Southeast Asia
|Island Southeast Asia
Line 275: Line 290:
|-
|-
|[[Ounjougou]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soriano |first1=Sylvain |last2=Rasse |first2=Michel |last3=Tribolo |first3=Chantal |last4=Huysecom |first4=Éric |date=2010-09-15 |title=Ounjougou (Pays dogon, Mali): une séquence à haute résolution pour le Paléolithique moyen d'Afrique sahélienne |url=https://journals.openedition.org/aaa/672 |journal=Afrique: Archéologie & Arts |language=fr |issue=6 |pages=49–66 |doi=10.4000/aaa.672 |issn=1634-3123}}</ref>
|[[Ounjougou]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soriano |first1=Sylvain |last2=Rasse |first2=Michel |last3=Tribolo |first3=Chantal |last4=Huysecom |first4=Éric |date=2010-09-15 |title=Ounjougou (Pays dogon, Mali): une séquence à haute résolution pour le Paléolithique moyen d'Afrique sahélienne |url=https://journals.openedition.org/aaa/672 |journal=Afrique: Archéologie & Arts |language=fr |issue=6 |pages=49–66 |doi=10.4000/aaa.672 |issn=1634-3123}}</ref>
|0.5–0.15
|150-500 Ka
|Mali
|Mali
|West Africa
|West Africa
Line 283: Line 298:
|-
|-
|Talepu<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van den Bergh |first1=Gerrit D. |last2=Li |first2=Bo |last3=Brumm |first3=Adam |last4=Grün |first4=Rainer |last5=Yurnaldi |first5=Dida |last6=Moore |first6=Mark W. |last7=Kurniawan |first7=Iwan |last8=Setiawan |first8=Ruly |last9=Aziz |first9=Fachroel |last10=Roberts |first10=Richard G. |last11=Suyono |last12=Storey |first12=Michael |last13=Setiabudi |first13=Erick |last14=Morwood |first14=Michael J. |date=2016-01-13 |title=Earliest hominin occupation of Sulawesi, Indonesia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16448 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=529 |issue=7585 |pages=208–211 |bibcode=2016Natur.529..208V |doi=10.1038/nature16448 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=26762458 |s2cid=1756170 |hdl=10072/142470|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|Talepu<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van den Bergh |first1=Gerrit D. |last2=Li |first2=Bo |last3=Brumm |first3=Adam |last4=Grün |first4=Rainer |last5=Yurnaldi |first5=Dida |last6=Moore |first6=Mark W. |last7=Kurniawan |first7=Iwan |last8=Setiawan |first8=Ruly |last9=Aziz |first9=Fachroel |last10=Roberts |first10=Richard G. |last11=Suyono |last12=Storey |first12=Michael |last13=Setiabudi |first13=Erick |last14=Morwood |first14=Michael J. |date=2016-01-13 |title=Earliest hominin occupation of Sulawesi, Indonesia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16448 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=529 |issue=7585 |pages=208–211 |bibcode=2016Natur.529..208V |doi=10.1038/nature16448 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=26762458 |s2cid=1756170 |hdl=10072/142470|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|0.2
|200 Ka
|Sulawesi
|Sulawesi
|Island Southeast Asia
|Island Southeast Asia
Line 291: Line 306:
|-
|-
|[[Cerutti Mastodon site]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Holen |first1=Steven R. |last2=Deméré |first2=Thomas A. |last3=Fisher |first3=Daniel C. |last4=Fullagar |first4=Richard |last5=Paces |first5=James B. |last6=Jefferson |first6=George T. |last7=Beeton |first7=Jared M. |last8=Cerutti |first8=Richard A. |last9=Rountrey |first9=Adam N. |last10=Vescera |first10=Lawrence |last11=Holen |first11=Kathleen A. |date=2017-04-27 |title=A 130,000-year-old archaeological site in southern California, USA |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature22065 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=544 |issue=7651 |pages=479–483 |doi=10.1038/nature22065 |pmid=28447646 |bibcode=2017Natur.544..479H |s2cid=205255425 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|[[Cerutti Mastodon site]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Holen |first1=Steven R. |last2=Deméré |first2=Thomas A. |last3=Fisher |first3=Daniel C. |last4=Fullagar |first4=Richard |last5=Paces |first5=James B. |last6=Jefferson |first6=George T. |last7=Beeton |first7=Jared M. |last8=Cerutti |first8=Richard A. |last9=Rountrey |first9=Adam N. |last10=Vescera |first10=Lawrence |last11=Holen |first11=Kathleen A. |date=2017-04-27 |title=A 130,000-year-old archaeological site in southern California, USA |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature22065 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=544 |issue=7651 |pages=479–483 |doi=10.1038/nature22065 |pmid=28447646 |bibcode=2017Natur.544..479H |s2cid=205255425 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|0.13
|130 Ka
|California
|California
|North America
|North America
Line 299: Line 314:
|-
|-
|[[Warratyi|Warratyi Rockshelter]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hamm |first1=Giles |last2=Mitchell |first2=Peter |last3=Arnold |first3=Lee J. |last4=Prideaux |first4=Gavin J. |last5=Questiaux |first5=Daniele |last6=Spooner |first6=Nigel A. |last7=Levchenko |first7=Vladimir A. |last8=Foley |first8=Elizabeth C. |last9=Worthy |first9=Trevor H. |last10=Stephenson |first10=Birgitta |last11=Coulthard |first11=Vincent |last12=Coulthard |first12=Clifford |last13=Wilton |first13=Sophia |last14=Johnston |first14=Duncan |date=2016-11-02 |title=Cultural innovation and megafauna interaction in the early settlement of arid Australia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature20125 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=539 |issue=7628 |pages=280–283 |doi=10.1038/nature20125 |pmid=27806378 |bibcode=2016Natur.539..280H |s2cid=4470503 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|[[Warratyi|Warratyi Rockshelter]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hamm |first1=Giles |last2=Mitchell |first2=Peter |last3=Arnold |first3=Lee J. |last4=Prideaux |first4=Gavin J. |last5=Questiaux |first5=Daniele |last6=Spooner |first6=Nigel A. |last7=Levchenko |first7=Vladimir A. |last8=Foley |first8=Elizabeth C. |last9=Worthy |first9=Trevor H. |last10=Stephenson |first10=Birgitta |last11=Coulthard |first11=Vincent |last12=Coulthard |first12=Clifford |last13=Wilton |first13=Sophia |last14=Johnston |first14=Duncan |date=2016-11-02 |title=Cultural innovation and megafauna interaction in the early settlement of arid Australia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature20125 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=539 |issue=7628 |pages=280–283 |doi=10.1038/nature20125 |pmid=27806378 |bibcode=2016Natur.539..280H |s2cid=4470503 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|0.049
|49 Ka
|South Australia
|South Australia
|Sahul
|Sahul
Line 307: Line 322:
|-
|-
|Carpenter's Gap Shelter 1<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hiscock |first1=Peter |last2=O’Connor |first2=Sue |last3=Balme |first3=Jane |last4=Maloney |first4=Tim |date=2016-01-02 |title=World's earliest ground-edge axe production coincides with human colonisation of Australia |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03122417.2016.1164379 |journal=Australian Archaeology |language=en |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=2–11 |doi=10.1080/03122417.2016.1164379 |s2cid=147777782 |issn=0312-2417}}</ref>
|Carpenter's Gap Shelter 1<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hiscock |first1=Peter |last2=O’Connor |first2=Sue |last3=Balme |first3=Jane |last4=Maloney |first4=Tim |date=2016-01-02 |title=World's earliest ground-edge axe production coincides with human colonisation of Australia |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03122417.2016.1164379 |journal=Australian Archaeology |language=en |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=2–11 |doi=10.1080/03122417.2016.1164379 |s2cid=147777782 |issn=0312-2417}}</ref>
|0.049–0.044
|44-49 Ka
|Western Australia
|Western Australia
|Sahul
|Sahul
Line 315: Line 330:
|-
|-
|[[Pedra Furada]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guidon |first1=N. |last2=Delibrias |first2=G. |date=1986-06-19 |title=Carbon-14 dates point to man in the Americas 32,000 years ago |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/321769a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=321 |issue=6072 |pages=769–771 |doi=10.1038/321769a0 |bibcode=1986Natur.321..769G |s2cid=4362045 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|[[Pedra Furada]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guidon |first1=N. |last2=Delibrias |first2=G. |date=1986-06-19 |title=Carbon-14 dates point to man in the Americas 32,000 years ago |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/321769a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=321 |issue=6072 |pages=769–771 |doi=10.1038/321769a0 |bibcode=1986Natur.321..769G |s2cid=4362045 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|0.048–0.023
|23-48 Ka
|Brazil
|Brazil
|South America
|South America
Line 323: Line 338:
|-
|-
|[[Topper site]]<ref>{{Citation |last1=Goodyear |first1=Albert C. |title=The Pre-Clovis Occupation of the Topper Site, Allendale County, South Carolina |date=2018-05-22 |url=http://florida.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5744/florida/9781683400349.001.0001/upso-9781683400349-chapter-002 |work=Early Human Life on the Southeastern Coastal Plain |pages=8–31 |access-date=2023-12-05 |publisher=University Press of Florida |language=en |doi=10.5744/florida/9781683400349.003.0002 |isbn=978-1-68340-034-9 |last2=Sain |first2=Douglas A.}}</ref>
|[[Topper site]]<ref>{{Citation |last1=Goodyear |first1=Albert C. |title=The Pre-Clovis Occupation of the Topper Site, Allendale County, South Carolina |date=2018-05-22 |url=http://florida.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5744/florida/9781683400349.001.0001/upso-9781683400349-chapter-002 |work=Early Human Life on the Southeastern Coastal Plain |pages=8–31 |access-date=2023-12-05 |publisher=University Press of Florida |language=en |doi=10.5744/florida/9781683400349.003.0002 |isbn=978-1-68340-034-9 |last2=Sain |first2=Douglas A.}}</ref>
|0.05–0.016
|16-50 Ka
|South Carolina, USA
|South Carolina, USA
|North America
|North America
Line 331: Line 346:
|-
|-
|[[Hartley Mammoth Site]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowe |first1=Timothy B. |last2=Stafford |first2=Thomas W. |last3=Fisher |first3=Daniel C. |last4=Enghild |first4=Jan J. |last5=Quigg |first5=J. Michael |last6=Ketcham |first6=Richard A. |last7=Sagebiel |first7=J. Chris |last8=Hanna |first8=Romy |last9=Colbert |first9=Matthew W. |date=2022-07-07 |title=Human Occupation of the North American Colorado Plateau ∼37,000 Years Ago |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.903795 |issn=2296-701X |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|[[Hartley Mammoth Site]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowe |first1=Timothy B. |last2=Stafford |first2=Thomas W. |last3=Fisher |first3=Daniel C. |last4=Enghild |first4=Jan J. |last5=Quigg |first5=J. Michael |last6=Ketcham |first6=Richard A. |last7=Sagebiel |first7=J. Chris |last8=Hanna |first8=Romy |last9=Colbert |first9=Matthew W. |date=2022-07-07 |title=Human Occupation of the North American Colorado Plateau ∼37,000 Years Ago |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.903795 |issn=2296-701X |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|0.037
|37 Ka
|New Mexico
|New Mexico
|North America
|North America
Line 339: Line 354:
|-
|-
|[[Sauce, Uruguay|Arroyo del Viscaino]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fariña |first1=Richard A. |last2=Tambusso |first2=P. Sebastián |last3=Varela |first3=Luciano |last4=Czerwonogora |first4=Ada |last5=Di Giacomo |first5=Mariana |last6=Musso |first6=Marcos |last7=Bracco |first7=Roberto |last8=Gascue |first8=Andrés |date=2014-01-07 |title=Arroyo del Vizcaíno, Uruguay: a fossil-rich 30-ka-old megafaunal locality with cut-marked bones |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=281 |issue=1774 |pages=20132211 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2211 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=3843831 |pmid=24258717}}</ref>
|[[Sauce, Uruguay|Arroyo del Viscaino]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fariña |first1=Richard A. |last2=Tambusso |first2=P. Sebastián |last3=Varela |first3=Luciano |last4=Czerwonogora |first4=Ada |last5=Di Giacomo |first5=Mariana |last6=Musso |first6=Marcos |last7=Bracco |first7=Roberto |last8=Gascue |first8=Andrés |date=2014-01-07 |title=Arroyo del Vizcaíno, Uruguay: a fossil-rich 30-ka-old megafaunal locality with cut-marked bones |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=281 |issue=1774 |pages=20132211 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2211 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=3843831 |pmid=24258717}}</ref>
|0.03
|30 Ka
|Uruguay
|Uruguay
|South America
|South America
Line 347: Line 362:
|-
|-
|[[Chiquihuite cave]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ardelean |first1=Ciprian F. |last2=Becerra-Valdivia |first2=Lorena |last3=Pedersen |first3=Mikkel Winther |last4=Schwenninger |first4=Jean-Luc |last5=Oviatt |first5=Charles G. |last6=Macías-Quintero |first6=Juan I. |last7=Arroyo-Cabrales |first7=Joaquin |last8=Sikora |first8=Martin |last9=Ocampo-Díaz |first9=Yam Zul E. |last10=Rubio-Cisneros |first10=Igor I. |last11=Watling |first11=Jennifer G. |last12=de Medeiros |first12=Vanda B. |last13=De Oliveira |first13=Paulo E. |last14=Barba-Pingarón |first14=Luis |last15=Ortiz-Butrón |first15=Agustín |date=2020-07-22 |title=Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2509-0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=584 |issue=7819 |pages=87–92 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0 |pmid=32699412 |bibcode=2020Natur.584...87A |s2cid=256819465 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
|[[Chiquihuite cave]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ardelean |first1=Ciprian F. |last2=Becerra-Valdivia |first2=Lorena |last3=Pedersen |first3=Mikkel Winther |last4=Schwenninger |first4=Jean-Luc |last5=Oviatt |first5=Charles G. |last6=Macías-Quintero |first6=Juan I. |last7=Arroyo-Cabrales |first7=Joaquin |last8=Sikora |first8=Martin |last9=Ocampo-Díaz |first9=Yam Zul E. |last10=Rubio-Cisneros |first10=Igor I. |last11=Watling |first11=Jennifer G. |last12=de Medeiros |first12=Vanda B. |last13=De Oliveira |first13=Paulo E. |last14=Barba-Pingarón |first14=Luis |last15=Ortiz-Butrón |first15=Agustín |date=2020-07-22 |title=Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2509-0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=584 |issue=7819 |pages=87–92 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0 |pmid=32699412 |bibcode=2020Natur.584...87A |s2cid=256819465 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
|0.03
|30 Ka
|Mexico
|Mexico
|North America
|North America
Line 355: Line 370:
|-
|-
|Santa Elina Shelter<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vialou |first1=Àgueda Vilhena |last2=Vialou |first2=Denis |date=2008-04-30 |title=Peuplements préhistoriques au Brésil |url=https://journals.openedition.org/nda/214 |journal=Les nouvelles de l'archéologie |language=fr |issue=111/112 |pages=17–22 |doi=10.4000/nda.214 |issn=0242-7702}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vialou |first1=Denis |last2=Benabdelhadi |first2=Mohammed |last3=Feathers |first3=James |last4=Fontugne |first4=Michel |last5=Vialou |first5=Agueda Vilhena |date=August 2017 |title=Peopling South America's centre: the late Pleistocene site of Santa Elina |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X17001016/type/journal_article |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=865–884 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.101 |s2cid=134327097 |issn=0003-598X}}</ref>
|Santa Elina Shelter<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vialou |first1=Àgueda Vilhena |last2=Vialou |first2=Denis |date=2008-04-30 |title=Peuplements préhistoriques au Brésil |url=https://journals.openedition.org/nda/214 |journal=Les nouvelles de l'archéologie |language=fr |issue=111/112 |pages=17–22 |doi=10.4000/nda.214 |issn=0242-7702}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vialou |first1=Denis |last2=Benabdelhadi |first2=Mohammed |last3=Feathers |first3=James |last4=Fontugne |first4=Michel |last5=Vialou |first5=Agueda Vilhena |date=August 2017 |title=Peopling South America's centre: the late Pleistocene site of Santa Elina |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X17001016/type/journal_article |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=865–884 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.101 |s2cid=134327097 |issn=0003-598X}}</ref>
|27 Ka<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pansani |first1=Thais Rabito |last2=Dantas |first2=Mário André Trindade |last3=Asevedo |first3=Lidiane |last4=Cherkinsky |first4=Alexander |last5=Vialou |first5=Denis |last6=Vialou |first6=Águeda Vilhena |last7=Pacheco |first7=Mírian Liza Alves Forancelli |date=2023-07-10 |title=Radiocarbon dating and isotopic palaeoecology of Glossotherium phoenesis from the Late Pleistocene of the Santa Elina rock shelter, Central Brazil |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jqs.3553 |journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |language=en |doi=10.1002/jqs.3553 |s2cid=259659455 |issn=0267-8179}}</ref>
|0.027<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pansani |first1=Thais Rabito |last2=Dantas |first2=Mário André Trindade |last3=Asevedo |first3=Lidiane |last4=Cherkinsky |first4=Alexander |last5=Vialou |first5=Denis |last6=Vialou |first6=Águeda Vilhena |last7=Pacheco |first7=Mírian Liza Alves Forancelli |date=2023-07-10 |title=Radiocarbon dating and isotopic palaeoecology of Glossotherium phoenesis from the Late Pleistocene of the Santa Elina rock shelter, Central Brazil |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jqs.3553 |journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |language=en |doi=10.1002/jqs.3553 |s2cid=259659455 |issn=0267-8179}}</ref>
|Brazil
|Brazil
|South America
|South America
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|-
|-
|[[Cactus Hill]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Feathers |first1=James K. |last2=Rhodes |first2=Edward J. |last3=Huot |first3=Sébastien |last4=Mcavoy |first4=Joseph M. |date=2006-08-01 |title=Luminescence dating of sand deposits related to late Pleistocene human occupation at the Cactus Hill Site, Virginia, USA |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101406000483 |journal=Quaternary Geochronology |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=167–187 |doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2006.05.011 |bibcode=2006QuGeo...1..167F |issn=1871-1014}}</ref>
|[[Cactus Hill]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Feathers |first1=James K. |last2=Rhodes |first2=Edward J. |last3=Huot |first3=Sébastien |last4=Mcavoy |first4=Joseph M. |date=2006-08-01 |title=Luminescence dating of sand deposits related to late Pleistocene human occupation at the Cactus Hill Site, Virginia, USA |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101406000483 |journal=Quaternary Geochronology |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=167–187 |doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2006.05.011 |bibcode=2006QuGeo...1..167F |issn=1871-1014}}</ref>
|0.018
|18 Ka
|Virginia, USA
|Virginia, USA
|North America
|North America
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|-
|-
|[[Rimrock Draw Rockshelter]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=Testing Yields New Evidence of Human Occupation 18,000 years ago in Oregon |url=https://www.blm.gov/press-release/testing-yields-new-evidence-human-occupation-18000-years-ago-oregon |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Bureau of Land Management |publisher=Bureau of Land Management, University of Oregon}}</ref>
|[[Rimrock Draw Rockshelter]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=Testing Yields New Evidence of Human Occupation 18,000 years ago in Oregon |url=https://www.blm.gov/press-release/testing-yields-new-evidence-human-occupation-18000-years-ago-oregon |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Bureau of Land Management |publisher=Bureau of Land Management, University of Oregon}}</ref>
|0.018–0.017
|17-18 Ka
|Oregon, USA
|Oregon, USA
|North America
|North America
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|-
|-
|[[Monte Verde]] I<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dillehay |first1=Tom D. |last2=Ocampo |first2=Carlos |last3=Saavedra |first3=José |last4=Sawakuchi |first4=Andre Oliveira |last5=Vega |first5=Rodrigo M. |last6=Pino |first6=Mario |last7=Collins |first7=Michael B. |last8=Scott Cummings |first8=Linda |last9=Arregui |first9=Iván |last10=Villagran |first10=Ximena S. |last11=Hartmann |first11=Gelvam A. |last12=Mella |first12=Mauricio |last13=González |first13=Andrea |last14=Dix |first14=George |date=2015-11-18 |editor-last=Hart |editor-first=John P. |title=New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=e0141923 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0141923 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4651426 |pmid=26580202 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1041923D |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|[[Monte Verde]] I<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dillehay |first1=Tom D. |last2=Ocampo |first2=Carlos |last3=Saavedra |first3=José |last4=Sawakuchi |first4=Andre Oliveira |last5=Vega |first5=Rodrigo M. |last6=Pino |first6=Mario |last7=Collins |first7=Michael B. |last8=Scott Cummings |first8=Linda |last9=Arregui |first9=Iván |last10=Villagran |first10=Ximena S. |last11=Hartmann |first11=Gelvam A. |last12=Mella |first12=Mauricio |last13=González |first13=Andrea |last14=Dix |first14=George |date=2015-11-18 |editor-last=Hart |editor-first=John P. |title=New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=e0141923 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0141923 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4651426 |pmid=26580202 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1041923D |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|0.018–0.014
|14-18 Ka
|Chile
|Chile
|South America
|South America
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|-
|-
|Arroyo Seco 2<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Politis |first1=Gustavo G. |last2=Gutiérrez |first2=María A. |last3=Rafuse |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Blasi |first4=Adriana |date=2016-09-28 |title=The Arrival of Homo sapiens into the Southern Cone at 14,000 Years Ago |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=e0162870 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162870 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5040268 |pmid=27683248 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1162870P |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|Arroyo Seco 2<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Politis |first1=Gustavo G. |last2=Gutiérrez |first2=María A. |last3=Rafuse |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Blasi |first4=Adriana |date=2016-09-28 |title=The Arrival of Homo sapiens into the Southern Cone at 14,000 Years Ago |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=e0162870 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162870 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5040268 |pmid=27683248 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1162870P |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|0.014
|14 Ka
|Argentina
|Argentina
|South America
|South America
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


[[Category:List-Class articles]]
[[Category:Tools]]
{{improve categories|date=May 2024}}
[[Category:Hand tools]]
[[Category:Archaeology-related lists]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites]]

Latest revision as of 17:11, 15 November 2024

The following table attempts to list the oldest-known Paleolithic and Paleo-Indian sites where hominin tools have been found. It includes sites where compelling evidence of hominin tool use has been found, even if no actual tools have been found.

Stone tools preserve more readily than tools of many other materials.[1][2] So the oldest tools that we can find in many areas are going to be stone tools. It could be that these tools were once accompanied by, or even preceded by, non-stone tools that we cannot find because they did not preserve.

Similarly, hard materials like bone or shell are more likely than softer materials to leave discernible cut marks on bone. Bamboo has been shown to leave cut marks on bone that are harder to see than cut marks by stone.[3] So the earliest evidence of tool use that we are likely to find are often cut marks made on bone by stone or shell tools. Therefore the reader should not assume that the items on this list represent the earliest uses of tools in each area, but rather the earliest uses of tools that have been found.

Because it focuses on only the earliest evidence of tools, and since the earliest evidence is biased towards stone by stone's increased likelihood of preservation, this page necessarily omits mention of many significant ancient tools of non-stone materials simply because those cases are not among the earliest found within their geographic area. See Timeline of historic inventions for other noteworthy tools and other inventions.

With its focus on tools, this list also omits some sites with the earliest evidence for the existence of hominins, but without evidence for tools. Many such sites have hominin bones, teeth, or footprints, but unless they also include evidence for tools or tool use, they are omitted here.

This list excludes tools and tool use attributed to non-hominin species. See Tool use by non-humans. Since there are far too many hominin tool sites to list on a single page, this page attempts to list the 6 or fewer top candidates for oldest tool site within each significant geographic area.

Geographic areas covered

[edit]

For much of the 20th century, a "Clovis first" idea dominated American archeology. Many sites with dates too old to be compatible with "Clovis first" were published, but these were mostly dismissed under the hegemony of "Clovis first."[5][6] Meanwhile some indigenous archeologists insisted throughout the "Clovis first" era that the peopling of the Americas was much older than Clovis.[7] Recent publications with very strong evidence for pre-Clovis sites seem to have ended the hegemony of "Clovis first."[8][7][6][9]

List of tools

[edit]
Name Date
(Ma) 		Location Geographic
area 		Species Type Notes
Dikika[10] 3.39 Hadar, Ethiopia East Africa A. afarensis (presumed) Cut marks on bone Controversial[11][12][13]
Lomekwi 3[14] 3.3 West Turkana, Kenya East Africa Stone tools Mode 0 or Pre-Mode 1 stone tools are named after this site - see Stone tool
Nyayanga[15] 3.0–2.6 Nyayanga, Kenya East Africa Paranthropus (associated) Hominin remains, stone tools Some, e.g. Kathy Shick,[16] have suggested that the user of the tools may have been early Homo butchering Paranthropus as food.
Masol[17][18] 2.9–2.7 Chandigarh, India South Asia Stone tools and cut marks on bone Controversial[19]
Bokol Dora 1[20] (BD 1) 2.6 Ledi-Geraru, Ethiopia East Africa Stone tools
Gona[21] 2.6 Ethiopia East Africa Stone tools and cut marks on bone
Perdikkas [22][23][24] 3.3–2.5 Perdikkas, Greece Eastern Europe ”Butchered” mammoth bones, stone tools Controversial
Bouri Hatayae layer[25] 2.5 Ethiopia East Africa Cut marks and percussion marks on bone
Longgupo[26] 2.48[27] Longgupo, southwest China East Asia Stone tools and dental fragments Controversial. Russell L. Ciochon has retracted the attribution to Homo and casts doubt on the dates of the tools: "Although I no longer consider the Longgupo jaw to be human, the two stone tools still stand as described. They must have been more recent additions to the site."[28] Ciochon provides no direct evidence for his conclusion that the tools were "more recent additions."

See Wushan Man

Aïn Boucherit[29] 2.4 Algeria North Africa Stone tools
Xihoudu[30] 2.4 Shanxi Province, China East Asia Stone tools
Renzidong[31][32] (Renzi Cave) 2.4–2.0[33] Renzidong, southeast China East Asia Stone tools Controversial[34][35]
Shangchen[36] 2.1 Shaanxi, China East Asia Stone tools and much later hominin remains (H. erectus)
Drimolen Main Quarry (DMQ)[37][38] 2 South Africa Southern Africa H. erectus,
P. robustus (associated) 		Hominin remains, stone tools, bone tools
Riwat[39] 1.9 Riwat, Pakistan South Asia Stone tools Controversial - the tools were found in a "secondary context"[40]
Aïn al Fil[41] 1.8 El Kowm, Syria West Asia Stone tools
Dmanisi[42] 1.8 Dmanisi, Georgia West Asia H. erectus (associated) Hominin remains, stone tools, butchery
Swartkrans[43] 1.8 South Africa Southern Africa Homo, P. robustus (associated) Hominin remains, bone tools
Sterkfontein StW 53[44] 1.8–1.5[45] South Africa Southern Africa Cut marks on hominin bone Controversial[46]
Sangiran[47] 1.6–1.5 Java, Indonesia Sunda Shelf H. erectus (associated) Hominin remains, shell tool cut marks on bone
Socotra Island[48] 2.5–1.4 Socotra Island Indian Ocean H. erectus (presumed) Stone tools Oldowan stone tools. May very well be earliest evidence of seafaring.
Kozarnika, Dimovo Municipality[49] 1.4-1.6 Bulgaria Eastern Europe H. erectus (associated) Stone tools, hominin remains, cut marks on bone
Pirro Nord[50] 1.3-1.6[51] Italy Western Europe Stone tools
Sterkfontein Member 5[52] 1.1-1.6 South Africa Southern Africa Stone tools, Homo and Paranthropus remains
Barranco León[53] 1.2-1.4 Spain Western Europe Stone tools, animal bones, bone flakes
Bois de Riquet US 2[54][55] 1.2 France Western Europe Stone tools
Wolo Sege, So'a Basin[56] 1 Flores, Indonesia Island Southeast Asia H. floresiensis (presumed) Stone tools
Happisburgh[57] 0.9–0.7 Great Britain Western Europe Stone tools
Kalinga site[58] 0.7 Luzon, Philippines Island Southeast Asia H. luzonensis (presumed) Stone tools, cut marks on bone See Nesorhinus
Mata Menge, So'a Basin[59] 0.7 Flores, Indonesia Island Southeast Asia H. floresiensis (presumed) Stone tools
Ounjougou[60] 0.5–0.15 Mali West Africa Stone tools
Talepu[61] 0.2 Sulawesi Island Southeast Asia Stone tools
Cerutti Mastodon site[62] 0.13 California North America Cobbles, percussion marks on bones Controversial[63][64][65]
Warratyi Rockshelter[66] 0.049 South Australia Sahul H. sapiens (presumed) Stone and bone tools, numerous animal remains
Carpenter's Gap Shelter 1[67] 0.049–0.044 Western Australia Sahul H. sapiens (presumed) Ground stone axe flake
Pedra Furada[68] 0.048–0.023 Brazil South America H. sapiens (presumed) Stone tools Controversial[69][70]
Topper site[71] 0.05–0.016 South Carolina, USA North America H. sapiens (presumed) Stone tools Controversial[72][73][74]
Hartley Mammoth Site[75] 0.037 New Mexico North America Butchered bones Controversial[76][77]
Arroyo del Viscaino[78] 0.03 Uruguay South America Cut marks on bone Controversial[79][80]
Chiquihuite cave[81] 0.03 Mexico North America H. sapiens (presumed) Stone tools, animal bones, charcoal Controversial[82][83]
Santa Elina Shelter[84][85] 0.027[86] Brazil South America Stone tools, animal bones Controversial[87]
Cactus Hill[88] 0.018 Virginia, USA North America H. sapiens (presumed) Stone tools Controversial[89]
Rimrock Draw Rockshelter[90] 0.018–0.017 Oregon, USA North America H. sapiens (presumed) Stone tools, animal bones
Monte Verde I[91] 0.018–0.014 Chile South America H. sapiens (presumed) Stone tools, bone fragments, charcoal
Arroyo Seco 2[92] 0.014 Argentina South America H. sapiens (presumed) Stone tools, cut marks on bone

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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