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{{Short description|Credit sequence added to cracked software}}
{{Short description|Credit sequence added to cracked software}}
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
[[File:Quartex.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Cracktro for the cracking group Quartex on [[Amiga]]. A typical crack intro has a text running at the bottom of the screen.]]
[[File:Quartex.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Cracktro for the cracking group Quartex on [[Amiga]]. A typical crack intro has a scrolling text marquee at the bottom of the screen.]]
A '''crack intro''', also known as a '''cracktro''', '''loader''', or just '''intro''', is a small introduction sequence added to [[Software cracking|cracked software]]. It aims to inform the user which "cracking crew" or individual cracker removed the software's [[copy protection]] and distributed the crack.<ref name="EuroGamer" /><ref name="wired"/><ref name="0dayartTheVerge"/>
A '''crack intro''', also known as a '''cracktro''', '''loader''', or just '''intro''', is a small introduction sequence added to [[Software cracking|cracked software]]. It aims to inform the user which "cracking crew" or individual cracker removed the software's [[copy protection]] and distributed the crack.<ref name="EuroGamer" /><ref name="wired"/><ref name="0dayartTheVerge"/>


==History==
==History==
Crack intros first appeared on [[Apple II series|Apple II]] computers in the late 1970s or early 1980s,<ref name="wired" /><ref name="jason_scott_2010" /><ref name="reunanen2010" /> and then on [[ZX Spectrum]], [[Commodore 64]] and [[Amstrad CPC]] games that were distributed around the world via [[Bulletin Board System]]s (BBSes) and [[floppy disk]] copying.<ref name="reunanen2010"/> By 1985, when reviewing the commercially available [[ISEPIC]] cartridge which adds a custom crack intro to [[memory dump]]s of Commodore 64 software, ''[[Ahoy!]]'' wrote that such intros were "in the tradition of the true hacker".<ref name="kevelson198510"/> Early crack intros resemble [[graffiti]] in many ways, although they invaded the [[private sphere]] and not the public space.<ref name="carlsson2009" /><ref name="kotlinski2009" />
Crack intros first appeared on [[Apple II]] computers in the late 1970s or early 1980s,<ref name="wired" /><ref name="jason_scott_2010" /><ref name="reunanen2010" /> and then on [[ZX Spectrum]], [[Commodore 64]] and [[Amstrad CPC]] games that were distributed around the world via [[Bulletin Board System]]s (BBSes) and [[floppy disk]] copying.<ref name="reunanen2010"/> By 1985, when reviewing the commercially available [[ISEPIC]] cartridge which adds a custom crack intro to [[memory dump]]s of Commodore 64 software, ''[[Ahoy!]]'' wrote that such intros were "in the tradition of the true hacker".<ref name="kevelson198510"/> Early crack intros resemble [[graffiti]] in many ways, although they invaded the [[private sphere]] and not the public space.<ref name="carlsson2009" /><ref name="kotlinski2009" />


As time went on, crack intros became a medium to demonstrate the purported superiority of a cracking group.<ref name="jason_scott_2010" /> Such intros grew very complex, sometimes exceeding the size<ref name="arstechnica2013" /> and complexity<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalekultur.org/files/dk_whatisthedemoscene.pdf|title=The Demoscene|publisher=Digitale Kultur e.V.|access-date=2010-10-25}}
As time went on, crack intros became a medium to demonstrate the purported superiority of a cracking group.<ref name="jason_scott_2010" /> Such intros grew very complex, sometimes exceeding the size<ref name="arstechnica2013" /> and complexity<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalekultur.org/files/dk_whatisthedemoscene.pdf|title=The Demoscene|publisher=Digitale Kultur e.V.|access-date=2010-10-25}}
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<ref name="reunanen2010">{{cite thesis |title=Computer Demos – What Makes Them Tick? |last=Reunanen |first=Markku |date=2010-04-23 |publisher=[[Aalto University]] |url=http://www.kameli.net/demoresearch2/reunanen-licthesis.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="reunanen2010">{{cite thesis |title=Computer Demos – What Makes Them Tick? |last=Reunanen |first=Markku |date=2010-04-23 |publisher=[[Aalto University]] |url=http://www.kameli.net/demoresearch2/reunanen-licthesis.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="carlsson2009">{{cite conference |url=http://www.mat.ucsb.edu/Publications/burbano_MAH2009.pdf |title=The Forgotten Pioneers of Creative Hacking and Social Networking – Introducing the Demoscene |last1=Carlsson |first1=Anders |date=2009 |publisher=Cubitt, Sean & Thomas, Paul (eds.) |book-title=Re:live: Media Art Histories 2009 Conference Proceedings |pages=16–20 |location=University of Melbourne & Victorian College of the Arts and Music |isbn=978-0-9807186-3-8}}</ref>
<ref name="carlsson2009">{{cite conference |url=http://www.mat.ucsb.edu/Publications/burbano_MAH2009.pdf |title=The Forgotten Pioneers of Creative Hacking and Social Networking – Introducing the Demoscene |last1=Carlsson |first1=Anders |date=2009 |publisher=Cubitt, Sean & Thomas, Paul (eds.) |book-title=Re:live: Media Art Histories 2009 Conference Proceedings |pages=16–20 |location=University of Melbourne & Victorian College of the Arts and Music |isbn=978-0-9807186-3-8}}</ref>
<ref name="kotlinski2009">{{cite web |url=http://chipflip.org/dox/kotlinski_(2009)_amiga_music_programs_89-95.pdf |title=Amiga Music Programs 1985–1995 |last1=Kotlinski |first1=Johan |date=2009}}<!--A seminar paper on the history of Amiga music programs, mostly trackers.--></ref>
<ref name="kotlinski2009">{{cite web |url=http://chipflip.org/dox/kotlinski_(2009)_amiga_music_programs_89-95.pdf |title=Amiga Music Programs 1985–1995 |last1=Kotlinski |first1=Johan |date=2009 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<!--A seminar paper on the history of Amiga music programs, mostly trackers.--></ref>
<ref name="chiptunes2009">{{cite journal |url=http://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/96/94 |title=Endless loop: A brief history of chiptunes |first1=Driscoll |last1=Kevin |first2=Joshua |last2=Diaz |year=2009 |journal=[[Transformative Works and Cultures]]|volume=2 |issue=2 |doi=10.3983/twc.2009.0096 |quote=As the demo scene established its independence, chiptunes were carried out of the gaming sphere altogether to finally establish their own stand-alone format: the downloadable musicdisk.|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="chiptunes2009">{{cite journal |url=http://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/96/94 |title=Endless loop: A brief history of chiptunes |first1=Driscoll |last1=Kevin |first2=Joshua |last2=Diaz |year=2009 |journal=[[Transformative Works and Cultures]]|volume=2 |issue=2 |doi=10.3983/twc.2009.0096 |quote=As the demo scene established its independence, chiptunes were carried out of the gaming sphere altogether to finally establish their own stand-alone format: the downloadable musicdisk.|doi-access=free }}</ref>


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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |first1=Markku |last1=Reunanen |first2=Patryk |last2=Wasiak |first3=Daniel |last3=Botz |title=Crack Intros: Piracy, Creativity and Communication |journal=International Journal of Communication |volume=9 |pages=798–817 |year=2015 |issn=1932-8036 |url=http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3731}}
* {{cite journal |first1=Markku |last1=Reunanen |first2=Patryk |last2=Wasiak |first3=Daniel |last3=Botz |title=Crack Intros: Piracy, Creativity and Communication |journal=[[International Journal of Communication]] |volume=9 |pages=798–817 |year=2015 |issn=1932-8036 |url=http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3731}}
* Patryk Wasiak, [http://www.zeithistorische-forschungen.de/16126041-Wasiak-2-2012 ‘Illegal Guys’]. A History of Digital Subcultures in Europe during the 1980s, in: Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History, Online-Ausgabe, 9 (2012), H. 2
* Patryk Wasiak, [http://www.zeithistorische-forschungen.de/16126041-Wasiak-2-2012 ‘Illegal Guys’]. A History of Digital Subcultures in Europe during the 1980s, in: Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History, Online-Ausgabe, 9 (2012), H. 2
* {{cite web |first=George |last=Borzyskowski |date=November 1996 |title=The Hacker Demo Scene and Its Cultural Artifacts |url=http://greent.mindnever.org/demoscene.pdf |publisher=Curtin University of Technology}}<!-- A paper presented at the Cybermind Conference 1996 in Perth, Australia --> Read online: [http://www.scheib.net/play/demos/what/borzyskowski/ http://www.scheib.net/play/demos/what/borzyskowski/].
* {{cite web |first=George |last=Borzyskowski |date=November 1996 |title=The Hacker Demo Scene and Its Cultural Artifacts |url=http://greent.mindnever.org/demoscene.pdf |publisher=Curtin University of Technology}}<!-- A paper presented at the Cybermind Conference 1996 in Perth, Australia --> Read online: [http://www.scheib.net/play/demos/what/borzyskowski/ http://www.scheib.net/play/demos/what/borzyskowski/].
* Hastik, Canan; Steinmetz, Arnd (2012a): [http://canan.hastik.de/science/cerc2012.pdf Demoscene Artists and Community]. In Bours, Patrick; Humm, Bernhard; Loew, Robert; Stengel, Ingo; Walsh, Paul (eds.): Proceedings of CERC 2012, pp.&nbsp;43–48.
* Hastik, Canan; Steinmetz, Arnd (2012a): [http://canan.hastik.de/science/cerc2012.pdf Demoscene Artists and Community] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212154444/http://canan.hastik.de/science/cerc2012.pdf |date=2013-12-12 }}. In Bours, Patrick; Humm, Bernhard; Loew, Robert; Stengel, Ingo; Walsh, Paul (eds.): Proceedings of CERC 2012, pp.&nbsp;43–48.
* Driscoll, Kevin; Diaz, Joshua (2009): [http://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/96/94 Endless Loop: A Brief History of Chiptunes]. Transformative Works and Cultures 9, 2009.
* Driscoll, Kevin; Diaz, Joshua (2009): [http://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/96/94 Endless Loop: A Brief History of Chiptunes]. Transformative Works and Cultures 9, 2009.
* {{cite journal |url=http://widerscreen.fi/numerot/2014-1-2/crackers-became-us-demosceners/ |title=How Those Crackers Became Us Demosceners |first=Markku |last=Reunanen |date=2014-04-15 |journal=WiderScreen |issue=1–2}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://widerscreen.fi/numerot/2014-1-2/crackers-became-us-demosceners/ |title=How Those Crackers Became Us Demosceners |first=Markku |last=Reunanen |date=2014-04-15 |journal=WiderScreen |issue=1–2}}
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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.intros.c64.org World of C64 Crackintros] &ndash; A large collection of C64 cracktros in native "prg" file format (supported by most C64 emulators)
* [http://www.intros.c64.org World of C64 Crackintros] &ndash; A large collection of C64 cracktros in native "prg" file format (supported by most C64 emulators)
* [http://www.defacto2.net/cracktros.cfm Defacto2] &ndash; Hundreds of cracktros, loaders and installers for the PC
* [http://www.defacto2.net/cracktros.cfm Defacto2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231045334/http://www.defacto2.net/cracktros.cfm |date=2005-12-31 }} &ndash; Hundreds of cracktros, loaders and installers for the PC
* [http://amp.dascene.net Amiga Music Preservation] &ndash; Thousands of cracktros in all tracker formats.
* [http://amp.dascene.net Amiga Music Preservation] &ndash; Thousands of cracktros in all tracker formats.
* [http://www.chiptune.com/ Chiptune.com] &ndash; A chiptune dedicated website containing thousands of chiptunes from Amiga and other formats. The website itself emulates the [[Amiga Workbench|Amiga Workbench 1.3]].
* [http://www.chiptune.com/ Chiptune.com] &ndash; A chiptune dedicated website containing thousands of chiptunes from Amiga and other formats. The website itself emulates the [[Amiga Workbench|Amiga Workbench 1.3]].

Revision as of 01:21, 16 November 2024

Cracktro for the cracking group Quartex on Amiga. A typical crack intro has a scrolling text marquee at the bottom of the screen.

A crack intro, also known as a cracktro, loader, or just intro, is a small introduction sequence added to cracked software. It aims to inform the user which "cracking crew" or individual cracker removed the software's copy protection and distributed the crack.[1][2][3]

History

Crack intros first appeared on Apple II computers in the late 1970s or early 1980s,[2][4][5] and then on ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC games that were distributed around the world via Bulletin Board Systems (BBSes) and floppy disk copying.[5] By 1985, when reviewing the commercially available ISEPIC cartridge which adds a custom crack intro to memory dumps of Commodore 64 software, Ahoy! wrote that such intros were "in the tradition of the true hacker".[6] Early crack intros resemble graffiti in many ways, although they invaded the private sphere and not the public space.[7][8]

As time went on, crack intros became a medium to demonstrate the purported superiority of a cracking group.[4] Such intros grew very complex, sometimes exceeding the size[9] and complexity[10] of the software itself. Crack intros only became more sophisticated on more advanced systems such as the Amiga, Atari ST, and some IBM PC compatibles with sound cards.[5] These intros feature big, colourful effects, music, and scrollers.[11]

Cracking groups would use the intros not just to gain credit for cracking, but to advertise their BBSes, greet friends, and gain themselves recognition.[4] Messages were frequently of a vulgar nature, and on some occasions made threats of violence against software companies or the members of some rival crack-group.[4]

Crack-intro programming eventually became an art form in its own right, and people started coding intros without attaching them to a crack just to show off how well they could program. This practice evolved into the demoscene.[1]

Crack intros and other small software created by software crackers such as keygens and patches that remove protection from commercial applications often use chiptunes in the form of background music. These chiptunes are now still accessible as downloadable musicdisks or musicpacks.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Whitehead, Dan (2008-11-12). "Linger in Shadows". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2010-10-23. Amateur coders busy cracking the copy-protection on the latest Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum games got into the habit of marking their work with an animated intro - or "cracktro" - inserted before the game began.
  2. ^ a b Green, Dave (July 1995). "Demo or Die!". Wired. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
  3. ^ Kopfstein, Janus (2012-04-23). "0-Day Art: saving digital art one torrent at a time - Net pirate provocateurs challenge the monetization of online works". TheVerge. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
  4. ^ a b c d Jason Scott (2010-07-31). You're Stealing it Wrong: 30 Years of Inter-Pirate Battles (mov). Las Vegas, Nevada: DEF CON 18.
  5. ^ a b c Reunanen, Markku (2010-04-23). Computer Demos – What Makes Them Tick? (PDF) (Thesis). Aalto University.
  6. ^ Kevelson, Morton (October 1985). "Isepic". Ahoy!. pp. 71–73.
  7. ^ Carlsson, Anders (2009). "The Forgotten Pioneers of Creative Hacking and Social Networking – Introducing the Demoscene" (PDF). Re:live: Media Art Histories 2009 Conference Proceedings. University of Melbourne & Victorian College of the Arts and Music: Cubitt, Sean & Thomas, Paul (eds.). pp. 16–20. ISBN 978-0-9807186-3-8.
  8. ^ Kotlinski, Johan (2009). "Amiga Music Programs 1985–1995" (PDF).[permanent dead link‍]
  9. ^ Reimer, Jeremy (2013-04-29). "A history of the Amiga, part 8: The demo scene". Ars Technica.
  10. ^ "The Demoscene" (PDF). Digitale Kultur e.V. Retrieved 2010-10-25.[better source needed]
  11. ^ Williams, Jeremy. "Demographics: Behind the Scene". Mindcandy Volume 1: PC Demos. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
  12. ^ Kevin, Driscoll; Diaz, Joshua (2009). "Endless loop: A brief history of chiptunes". Transformative Works and Cultures. 2 (2). doi:10.3983/twc.2009.0096. As the demo scene established its independence, chiptunes were carried out of the gaming sphere altogether to finally establish their own stand-alone format: the downloadable musicdisk.

Further reading

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