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{{Short description|Series of general aviation and military biplane trainers of the 1930s.}}
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
| name=Waco F series
| name=Waco F series
| image=Waco UPF-7 NC30199 Lakeland Florida 22.04.09R.jpg
| image=Waco UPF-7 NC30199 Lakeland Florida 22.04.09R.jpg
| caption=ex US [[Civilian Pilot Training Program]] 1941 Waco UPF-7
| caption=ex US [[Civilian Pilot Training Program]] 1941 Waco UPF-7
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
| type=open-cockpit [[biplane]]
| type=open-cockpit [[biplane]]
| national origin=[[United States]]
| national origin=[[United States]]
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|}
|}


The '''Waco F series''' is a range of [[United States|American]]-built private pilot owner and [[Trainer (aircraft)|training]] [[biplane]]s of the 1930s from the [[Waco Aircraft Company]].
The '''Waco F series''' is a series of [[United States|American]]-built [[general aviation]] and military [[biplane]] [[Trainer (aircraft)|trainer]]s of the 1930s from the [[Waco Aircraft Company]].


==Development==
==Development==


The Waco 'F' series of biplanes supplanted and then replaced the earlier 'O' series of 1927/33. The 'F' series had an airframe which was smaller and about {{convert|450|lb|sp=us}} lighter than the 'O' series, while continuing to provide accommodation for three persons in tandem open cockpits. A similar performance to the earlier model was obtained on the power of smaller and more economical engines.<ref name="Simpson, 2001, p. 573">Simpson, 2001, p. 573</ref>
The Waco 'F' series of biplanes supplanted and then replaced the earlier 'O' series of 1927/33. The 'F' series had an airframe which was smaller and about {{convert|450|lb|sp=us}} lighter than the 'O' series, while continuing to provide accommodation for three persons in tandem open cockpits. A similar performance to the earlier model was obtained on the power of smaller and more economical engines.<ref name="Simpson, 2001, p. 573">Simpson 2001, p. 573</ref>


The initial models were the '''INF''' ({{convert|125|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Kinner engine), '''KNF''' ({{convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Kinner) and the '''RNF''' ({{convert|110|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Warner Scarab]]), all of which had externally braced tailwheel undercarriages. Many further sub-models followed with more powerful engines of up to {{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The most powerful in the range was the '''ZPF''' of 1936/37, intended for executive use.
The initial models were the '''INF''' ({{convert|125|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Kinner engine), '''KNF''' ({{convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Kinner) and the '''RNF''' ({{convert|110|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Warner Scarab]]), all of which had externally braced tailwheel undercarriages. Many further sub-models followed with more powerful engines of up to {{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The most powerful in the range was the '''ZPF''' of 1936/37, intended for executive use.
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[[File:A315, Waco biplane, Bar Harbor airport, Maine, USA, 2009.JPG|thumb|1997 YMF-5C at [[Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport]], Maine]]
[[File:A315, Waco biplane, Bar Harbor airport, Maine, USA, 2009.JPG|thumb|1997 YMF-5C at [[Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport]], Maine]]


The 'F' series was popular with private owner pilots for sporting and other uses and continued in production through the late 1930s. The tandem cockpit UPF-7 was adopted by the '''Civilian Pilot Training Program''' and continued in production until 1942 by which time over 600 had been built.<ref>Green, 1965, p. 307</ref>
The 'F' series was popular with private owner pilots for sporting and other uses and continued in production through the late 1930s. The tandem cockpit UPF-7 was adopted by the [[Civilian Pilot Training Program]] and continued in production until 1942 by which time over 600 had been built.<ref name="gp307">Green & Pollinger 1965, p. 307</ref>


The 1934 model '''YMF''' was substantially redesigned with a longer and wider fuselage, larger rudder and other structural changes, and put into production in March 1986 by [[WACO Classic Aircraft]] of [[Lansing, Michigan]] as the YMF-5.<ref name="Simpson, 2001, p. 573"/> Over 150 YMF-5s were completed as of 2017 with new examples being built to specific orders.<ref name="WCAAbout">{{cite web|url = http://www.wacoclassic.com/about.html|title = Own the Dream|accessdate = 2009-06-12|last = [[WACO Classic Aircraft]]|authorlink = |year = 2009}}</ref>
The 1934 model '''YMF''' was substantially redesigned with a longer and wider fuselage, larger rudder and other structural changes, and put into production in March 1986 by [[WACO Classic Aircraft]] of [[Lansing, Michigan]] as the YMF-5.<ref name="Simpson, 2001, p. 573"/> Over 150 YMF-5s were completed as of 2017 with new examples being built to specific orders.<ref name="WCAAbout">{{cite web|url = http://www.wacoclassic.com/about.html|title = Own the Dream|access-date = 2009-06-12|last = WACO Classic Aircraft|author-link = WACO Classic Aircraft|year = 2009|archive-date = 2012-03-11|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120311030615/http://www.wacoclassic.com/about.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2021}}


The WACO Aircraft Company of Ohio Inc had built three replicas by December 2011, which they designated '''MF'''.<ref name="KitplanesDec2011">Vandermeullen, Richard: ''2012 Kit Aircraft Buyer's Guide'', Kitplanes, Volume 28, Number 12, December 2011, page 76. Belvoir Publications. {{ISSN|0891-1851}}</ref>
The WACO Aircraft Company of Ohio Inc had built three replicas by December 2011, which they designated '''MF'''.<ref name="KitplanesDec2011">Vandermeullen, Richard: ''2012 Kit Aircraft Buyer's Guide'', Kitplanes, Volume 28, Number 12, December 2011, page 76. Belvoir Publications. {{ISSN|0891-1851}}</ref>
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==Variants==
==Variants==
Listed in approximate chronological order (per Simpson, 2001, p.&nbsp;573)
Listed in approximate chronological order (per Simpson, 2001, p.&nbsp;573)
First letter of designation refers to engine installed.
;INF: {{convert|125|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Kinner B-5]], Certified ATC#345 on 2 August 1930.
From 1936 Waco added year suffixes to designations—e.g. YPF-6, YPF-7, with the numeral being the last digit of the model year.
;KNF: {{convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Kinner K-5]], Certified ATC#313 on 12 April 1930.

;MF : {{convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Jacobs R-755]], built by WACO Aircraft Company of Ohio Inc by 2011<ref name="KitplanesDec2011" />
;INF: {{cvt|125|hp}} [[Kinner B-5]], certified ATC# 345 on 2 August 1930.
;RNF: {{convert|110|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Warner Scarab]], Certified ATC#311 on 7 April 1930.<ref>{{cite journal|magazine=AAHS Journal|date=Spring 2004|title=The Waco Model F|author=Al Hansen}}</ref>
;PCF: {{convert|170|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Jacobs LA-1]] and new cross-braced undercarriage, PCF-2 Certified ATC#473 on 2 October 1931
;KNF: {{cvt|100|hp}} [[Kinner K-5]], certified ATC# 313 on 12 April 1930.
;RNF: {{cvt|110|hp}} [[Warner Scarab]], certified ATC# 311 on 7 April 1930.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=AAHS Journal|date=Spring 2004|title=The Waco Model F|author=Al Hansen}}</ref>
;PBF: as '''PCF''' with modified 'B' wings

;QCF: {{convert|165|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental A70]], QCF-2 Certified ATC#416 on 9 April 1931
;PCF: {{cvt|170|hp}} [[Jacobs LA-1]] and new cross-braced undercarriage, PCF-2 certified ATC# 473 on 2 October 1931
;UBF: {{convert|210|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental R-670]]
;PBF: as '''PCF''' with 'B' wings
;UMF: {{convert|210|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental R-670]]A and longer wider fuselage and larger vertical fin
;QCF: {{cvt|165|hp}} [[Continental A70]], QCF-2 certified ATC# 416 on 9 April 1931
;YMF: as '''UMF''' with {{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Jacobs L-4]]
;YPF-6 and YPF-7: {{convert|225|hp|kW|0|abbr=on|}} [[Jacobs L-4]]
;UBF: {{cvt|210|hp}} [[Continental R-670]]

;ZPF-6 and ZPF-7: {{convert|285|hp|kW|0|abbr=on|}} [[Jacobs L-5]]
;UMF: {{cvt|210|hp}} [[Continental R-670]]A and longer and wider fuselage, and larger fin
;UPF-7: tandem training version with wider-track undercarriage and {{convert|220|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Continental radial (designated '''PT-14''' by the USAAC)
;YMF: {{cvt|225|hp}} [[Jacobs L-4]]

;YPF-6 and YPF-7: {{cvt|225|hp}} [[Jacobs L-4]]
;ZPF-6 and ZPF-7: {{cvt|285|hp}} [[Jacobs L-5]]
;UPF-7: tandem trainer with wide-track undercarriage and {{cvt|220|hp}} Continental R-670 (designated '''PT-14''' by the USAAC)

===Waco Classic Aircraft replicas===
;YMF-5: 1986 design roughly based on the YMF, built by [[WACO Classic Aircraft]]
;YMF-5: 1986 design roughly based on the YMF, built by [[WACO Classic Aircraft]]
;YMF-5D: 2009 improved YMF-5<ref name="WCAAbout" /><ref name="AvWeb24Jun09">{{cite web|url = http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/WacoUpdatesItsClassicBiplane_200611-1.html|title = Waco Updates Its Classic Biplane |accessdate = 2009-06-25|last = Grady|first = Mary|authorlink = |date=June 2009}}</ref>
;YMF-5D: 2009 improved YMF-5<ref name="WCAAbout" /><ref name="AvWeb24Jun09">{{cite web|url = http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/WacoUpdatesItsClassicBiplane_200611-1.html|title = Waco Updates Its Classic Biplane |access-date = 2009-06-25|last = Grady|first = Mary|date=June 2009}}</ref>
; YMF-5F: YMF-5 with Aerocet 3400 amphibious floats<ref>http://www.wacoaircraft.com/worx</ref>
; YMF-5F: YMF-5 with Aerocet 3400 amphibious floats<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.wacoaircraft.com/ymf-5|title= YMF-5|access-date= 18 February 2022|author= WACO Aircraft Corporation|author-link= WACO Classic Aircraft|work= wacoaircraft.com|year= 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211215151511/https://www.wacoaircraft.com/ymf-5|archive-date= 15 December 2021|url-status= live}}</ref>

;JW:Two UBF designated XJW-1 were used by the [[US Navy]] as hook-up trainers for the [[Curtiss F9C Sparrowhawk]] airship-borne fighters.<ref name="Waco">{{cite web|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_waco.html |title=Waco |publisher=Aerofiles.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref>
===Military designations===
'''Note''': from 1936 Waco added year suffixes to designations—e.g. YPF-6, YPF-7, with the numeral being the last digit of the model year.
;JW-1:Two UBF designated XJW-1 were used by the [[US Navy]] as hook trainers for the skyhook airship parasite aircraft program.<ref name="Waco">{{cite web|url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_waco.html |title=Waco |publisher=Aerofiles.com |access-date=2012-08-23}}</ref>
;PT-14:USAAC/USAAF designation for UPF-7


==Operators==
==Operators==
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<!--Use one OR other of the two specification templates. Delete the template code of the one you do not use. aero-specs is designed to handle the specification of gliders and lighter-than-air craft well. They each have their own documentation. In aircraft-specifications the parameter "xxxx more" allows for the addition of a qualifier to the value eg "at low level", "unladen". -->
<!--Use one OR other of the two specification templates. Delete the template code of the one you do not use. aero-specs is designed to handle the specification of gliders and lighter-than-air craft well. They each have their own documentation. In aircraft-specifications the parameter "xxxx more" allows for the addition of a qualifier to the value eg "at low level", "unladen". -->


{{Aircraft specs
{{aerospecs
|ref=The Aircraft of the World<ref name="gp307"/>
|ref=Green, 1965, p. 307
|prime units? = imp
|met or eng?=eng


|crew=1
|crew=1
|capacity=1 trainee or passenger
|capacity=1 trainee or passenger
|length m=7.04
|length ft=23
|length ft=23
|length in=1
|length in=1
|span m=9.14
|span ft=30
|span ft=30
|span in=0
|span in=0
|swept m=<!-- swing-wings -->
|swept ft=<!-- swing-wings -->
|swept in=<!-- swing-wings -->
|rot number=<!-- helicopters -->
|rot dia m=<!-- helicopters -->
|rot dia ft=<!-- helicopters -->
|rot dia in=<!-- helicopters -->
|dia m=<!-- airships etc -->
|dia ft=<!-- airships etc -->
|dia in=<!-- airships etc -->
|width m=<!-- if applicable -->
|width ft=<!-- if applicable -->
|width in=<!-- if applicable -->
|height m=2.57
|height ft=8
|height ft=8
|height in=5
|height in=5
|wing area sqm=22.67
|wing area sqft=244
|wing area sqft=244
|empty weight lb=1870
|swept area sqm=<!-- swing-wings -->
|gross weight lb=2650
|swept area sqft=<!-- swing-wings -->
|rot area sqm=<!-- helicopters -->
|rot area sqft=<!-- helicopters -->
|volume m3=<!-- lighter-than-air -->
|volume ft3=<!-- lighter-than-air -->
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|wing profile=<!-- sailplanes -->
|empty weight kg=848.22
|empty weight lb=1,870
|gross weight kg=1202.02
|gross weight lb=2,650
|lift kg=<!-- lighter-than-air -->
|lift lb=<!-- lighter-than-air -->

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 type=Continental W-670-6A seven cylinder radial
|eng1 name=[[Continental W-670]]-6A seven cylinder radial
|eng1 kw=161.81
|eng1 kw=
|eng1 hp=220
|eng1 hp=220
|max speed kmh=
|eng1 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|eng1 lbf=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|eng1 kn-ab=<!-- afterburners -->
|eng1 lbf-ab=<!-- afterburners -->
|eng2 number=
|eng2 type=
|eng2 kw=<!-- prop engines -->
|eng2 hp=<!-- prop engines -->
|eng2 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|eng2 lbf=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|eng2 kn-ab=<!-- afterburners -->
|eng2 lbf-ab=<!-- afterburners -->

|max speed kmh=207
|max speed mph=128
|max speed mph=128
|cruise speed kmh=
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|cruise speed kmh=185
|cruise speed mph=114
|cruise speed mph=114
|range km=
|stall speed kmh=<!-- aerobatic and STOL aircraft -->
|stall speed mph=<!-- aerobatic and STOL aircraft -->
|range km=644
|range miles=400
|range miles=400
|ceiling m=
|endurance h=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling ft=14800
|endurance min=<!-- if range unknown -->
|time to altitude=15 min to {{convert|9000|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|ceiling m=4,511
|ceiling ft=14,800
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic aircraft -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic aircraft -->
|glide ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
|sink rate ms=<!-- sailplanes -->
|sink rate ftmin=<!-- sailplanes -->

}}
}}


==References==
==References==
; Notes
; Notes
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


; Bibliography
; Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Green |first=William |year=1965 |publisher=Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd}}
* {{cite book |last1=Green |first1=William |last2=Pollinger |first2=Gerald|title=The Aircraft of the World |edition=3rd|year=1965 |publisher=Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd}}
* {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Rod |title=Airlife's World Aircraft |year=2001 |publisher=Airlife Publishing |isbn=1-84037-115-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Rod |title=Airlife's World Aircraft |year=2001 |publisher=Airlife Publishing |isbn=1-84037-115-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sloot |first1=Emile |last2=Hornstra |first2=Luc |title=Fueza Aerea Guatamalteca |journal=[[Air International]] |date=January 1999 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=55–58}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Sloot |first1=Emile |last2=Hornstra |first2=Luc |title=Fueza Aerea Guatamalteca |magazine=[[Air International]] |date=January 1999 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=55–58}}
* {{cite book |last1=Swanborough |first1=F. G. |last2=Bowers |first2=Peter M. |title=United States Military Aircraft since 1909 |year=1963 |publisher=Putnam |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last1=Swanborough |first1=F. G. |last2=Bowers |first2=Peter M. |title=United States Military Aircraft since 1909 |year=1963 |publisher=Putnam |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last1=Swanborough |first1=Gordon |last2=Bowers |first2=Peter M. |title=United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 |year=1976 |edition=Second |publisher=Putnam |location=London |isbn=0-370-10054-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Swanborough |first1=Gordon |last2=Bowers |first2=Peter M. |title=United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 |year=1976 |edition=Second |publisher=Putnam |location=London |isbn=0-370-10054-9}}
Line 177: Line 132:


==External links==
==External links==
* {{commonscat-inline|Waco F Series}}
* {{commons category-inline|Waco F Series}}


{{Waco aircraft}}
{{Waco aircraft}}
{{USAF trainer aircraft}}
{{USAF trainer aircraft}}
{{USN utility aircraft}}
{{USN utility aircraft}}
{{AvN aircraft designations}}


[[Category:Aerobatic aircraft]]
[[Category:Aerobatic aircraft]]
[[Category:United States civil utility aircraft 1930–1939]]
[[Category:1930s United States civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Waco aircraft|F series]]
[[Category:Waco aircraft|F series]]
[[Category:Biplanes]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear]]
[[Category:WACO Classic aircraft|YMF]]

Latest revision as of 23:11, 15 November 2024

Waco F series
ex US Civilian Pilot Training Program 1941 Waco UPF-7
Role open-cockpit biplane
National origin United States
Manufacturer Waco Aircraft Company
Introduction 1930
Status YMF-5 in production (2013)
Primary user private pilot owners and training schools

The Waco F series is a series of American-built general aviation and military biplane trainers of the 1930s from the Waco Aircraft Company.

Development

[edit]

The Waco 'F' series of biplanes supplanted and then replaced the earlier 'O' series of 1927/33. The 'F' series had an airframe which was smaller and about 450 pounds (200 kg) lighter than the 'O' series, while continuing to provide accommodation for three persons in tandem open cockpits. A similar performance to the earlier model was obtained on the power of smaller and more economical engines.[1]

The initial models were the INF (125 hp (93 kW) Kinner engine), KNF (100 hp (75 kW) Kinner) and the RNF (110 hp (82 kW) Warner Scarab), all of which had externally braced tailwheel undercarriages. Many further sub-models followed with more powerful engines of up to 225 hp (168 kW). The most powerful in the range was the ZPF of 1936/37, intended for executive use.

Operational history

[edit]
Waco RNF of 1931 displayed at the Pima Air Museum Tucson Arizona in 1991
Waco UBF of 1932 flown by Texaco preserved at the Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum, Missouri, 2006
Waco ZPF-6 three-seat executive aircraft built for Texaco Oil in 1936. Preserved airworthy at Sebring, Florida
UPF-7, built 1941, arrives at the 2014 Royal International Air Tattoo, England
A new 2006 model WACO Classic Aircraft YMF-F5C at Sun 'n Fun 2006
Waco YPF at Sun 'n Fun 2006
1997 YMF-5C at Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport, Maine

The 'F' series was popular with private owner pilots for sporting and other uses and continued in production through the late 1930s. The tandem cockpit UPF-7 was adopted by the Civilian Pilot Training Program and continued in production until 1942 by which time over 600 had been built.[2]

The 1934 model YMF was substantially redesigned with a longer and wider fuselage, larger rudder and other structural changes, and put into production in March 1986 by WACO Classic Aircraft of Lansing, Michigan as the YMF-5.[1] Over 150 YMF-5s were completed as of 2017 with new examples being built to specific orders.[3][failed verification]

The WACO Aircraft Company of Ohio Inc had built three replicas by December 2011, which they designated MF.[4]

Considerable numbers of 'F' series biplanes, both original and newly built, remain in service.

Variants

[edit]

Listed in approximate chronological order (per Simpson, 2001, p. 573) First letter of designation refers to engine installed. From 1936 Waco added year suffixes to designations—e.g. YPF-6, YPF-7, with the numeral being the last digit of the model year.

INF
125 hp (93 kW) Kinner B-5, certified ATC# 345 on 2 August 1930.
KNF
100 hp (75 kW) Kinner K-5, certified ATC# 313 on 12 April 1930.
RNF
110 hp (82 kW) Warner Scarab, certified ATC# 311 on 7 April 1930.[5]
PCF
170 hp (130 kW) Jacobs LA-1 and new cross-braced undercarriage, PCF-2 certified ATC# 473 on 2 October 1931
PBF
as PCF with 'B' wings
QCF
165 hp (123 kW) Continental A70, QCF-2 certified ATC# 416 on 9 April 1931
UBF
210 hp (160 kW) Continental R-670
UMF
210 hp (160 kW) Continental R-670A and longer and wider fuselage, and larger fin
YMF
225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4
YPF-6 and YPF-7
225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4
ZPF-6 and ZPF-7
285 hp (213 kW) Jacobs L-5
UPF-7
tandem trainer with wide-track undercarriage and 220 hp (160 kW) Continental R-670 (designated PT-14 by the USAAC)

Waco Classic Aircraft replicas

[edit]
YMF-5
1986 design roughly based on the YMF, built by WACO Classic Aircraft
YMF-5D
2009 improved YMF-5[3][6]
YMF-5F
YMF-5 with Aerocet 3400 amphibious floats[7]

Military designations

[edit]
JW-1
Two UBF designated XJW-1 were used by the US Navy as hook trainers for the skyhook airship parasite aircraft program.[8]
PT-14
USAAC/USAAF designation for UPF-7

Operators

[edit]

Military operators

[edit]
 Guatemala
 United States

Specifications (UPF-7)

[edit]

Data from The Aircraft of the World[2]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Capacity: 1 trainee or passenger
  • Length: 23 ft 1 in (7.04 m)
  • Wingspan: 30 ft 0 in (9.14 m)
  • Height: 8 ft 5 in (2.57 m)
  • Wing area: 244 sq ft (22.7 m2)
  • Empty weight: 1,870 lb (848 kg)
  • Gross weight: 2,650 lb (1,202 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Continental W-670-6A seven cylinder radial , 220 hp (160 kW)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 128 mph (206 km/h, 111 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 114 mph (183 km/h, 99 kn)
  • Range: 400 mi (640 km, 350 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 14,800 ft (4,500 m)
  • Time to altitude: 15 min to 9,000 ft (2,700 m)

References

[edit]
Notes
  1. ^ a b Simpson 2001, p. 573
  2. ^ a b Green & Pollinger 1965, p. 307
  3. ^ a b WACO Classic Aircraft (2009). "Own the Dream". Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  4. ^ Vandermeullen, Richard: 2012 Kit Aircraft Buyer's Guide, Kitplanes, Volume 28, Number 12, December 2011, page 76. Belvoir Publications. ISSN 0891-1851
  5. ^ Al Hansen (Spring 2004). "The Waco Model F". AAHS Journal.
  6. ^ Grady, Mary (June 2009). "Waco Updates Its Classic Biplane". Retrieved 2009-06-25.
  7. ^ WACO Aircraft Corporation (2021). "YMF-5". wacoaircraft.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  8. ^ "Waco". Aerofiles.com. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
  9. ^ Sloot and Hornstra Air International January 1999, pp. 55, 57.
  10. ^ Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p. 535.
  11. ^ Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 474.
Bibliography
  • Green, William; Pollinger, Gerald (1965). The Aircraft of the World (3rd ed.). Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.
  • Simpson, Rod (2001). Airlife's World Aircraft. Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-84037-115-3.
  • Sloot, Emile; Hornstra, Luc (January 1999). "Fueza Aerea Guatamalteca". Air International. Vol. 56, no. 1. pp. 55–58.
  • Swanborough, F. G.; Bowers, Peter M. (1963). United States Military Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam.
  • Swanborough, Gordon; Bowers, Peter M. (1976). United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 (Second ed.). London: Putnam. ISBN 0-370-10054-9.
[edit]
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