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Tiger attacks are a form of human–wildlife conflict which have killed more humans than attacks by any of the other big cats, with the majority of these attacks occurring in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Southeast Asia.^[1]^[2]

Reasons for attacking

Like most other predators, tigers tend to attack humans only while hunting or when they feel threatened. If a human comes too close and surprises a sleeping or feeding tiger, or a tigress with her cubs, the tiger is prone to respond with aggression. Tigers have also been known to attack humans in cases of "mistaken identity" (for example, if a human is crouching while collecting firewood, or cutting grass) and sometimes when a tourist gets too close. Some also recommend not riding a bicycle, or running in a region where tigers live, so as not to provoke their instinct to chase. Peter Byrne wrote about an Indian postman who was working on foot for many years without any problems with resident tigers, but was chased by a tiger soon after he started riding a bicycle for his work.^[3]

While in modern times there are on average fewer than 85 people killed and injured by tigers worldwide each year, India has seen sharp increases in absolute numbers of tiger attacks in recent years, as was the case in 2014 and 2015, as a result of human population growth and the expansion of human settlements into the tiger's natural habitat.^[4] Many human fatalities and injuries are due to incidents at zoos, or to the man-eating tigers in certain parts of South Asia.

In some cases, tigers will change their natural diet to become man-eaters. This is usually due to a tiger being incapacitated by a gunshot wound or porcupine quills, or some other factors, such as health issues and disabilities. In such cases, the animal's inability to hunt traditional prey forces it to stalk humans, which are less appetizing but generally much easier to chase, overpower, and kill. This was the case with the man-eating tigress of Champawat, which was believed to have begun eating villagers at least partially in response to crippling tooth injuries.^[5] As tigers in Asia often live in close proximity to humans, tigers have killed more people than any other big cat species. Between 1876 and 1912, tigers killed 33,247 people in British India.^[6]

Man-eating tigers have been a recurrent problem in India, especially in Kumaon, Garhwal and the Sundarbans mangrove swamps of Bengal. There, even otherwise healthy tigers have been known to hunt humans. However, there have also been mentions of man-eaters in old Indian literature, so it appears that after the British occupied India, built roads into forests and brought the tradition of shikar, man-eaters became a much bigger problem. Even though tigers usually avoid elephants, they have been known to jump on an elephant's back and severely injure the mahout riding on the elephant's back. Kesri Singh mentioned a case when a fatally wounded tiger attacked and killed the hunter who wounded it while the hunter was on the back of an elephant. Most man-eating tigers are eventually captured, shot or poisoned.^[7]

According to various sources, cases of man-eating tigers in the Russian Far East were always rare or not recorded at all over long periods.^[8]

During war, tigers may acquire a taste for human flesh from the consumption of corpses which have lain unburied, and go on to attack soldiers; this happened during the Vietnam and Second World Wars.^[5] Tigers will stalk groups of people bending down while working in a field or cutting grass, but will lose interest as soon as the people stand upright. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that some attacks are a simple case of mistaken identity.^[5]

Tigers typically surprise victims from the side or from behind: either approaching upwind or lying in wait downwind. Tigers rarely press an attack if they are seen before their ambush is mounted.^[9]

Kenneth Anderson once commented on man-eating tigers,

It is extraordinary how very cautious every man-eater becomes by practice, whether a tiger or panther and cowardly too. Invariably, it will only attack a solitary person, and that too, after prolonged and painstaking stalking, having assured itself that no other human being is in the immediate vicinity... These animals seem also to possess an astute sixth sense and be able to differentiate between an unarmed human being and an armed man deliberately pursuing them, for in most cases, only when cornered will they venture to attack the latter, while they go out of their way to stalk and attack the unarmed man.^[10]

Tigers are sometimes intimidated from attacking humans, especially if they are unfamiliar with people. Tigers, even established man-eating tigers will seldom enter human settlements, usually sticking to village outskirts.^[5] Nevertheless, attacks in human villages do occur.^[5]

Most tigers will only attack a human if they cannot physically satisfy their needs otherwise. Tigers are typically wary of humans and usually show no preference for human meat. Although humans are relatively easy prey, they are not a desired source of food. Thus, most man-eating tigers are old, infirm, or have missing teeth, and choose human victims out of desperation. In one case, a post-mortem examination of a killed tigress revealed two broken canine teeth, four missing incisors and a loose upper molar, handicaps which would make capturing stronger prey extremely difficult. Only upon reaching this stage did she attack a workman.^[5]

In some cases, rather than being predatory, tiger attacks on humans seem to be territorial in nature. In at least one case, a tigress with cubs killed eight people entering her territory without consuming them at all.^[11]

Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans

The Bengal tigers of the Sundarbans, bordering India and Bangladesh, used to regularly kill fifty or sixty people a year. This was strange given that the tigers were usually in prime condition and had adequate prey available. Approximately 100 tigers live in this region,^[12] possibly the largest single population anywhere in the world.^[13] The kill rate has dropped significantly due to better management techniques and now only about three people lose their lives each year ^{[citation needed]}. Despite the notoriety associated with this area, humans are only a supplement to the tigers' diet; they do not provide a primary food source.^[5]

Tigers and locations known for attacks

The Champawat Tiger

The Champawat Tiger was a man-eating tigress which purportedly killed some 200 men and women before being driven out of Nepal. She moved to Champawat district in the state of Uttarakhand in North India, and continued to kill, bringing her total human kills up to 436. She was finally tracked down and killed in 1907.^[14] She was known to enter villages, even during daylight, roaring and causing people to flee in panic to their huts.

The Champawat Tiger was found and killed by Jim Corbett after he followed the trail of blood the tigress left behind after killing her last victim, a 16-year-old girl. Later examination of the tigress showed the upper and lower canine teeth on the right side of her mouth were broken, the upper one in half, the lower one right down to the bone. This permanent injury, Corbett claimed, "had prevented her from killing her natural prey, and had been the cause of her becoming a man-eater."^[5]

The Tiger of Segur

The Tiger of Segur was a young man-eating male Bengal tiger who killed five people in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu state in South India. Though originating in the District of Malabar District and Wayanad District below the south-western face of the Blue Mountains, the tiger later shifted his hunting grounds to Gudalur and between the Sigur Plateau and Anaikatty in Coimbatore district. He was killed by Kenneth Anderson on the banks of the Segur River, c. 1954. Anderson later wrote that the tiger had a disability preventing him from hunting its natural prey.^[10]

Tigers of Chowgarh

The Tigers of Chowgarh were a pair of man-eating Bengal tigers, consisting of an old tigress and her sub-adult cub, which for over a five-year period killed a reported 64 people in eastern Kumaon Division of Uttarakhand in Northern India over an area spanning 1,500 square miles (3,900 km²). The figures however are uncertain, as the natives of the areas the tigers frequented claimed double that number, and they do not take into account victims who survived direct attacks but died subsequently. Both tigers were killed by Jim Corbett.^[15]

Thak man-eater

The Thak man-eater was a tigress from Eastern Kumaon division, who killed four human victims, but was the last hunt of the hunter, conservationist and author Jim Corbett. Corbett called her up and killed her during late twilight, after he lost all other means to track her down. Postmortem revealed that this tigress had two old gunshot wounds, one of which had become septic. This, according to Corbett, forced her to turn from a normal predator hunting natural prey to a man-eater.^{[citation needed]}

Tiger of Mundachipallam

The Tiger of Mundachipallam was a male Bengal tiger, which in the 1950s killed seven people in the vicinity of the village of Pennagram, four miles (6 km) from the Hogenakkal Falls in Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu. Unlike the Segur man-eater, the Mundachipallam tiger had no known infirmities preventing him from hunting his natural prey. His first three victims were killed in unprovoked attacks, while the subsequent victims were devoured. The Mundachipallam tiger was later killed by Kenneth Anderson.^{[citation needed]}

Man-eater of Bhimashankar

A story was discovered by Pune-based author Sureshchandra Warghade when he ran into an old villager in the Bhimashankar forest which lies near Pune. The villager explained to the author how a man-eating tiger terrorized the entire Bhimashakar area during a span of two years in the 1940s. He was a police constable in that area and he had been responsible for dealing with the formalities surrounding the deaths (missing person reports and death certificates) and other jobs such as helping the hunting parties. During this time the tiger supposedly killed more than 100 people, but it was apparently very careful to avoid discovery; only 2 bodies were ever found. Several hunting parties were organized, but the only one to succeed was an Ambegaon-based hunter named Ismail. During his first attempt, Ismail had a direct confrontation with the tiger and was almost killed. He later called Kenneth Anderson. They returned and killed the tiger. The tiger predominantly killed the villagers who slept outside the huts.

The authenticity of the story told by the villager was confirmed when Warghade examined official reports, including a certificate given by the British authorities for killing the man-eating tiger.^[16]

Tara of the Dudhwa National Park

While the Sundarbans are particularly well known for tiger attacks, Dudhwa National Park also had several man-eaters in the late 1970s, with 32 people killed over a period of four years in the Kheri region of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The first death was on 2 March 1978 when a Forest Corporation of Satiana employee, identified in the press as Akbar, was attacked while taking a bathroom break.^[17] A death from a tiger attack had not been recorded in India since 1962,^[17] but authorities concluded that three different tigers (at Satiana, Goia and Sarada) had attacked people in the state. Other deaths followed on 15 March, 3 April and 27 April. The Satiana tiger was shot and killed on 14 August 1978 by a wildlife warden.^[17] A tigress who had killed 13 people in Goia was killed on 28 May 1979, but as of 1982, the third tiger at Sarada was still at large ^[17] and 90 people had been killed since the 1978 attack.^[18]

The population demanded action from authorities. The locals wanted the man-eater shot or poisoned. The killings continued, each one making headlines. Officials soon started to believe that the likely culprit was a tigress called Tara. Conservationist Billy Arjan Singh had taken the British-born cat from Twycross Zoo and raised her in India, with the goal of releasing her back into the wild. His experiments had also been carried out on leopards with some success.

Experts felt that Tara would not have the required skills and correct hunting techniques to survive in the wild and controversy surrounded the project. She also associated men with providing food and comfort, which increased the likelihood that she would approach villages.

Officials later became convinced that Tara had taken to easier prey and become a man-eater. A total of 24 people were killed before the tigress was shot. Singh also joined the hunt with the intent of identifying the man-eater, but firm confirmation of the identity of the tiger was never found.

The debate over the tiger's identity has continued in the years since the attacks. Singh's supporters continue to claim that the tiger was not Tara, and the conservationist has produced evidence to that effect. However, officials maintain that the tiger was definitely Tara.^[5]

Other man-eaters from Dudhwa National Park have existed,^[5] but this tiger was potentially the first captive-bred tiger to be trained and released into the wild. This controversy cast doubt on the success of Singh's rewilding project.

Problems at Dudhwa have been minor in the past few years. Occasional tiger attacks still occur, but these are no higher than at other wildlife reserves. On average, two villagers are attacked at Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve each year. These attacks generally occur during the monsoon season when the locals enter the reserve to collect grass.^[5]

Tigress of Moradabad

In February 2014, reports emerged that a tigress had killed 7 people near the Jim Corbett National Park. The tigress was later called the man-eater of Moradabad, because she was hunting in the Bijnor and Moradabad region. The tigress could not be traced by about 50 camera traps and an unmanned aerial vehicle.^[19]^[20] In August 2014, it was reported that the tigress had stopped killing humans. Her last victim was killed in February, with a total of 7 victims. The animal remained untraced.^[21]

Tigress of Yavatmal

Between 2016 and 2018, a tigress known as T-1 was said to have killed 13 people in Yavatmal district, in the western Indian state of Maharashtra.^[22] The tigress was shot dead after a major hunt in November 2018.^[23]^[24] The tigress was killed in self-defence, after charging those attempting to tranquillise her.^[25]

The hunt for the tigress included more than 100 camera traps, bait in the form of horses and goats tied to trees, round-the-clock surveillance from treetop platforms and armed patrols. Drones and a hang glider were also used to try and locate T-1.^[26] Wildlife officials also brought in bottles of the perfume Obsession for Men by Calvin Klein, which contains a pheromone called civetone, after an experiment in the US suggested that it could be used to attract jaguars.^[27]

Tigers of Bardia National Park, Nepal

In 2021, the four tigers killed ten people and injured several others in Bardia National Park of Nepal. Three of the tigers were captured and transferred to rescue centers. One of the tigers escaped from its cage and is yet to be captured.^[28]^[29]

The tigers were identified and captured from Gaidamachan on 4 April, from Khata on 18 March and from Geruwa on 17 March. The tigers were found with broken canine teeth, possibly due to fighting between two males.^[28] After the capture, one of the tigers escaped from the iron cage and went back to the forest in Banke district.^[30] Two were housed at the rescue facility in Bardia National Park in Thakurdwara and Rambapur.^[28] One was transferred to the Central Zoo in Jawalakhel, Kathmandu.^[29]^[31]

Measures to prevent tiger attacks

Various measures were taken to prevent and reduce the number of tiger attacks with limited success. For example, since tigers almost always attack from the rear, masks with human faces were worn on the back of the head by the villagers in 1986 in the Sundarbans, on the theory that tigers usually do not attack if seen by their prey. Apparently, this did in fact decrease the number of attacks for a short while. Mask-wearing fell out of use after a short time, as the local tiger population reportedly became aware of the technique. Other means to prevent tiger attacks, such as providing the tigers with more prey by releasing captive bred pigs to the reserve's buffer zones, or placing electrified human dummies to teach tigers to associate attacking people with electric shock, did not work as well and tiger attacks continue. Many measures were thus discontinued due to lack of success.^[32]

In captivity

Tiger attacks have also happened in zoos and as exotic pets. Attacks by captive tigers are not that rare. Between 1998 and 2001 there were seven fatal tiger attacks in the United States and at least 20 more attacks that required emergency medical care.

In 1985, a pair of Siberian tigers at the Bronx Zoo attacked and killed one of their keepers in an enclosure that was part of the Wild Asia exhibit.^[33]
In 2003, trainer and performer Roy Horn was attacked by a Siberian white tiger during a live stage performance, disabling Horn and prompting the permanent closure of the show.
In 2005, a 17-year-old girl was killed by a captive Siberian tiger at the Lost Creek Animal Sanctuary in Kansas, while taking her high school graduation photo with the animal.^[34]
In 2006, Cynthia Lee Gamble was killed by one of her tigers, Tango.^[35]
In 2006, a zookeeper at the San Francisco Zoo was bitten on the arm by a tiger during a public feeding. In 2007, the same tiger killed one person and injured two others. Police officers intervened, shooting and killing the tiger.
In 2007, a 32-year-old Canadian woman was killed when her pet Siberian tiger grabbed her leg through the cage and mauled her, causing her to bleed to death.^[36]
In 2009, at the Calgary Zoo, Vitali, a male Siberian tiger, injured a man trespassing in his enclosure.^[37] A handler was also killed by a white tiger in Zion Lion Park.^[38]
On 31 July 2012, Kushalappa Gowda (36), a zookeeper at Pilikula Nisargadhama in Mangalore, India, was killed by an ailing tiger named Raja after he entered the squeeze cage in spite of warnings.^[39] The tiger died of a heart attack in May 2015.^[40]
On 24 May 2013, Sarah McClay, a 24-year-old woman who had been working at South Lakes Safari Zoo in Cumbria, United Kingdom, was mauled by a tiger during public feeding time and suffered serious injuries to her head and neck. She died later the same day.
In July 2014, an 11-year-old boy was attacked by a tiger in a zoo from Paraná, Brazil. His arm was amputated as a result of his injuries.
In 2014, at the National Zoological Park Delhi in India, 20-year-old Maqsood Khan was killed by a white tiger after he fell into its enclosure.^[41]^[42]
In 2015, 43-year-old zoo curator Samantha Kudeweh died after being attacked by a Sumatran tiger at Hamilton Zoo in Hamilton, New Zealand.^[43]
In 2016, a 38-year-old woman was killed by Hati, a 13-year-old male tiger, in an enclosure at the Palm Beach Zoo.^[44]
In May 2017, zoo-keeper Rosa King was killed by a Malayan tiger named Cicip at Hamerton Zoo Park in Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. A metal gate meant to separate the workers from the tiger was open when Rosa went to clean the enclosure, leaving her in the same space as the animal, where she was subsequently attacked.^[45]
In 2019, Patty Perry, a conservationist, was attacked at her animal sanctuary in Moorpark, California by two tigers during a donor event.^[46]
In 2020, a 55-year-old female zookeeper was killed by Irina, a Siberian tiger, in an enclosure at Zurich Zoo.^[47]
On 3 December 2020 a volunteer was bitten and seriously injured by a tiger named Kimba at Big Cat Rescue animal sanctuary in Florida.^[48]
On February 5 2021, two Bengal tigers escaped from Sinka Zoo in the city of Singkawang, Indonesia, after their enclosure was damaged by a landslide caused by heavy rain. Feri Darmawan, a 47-year-old zookeeper, was killed by the two tigers. On February 6 2021, police succeeded in capturing one tiger, while the second was shot dead after a tranquilizer gun proved ineffective.^[49]
In June 2021, a Siberian male tiger killed a Seaview Predator Park employee and another tiger in Gqeberha, South Africa.^[50]
In August 2021 a Bengal tiger killed Catalina Fernanda Torres Ibarra, a 21-year-old female zookeeper, at a safari park in Rancagua, Chile.^[51]
On 29 December 2021, an 8 year old Malayan tiger named Eko at Naples Zoo in Florida was killed after a cleaner breached barriers after hours and entered an unauthorized area of the tiger enclosure, resulting in the tiger biting his arm. After unsuccessfully attempting to free the man, a deputy shot the tiger.^[52]

References

^ Nyhus, P. J.; Dufraine, C. E.; Ambrogi, M. C.; Hart, S. E.; Carroll, C.; Tilson, R. (2010). "Human–tiger conflict over time". In Tilson, R.; Nyhus, P. J. (eds.). Tigers of the world: The science, politics, and conservation of Panthera tigris (2nd ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Academic Press. pp. 132–135. ISBN 978-0-8155-1570-8.
^ Auerbach, Paul (31 October 2011). Wilderness Medicine E-Book (Expert Consult Premium Edition – Enhanced Online Features ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1114. ISBN 978-1455733569. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Byrne, Peter. (2002) Shikari Sahib. Pilgrims Publishing. pp. 291-92
^ "More than 1,000 people killed in India as human and wildlife habitats collide". TheGuardian.com. August 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Man-eaters. The tiger and lion, attacks on humans". Lairweb.org.nz. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
^ Compiled from official British records available at the Digital South Asia Library (University of Chicago and the Center for Research Libraries).
1. "Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes", Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1867–68 to 1876–77, (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 132, 1878, retrieved 30 March 2013.
2. "Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes", Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1876–77 to 1885–86, (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 240, 1887, retrieved 30 March 2013.
3. "Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes", Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1885–86 to 1894–95, (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 268, 1896, retrieved 30 March 2013.
4. "Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild animals and snakes", Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1894–95 to 1903–04, (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 238, 1905, retrieved 30 March 2013.
5. "Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild animals and snakes", Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1903–04 to 1912–13, (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office): p. 240, 1915, retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Singh, Kesri. (1959) The tiger of Rajasthan. Hale
^ Abramov, V.K. (1962). "Contribution to the Biology of the Amur Tiger Panthera tigris longipilis Fitzinger, 1868. [Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae, Volume 26, N° 2.] pp. 189-202".
^ Perry, Richard (1965). The World of the Tiger. 260. ASIN: B0007DU2IU.
^ ^a ^b The Man-Eater of Segur", from Nine Man-Eaters and One Rogue, Kenneth Anderson, Allen & Unwin, 1954
^ Ethirajan, A. (2012). "Rogue tigress 'terrorizes Bangladesh villagers'". BBC News.
^ "Only 100 tigers left in Bangladesh's famed Sundarbans forest | Environment". The Guardian. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
^ "sunderbans tiger reserve, sunderbans wildlife,sunderbans national park". Journeymart.com. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
^ "Predators: Beasts". Betabunny.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
^ Jim Corbett (1991). "The Chowgargh Tigers", from The Maneaters of Kumaon in The Jim Corbett Omnibus. OUP India.
^ Bhimanshankarcha Narbhakshak (Maneater of Bhimashankar) – A Marathi book by Author Sureshchandra Warghade
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Tiger terror returns to India's hills", by Brian Jackman, The Age (Melbourne), March 27, 1982, p.2-5
^ "Tigers take 90 lives", Edmonton Journal, March 10, 1982, p.C1
^ "Spy drones couldn't catch Bijnor's maneater tigress". India Today. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
^ "Hunting for India's deadliest man-eating tiger". BBC News. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
^ "For Moradabad man-eater, is man off the menu?". The Times of India. 17 August 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
^ Pinjarkar, Vijay (2 October 2018). "In Yavatmal, 9-month-long hunt for killer tigress may be about to end". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
^ "'Man-eater' tigress Avni shot dead at Yavatmal in Maharashtra". The Economic Times. 3 November 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
^ Nanisetti, Serish (2 March 2019). "Changing the stripes of conservation". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
^ Kumar, Hari; Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 November 2018). "Man-Eating Tiger Is Shot Dead in India". The New York Times. New Delhi. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
^ "'Man-eater' tigress Avni killed in Yavatmal after 3-month chase that included drones, hand-gliders, sniffer dogs, elephants". Firstpost. 3 November 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
^ "Calvin Klein's Obsession Could Be The Trick To Catching A Tiger". NPR. 14 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Man-eating tigers in Bardia taken under control (updated on 07 April 2021)". Retrieved 20 October 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Man-eating tiger sent to Nepal zoo – Xinhua – English.news.cn". Retrieved 20 October 2021.
^ "Man-eating tiger breaks iron cage, flees week after capture". efe.com. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
^ "Nepal: Man-eater Tiger moved into Central Zoo from National Park – International – Times of India Videos". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
^ Montgomery, Sy (2009). Spell of the Tiger: The Man-Eaters of Sundarbans. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0395641699.
^ Gross, Jane (30 July 1985). "2 Siberian tigers at Bronx Zoo kill a keeper, 24". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
^ "License revoked for Kansas facility where tiger killed teen". 17 November 2006.
^ "Caged tiger kills owner in Minnesota". The Danbury News-Times. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
^ "Woman mauled to death by tiger in B.C. Interior". CBC News. 11 May 2007.
^ "Trespassing charges in Calgary Zoo tiger attack". CBC News.
^ "Tigers Kill People a Lot More Often Than You Think". 25 September 2015.
^ "Pilikula mourns as 'Raja' kills caretaker". August 2012.
^ Kamila, Raviprasad (23 May 2015). "Tiger, which killed its caretaker at Pilikula two years ago, dies". The Hindu.
^ Barry, Ellen; Najar, Nida (23 September 2014). "White Tiger Kills Visitor at Zoo in India". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
^ "White tiger mauls visitor inside New Delhi Zoo". ABC News. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
^ Mullen, Jethro (20 September 2015). "Tiger kills zookeeper in New Zealand". CNN. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
^ "Woman killed in Palm Beach Zoo tiger attack didn't have pepper spray, FWC says". local10.com. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
^ "Death of zoo keeper mauled by tiger ruled accidental". The Guardian. 10 July 2019.
^ "Conservationist attacked by her own tigers at animal sanctuary". ABC News.
^ "Inattention blamed for fatal tiger attack at Zurich zoo". swissinfo.ch. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
^ "Volunteer's arm 'nearly tore' off during tiger attack at Carole Baskin's Big Cat Rescue". NBC News. 3 December 2020.
^ "Indonesia tigers: Zookeeper killed after endangered animals escape". BBC News. 6 February 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
^ Dayimani, Malibongwe. "Siberian tiger kills Seaview Predator Park employee, tiger in front of horrified staff". News24. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
^ "Tiger kills woman working in safari park in Chile". TheGuardian.com. 7 August 2021.
^ "Tiger shot and dies at Naples Zoo in Florida after biting cleaner's arm". BBC News. 30 December 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2024.

External links

Video 6:12 'Tigers Kill Men!' A short film on rising Man and Tiger conflict and its consequences. The video depicts an encounter of human civilization with the wildlife around the conserved forests at Kaziranga.
Man-eaters – Comprehensive site covering man-eating tigers.
Tiger attacks other Tiger

[Tilson&Nyhus2010-1] Nyhus, P. J.; Dufraine, C. E.; Ambrogi, M. C.; Hart, S. E.; Carroll, C.; Tilson, R. (2010). "Human–tiger conflict over time". In Tilson, R.; Nyhus, P. J. (eds.). Tigers of the world: The science, politics, and conservation of Panthera tigris (2nd ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Academic Press. pp. 132–135. ISBN 978-0-8155-1570-8.

[2] Auerbach, Paul (31 October 2011). Wilderness Medicine E-Book (Expert Consult Premium Edition – Enhanced Online Features ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1114. ISBN 978-1455733569. Retrieved 20 March 2018.

[3] Byrne, Peter. (2002) Shikari Sahib. Pilgrims Publishing. pp. 291-92

[4] "More than 1,000 people killed in India as human and wildlife habitats collide". TheGuardian.com. August 2017.

[me-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Man-eaters. The tiger and lion, attacks on humans". Lairweb.org.nz. Retrieved 24 July 2018.

[6] Compiled from official British records available at the Digital South Asia Library (University of Chicago and the Center for Research Libraries).
1. "Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes", Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1867–68 to 1876–77, (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 132, 1878, retrieved 30 March 2013.
2. "Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes", Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1876–77 to 1885–86, (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 240, 1887, retrieved 30 March 2013.
3. "Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes", Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1885–86 to 1894–95, (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 268, 1896, retrieved 30 March 2013.
4. "Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild animals and snakes", Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1894–95 to 1903–04, (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 238, 1905, retrieved 30 March 2013.
5. "Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild animals and snakes", Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1903–04 to 1912–13, (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office): p. 240, 1915, retrieved 30 March 2013.

[7] Singh, Kesri. (1959) The tiger of Rajasthan. Hale

[8] Abramov, V.K. (1962). "Contribution to the Biology of the Amur Tiger Panthera tigris longipilis Fitzinger, 1868. [Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae, Volume 26, N° 2.] pp. 189-202".

[Perry-9] Perry, Richard (1965). The World of the Tiger. 260. ASIN: B0007DU2IU.

[KA-10] The Man-Eater of Segur", from Nine Man-Eaters and One Rogue, Kenneth Anderson, Allen & Unwin, 1954

[11] Ethirajan, A. (2012). "Rogue tigress 'terrorizes Bangladesh villagers'". BBC News.

[12] "Only 100 tigers left in Bangladesh's famed Sundarbans forest | Environment". The Guardian. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2018.

[13] "sunderbans tiger reserve, sunderbans wildlife,sunderbans national park". Journeymart.com. Retrieved 24 July 2018.

[14] "Predators: Beasts". Betabunny.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2018.

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[16] Bhimanshankarcha Narbhakshak (Maneater of Bhimashankar) – A Marathi book by Author Sureshchandra Warghade

[Age032782-17] "Tiger terror returns to India's hills", by Brian Jackman, The Age (Melbourne), March 27, 1982, p.2-5

[18] "Tigers take 90 lives", Edmonton Journal, March 10, 1982, p.C1

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[32] Montgomery, Sy (2009). Spell of the Tiger: The Man-Eaters of Sundarbans. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0395641699.

[33] Gross, Jane (30 July 1985). "2 Siberian tigers at Bronx Zoo kill a keeper, 24". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2021.

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+{{short description|Most common form of big-cat attack on human beings}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
+{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
-[[File:Maneater calcutta1903 stereoscopic.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Stereographic photograph (1903) of the captured Man-eater of Jharkhand in the [[Alipore Zoological Gardens|Jharkhand zoo]]. The tiger had earlier claimed 200 human victims.]]
+[[File:Maneater calcutta1903 stereoscopic.jpg|thumb|right|450px| [[Stereographic]] photograph (1903) of the Man-eater of Jharkhand, who had killed an estimated 200 people, in the [[Alipore Zoological Gardens|Jharkhand zoo]].]]
-'''Tiger attacks''' are an extreme form of [[human–wildlife conflict]] which occur for various reasons and have claimed more human lives than attacks by any of the other [[big cat]]s. The most comprehensive study of deaths due to [[tiger]] attacks estimates that at least 373,000 people died due to tiger attacks between 1800 and 2009 averaging about 1800 kills per year, the majority of these attacks occurring in [[India]], [[Nepal]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Tilson&Nyhus2010">{{cite book |last1=Nyhus |first1=P. J. |last2=Dufraine |first2=C. E. |last3=Ambrogi |first3=M. C. |last4=Hart |first4=S. E. |last5=Carroll |first5=C. |last6=Tilson |first6=R. |editor1-last=Tilson |editor1-first=R. |editor2-last=Nyhus |editor2-first=P. J. |title=Tigers of the world: The science, politics, and conservation of Panthera tigris |publisher=Academic Press |location=Burlington, Massachusetts |year=2010 |pages=132–135 |contribution=Human–tiger conflict over time |isbn=978-0-8155-1570-8 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFIbjBEQolMC&pg=PA132}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Auerbach|first1=Paul|title=Wilderness Medicine E-Book|date=31 October 2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455733569|page=1114|edition=Expert Consult Premium Edition – Enhanced Online Features|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdTInPqMCjMC&q=tigers+killed+1+million+people&pg=PA1114|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>
+'''Tiger attacks''' are a form of [[human–wildlife conflict]] which have killed more humans than attacks by any of the other [[big cat]]s, with the majority of these attacks occurring in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Nepal]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Tilson&Nyhus2010">{{cite book |last1=Nyhus |first1=P. J. |last2=Dufraine |first2=C. E. |last3=Ambrogi |first3=M. C. |last4=Hart |first4=S. E. |last5=Carroll |first5=C. |last6=Tilson |first6=R. |editor1-last=Tilson |editor1-first=R. |editor2-last=Nyhus |editor2-first=P. J. |title=Tigers of the world: The science, politics, and conservation of Panthera tigris |publisher=Academic Press |location=Burlington, Massachusetts |year=2010 |pages=132–135 |contribution=Human–tiger conflict over time |isbn=978-0-8155-1570-8 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFIbjBEQolMC&pg=PA132}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Auerbach|first1=Paul|title=Wilderness Medicine E-Book|date=31 October 2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455733569|page=1114|edition=Expert Consult Premium Edition – Enhanced Online Features|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdTInPqMCjMC&q=tigers+killed+1+million+people&pg=PA1114|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>
 ==Reasons for attacking==
 [[File: Siberian Tiger Sign.JPG|thumb|"Caution Tigers Nearby" Sign in Russian]]
-If a human comes too close and surprises a sleeping tiger, a feeding tiger, or a tigress with her cubs, the tiger will attack and injure or kill a human. Tigers also attack humans in a case of "mistaken identity" (for example, if a human is crouching while collecting firewood, or cutting grass) and sometimes when a tourist gets too close. Some also recommend not riding a bicycle, or running in a region where tigers live, in order to not provoke their chase. Peter Byrne wrote about an Indian postman who was working on foot for many years without any problems with resident tigers, but was chased by a tiger soon after he started riding a bicycle for his work.<ref>Byrne, Peter. (2002) Shikari Sahib. Pilgrims Publishing. Pg. 291&ndash;292</ref> While on average there are approximately 85 or fewer people killed and injured by tigers each year, India has seen sharper increases in tiger attacks, as was the case in 2014 and 2015 due to urban expansion into the tiger's natural habitat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/aug/01/over-1000-people-killed-india-humans-wildlife-territories-meet|title=More than 1,000 people killed in India as human and wildlife habitats collide|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=August 2017}}</ref> Many human fatalities and injuries are due to incidents at zoos, or to the man-eating tigers in India.
+Like most other predators, tigers tend to attack humans only while hunting or when they feel threatened. If a human comes too close and surprises a sleeping or feeding tiger, or a tigress with her cubs, the tiger is prone to respond with aggression. Tigers have also been known to attack humans in cases of "mistaken identity" (for example, if a human is crouching while collecting firewood, or cutting grass) and sometimes when a tourist gets too close. Some also recommend not riding a bicycle, or running in a region where tigers live, so as not to provoke their instinct to chase. Peter Byrne wrote about an Indian postman who was working on foot for many years without any problems with resident tigers, but was chased by a tiger soon after he started riding a bicycle for his work.<ref>Byrne, Peter. (2002) Shikari Sahib. Pilgrims Publishing. pp. 291-92</ref>
-In some cases, tigers will change their natural diet to become [[man-eater]]s. This is usually due to a tiger being incapacitated by a gunshot wound or [[porcupine]] quills, or some other factors, such as health issues and disabilities. In such cases, the animal's inability to take traditional prey forces it to stalk humans, which are less appetizing, but much easier to chase, overpower and kill; this was the case with the [[Champawat tigress|man-eating tigress of Champawat]], which was believed to have begun eating villagers at least partially in response to crippling tooth injuries.<ref name=me /> As tigers in Asia often live in close proximity to humans, tigers have killed more people than any other big cat. Between 1876 and 1912, tigers killed 33,247 people in [[British India]].<ref>Compiled from official British records available at the [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/statistics/ Digital South Asia Library] (University of Chicago and the Center for Research Libraries).<br />'''1.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=Statistics_1867&object=133 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1867–68 to 1876–77'', (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): p. 132, 1878, retrieved 30 March 2013.<br />
+While in modern times there are on average fewer than 85 people killed and injured by tigers worldwide each year, India has seen sharp increases in absolute numbers of tiger attacks in recent years, as was the case in 2014 and 2015, as a result of human population growth and the expansion of human settlements into the tiger's natural habitat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/aug/01/over-1000-people-killed-india-humans-wildlife-territories-meet|title=More than 1,000 people killed in India as human and wildlife habitats collide|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=August 2017}}</ref> Many human fatalities and injuries are due to incidents at zoos, or to the man-eating tigers in certain parts of South Asia.
+In some cases, tigers will change their natural diet to become [[Man-eating animal|man-eater]]s. This is usually due to a tiger being incapacitated by a gunshot wound or [[porcupine]] quills, or some other factors, such as health issues and disabilities. In such cases, the animal's inability to hunt traditional prey forces it to stalk humans, which are less appetizing but generally much easier to chase, overpower, and kill. This was the case with the [[Champawat tigress|man-eating tigress of Champawat]], which was believed to have begun eating villagers at least partially in response to crippling tooth injuries.<ref name=me /> As tigers in Asia often live in close proximity to humans, tigers have killed more people than any other big cat species. Between 1876 and 1912, tigers killed 33,247 people in [[British India]].<ref>Compiled from official British records available at the [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/statistics/ Digital South Asia Library] (University of Chicago and the Center for Research Libraries).<br />'''1.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=Statistics_1867&object=133 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1867–68 to 1876–77'', (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 132, 1878, retrieved 30 March 2013.<br />
-'''2.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=Statistics_1876&object=241 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1876–77 to 1885–86'', (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): p. 240, 1887, retrieved 30 March 2013.<br />
+'''2.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=Statistics_1876&object=241 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1876–77 to 1885–86'', (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 240, 1887, retrieved 30 March 2013.<br />
-'''3.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=Statistics_1885&object=274 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1885–86 to 1894–95'', (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): p. 268, 1896, retrieved 30 March 2013.<br />
+'''3.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=Statistics_1885&object=274 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1885–86 to 1894–95'', (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 268, 1896, retrieved 30 March 2013.<br />
-'''4.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=statistical_1894&object=248 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild animals and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1894–95 to 1903–04'', (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): p. 238, 1905, retrieved 30 March 2013.<br />
+'''4.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=statistical_1894&object=248 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild animals and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1894–95 to 1903–04'', (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 238, 1905, retrieved 30 March 2013.<br />
 '''5.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=statistical_1903&object=250 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild animals and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1903–04 to 1912–13'', (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office): p. 240, 1915, retrieved 30 March 2013.</ref>
-Man-eaters have been a recurrent problem in India, especially in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] and the [[Sundarbans]] mangrove swamps of [[Bengal]]. There, some healthy tigers have been known to hunt humans. However, there have been mentions of man eaters in old Indian literature so it appears that after British occupied India and built roads in to forests and brought the tradition of 'shikaar', man eaters became a nightmare come alive. Even though tigers usually avoid [[elephants]], they have been known to jump on an elephant's back and severely injure the [[mahout]] riding on the elephant's back. Kesri Singh mentioned a case when a fatally wounded tiger attacked and killed the hunter who wounded it while the hunter was on the back of an elephant. Most man-eating tigers are eventually captured, shot or poisoned.<ref>Singh, Kesri. (1959) The tiger of Rajasthan. Hale</ref>
+Man-eating tigers have been a recurrent problem in India, especially in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] and the [[Sundarbans]] mangrove swamps of [[Bengal]]. There, even otherwise healthy tigers have been known to hunt humans. However, there have also been mentions of man-eaters in old Indian literature, so it appears that after the British occupied India, built roads into forests and brought the tradition of [[Shikar (hunting)|''shikar'']], man-eaters became a much bigger problem. Even though tigers usually avoid [[elephants]], they have been known to jump on an elephant's back and severely injure the [[mahout]] riding on the elephant's back. Kesri Singh mentioned a case when a fatally wounded tiger attacked and killed the hunter who wounded it while the hunter was on the back of an elephant. Most man-eating tigers are eventually captured, shot or poisoned.<ref>Singh, Kesri. (1959) The tiger of Rajasthan. Hale</ref>
+According to various sources, cases of man-eating tigers in the Russian Far East were always rare or not recorded at all over long periods.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abramov |first=V.K. |date=1962 |title=Contribution to the Biology of the Amur Tiger Panthera tigris longipilis Fitzinger, 1868. [Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae, Volume 26, N° 2.] pp. 189-202 |url=https://domainofthebears.proboards.com/thread/1788/amur-tiger-1925-1980}}</ref>
 During war, tigers may acquire a taste for human flesh from the consumption of corpses which have lain unburied, and go on to attack soldiers; this happened during the [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] and [[World War II|Second World]] Wars.<ref name=me/> Tigers will stalk groups of people bending down while working in a field or cutting grass, but will lose interest as soon as the people stand upright.  Consequently, it has been hypothesized that some attacks are a simple case of mistaken identity.<ref name=me/>
@@ Line 32: / Line 38: @@
 ==Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans==
 {{Main|Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans}}
-The Bengal tigers of the [[Sundarbans]] (translation: 'beautiful forest'), bordering India and Bangladesh, used to regularly kill fifty or sixty people a year. This was strange given that the tigers were usually in prime condition and had adequate prey available. Approximately 100 tigers live in this region,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/27/only-100-tigers-left-in-bangladeshs-famed-sundarbans-forest |title=Only 100 tigers left in Bangladesh's famed Sundarbans forest &#124; Environment |work=The Guardian|date=27 July 2015 |access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref> possibly the largest single population anywhere in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.journeymart.com/Dexplorer/AsiaIS/India/india_addon/wildlife/sunderbans.asp |title=sunderbans tiger reserve, sunderbans wildlife,sunderbans national park |publisher=Journeymart.com |access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref> The kill rate has dropped significantly due to better management techniques and now only about three people lose their lives each year {{citation needed|date=November 2019}}. Despite the notoriety associated with this area, humans are only a supplement to the tigers' diet; they do not provide a primary food source.<ref name=me/>
+The Bengal tigers of the [[Sundarbans]], bordering India and Bangladesh, used to regularly kill fifty or sixty people a year. This was strange given that the tigers were usually in prime condition and had adequate prey available. Approximately 100 tigers live in this region,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/27/only-100-tigers-left-in-bangladeshs-famed-sundarbans-forest |title=Only 100 tigers left in Bangladesh's famed Sundarbans forest &#124; Environment |work=The Guardian|date=27 July 2015 |access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref> possibly the largest single population anywhere in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.journeymart.com/Dexplorer/AsiaIS/India/india_addon/wildlife/sunderbans.asp |title=sunderbans tiger reserve, sunderbans wildlife,sunderbans national park |publisher=Journeymart.com |access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref> The kill rate has dropped significantly due to better management techniques and now only about three people lose their lives each year {{citation needed|date=November 2019}}. Despite the notoriety associated with this area, humans are only a supplement to the tigers' diet; they do not provide a primary food source.<ref name=me/>
 ==Tigers and locations known for attacks==
 ===The Champawat Tiger===
-The [[Champawat Tiger]] was a man-eating tigress which purportedly killed some 200 men and women before being driven out of [[Nepal]]. She moved to [[Champawat district]] in the state of [[Uttarakhand]] in [[North India]], and continued to kill, bringing her total human kills up to 436. She was finally tracked down and killed in 1907.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.betabunny.com/predators/predators_beasts.htm |title=Predators: Beasts |publisher=Betabunny.com |access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref> She was known to enter villages, even during daylight, roaring and causing people to flee in panic to their huts.<ref name=lion>{{Cite web |url=http://en.allexperts.com/q/Interspecies-Conflict-3754/Lion-vs-Tiger-16.htm |title=Interspecies Conflict: Lion vs Tiger |access-date=22 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503113535/http://en.allexperts.com/q/Interspecies-Conflict-3754/Lion-vs-Tiger-16.htm |archive-date=3 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+The Champawat Tiger was a man-eating tigress which purportedly killed some 200 men and women before being driven out of [[Nepal]]. She moved to [[Champawat district]] in the state of [[Uttarakhand]] in [[North India]], and continued to kill, bringing her total human kills up to 436. She was finally tracked down and killed in 1907.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.betabunny.com/predators/predators_beasts.htm |title=Predators: Beasts |publisher=Betabunny.com |access-date=2018-07-24 |archive-date=25 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225100352/http://www.betabunny.com/predators/predators_beasts.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was known to enter villages, even during daylight, roaring and causing people to flee in panic to their huts.
-The Champawat Tiger was found and killed by [[Jim Corbett]] after he followed the trail of blood the tigress left behind after killing her last victim, a 16-year-old girl.<ref name=lion/> Later examination of the tigress showed the upper and lower canine teeth on the right side of her mouth were broken, the upper one in half, the lower one right down to the bone. This permanent injury, Corbett claimed, "had prevented her from killing her natural prey, and had been the cause of her becoming a man-eater."<ref name=me/>
+The Champawat Tiger was found and killed by [[Jim Corbett]] after he followed the trail of blood the tigress left behind after killing her last victim, a 16-year-old girl. Later examination of the tigress showed the upper and lower canine teeth on the right side of her mouth were broken, the upper one in half, the lower one right down to the bone. This permanent injury, Corbett claimed, "had prevented her from killing her natural prey, and had been the cause of her becoming a man-eater."<ref name=me/>
 ===The Tiger of Segur===
 [[File:Man-eater of Segur.jpg|thumb|Body of the Tiger of Segur, killed by [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]] on the banks of the Segur River]]
-The [[Tiger of Segur]] was a young [[man-eater|man-eating]] male [[Bengal tiger]] who killed five people in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[South India]]. Though originating in the District of [[Malabar District]] and [[Wayanad District]] below the south-western face of the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Blue Mountains]], the tiger later shifted its hunting grounds to [[Gudalur (Nilgiris district)|Gudalur]] and between the [[Sigur Plateau]] and [[Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History|Anaikatty]] in [[Coimbatore district]]. It was killed by [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]] on the banks of the Segur River, {{circa|1954}}. Anderson later wrote that the tiger had a disability preventing it from hunting its natural prey.<ref name="KA"/>
+The Tiger of Segur was a young [[Man-eating animal|man-eating]] male [[Bengal tiger]] who killed five people in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[South India]]. Though originating in the District of [[Malabar District]] and [[Wayanad District]] below the south-western face of the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Blue Mountains]], the tiger later shifted his hunting grounds to [[Gudalur (Nilgiris district)|Gudalur]] and between the [[Sigur Plateau]] and [[Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History|Anaikatty]] in [[Coimbatore district]]. He was killed by [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]] on the banks of the Segur River, {{circa|1954}}. Anderson later wrote that the tiger had a disability preventing him from hunting its natural prey.<ref name="KA"/>
 ===Tigers of Chowgarh===
-The [[Tigers of Chowgarh]] were a pair of man-eating Bengal tigers, consisting of an old tigress and her sub-adult cub, which for over a five-year period killed a reported 64 people in eastern [[Kumaon Division]] of [[Uttarakhand]] in [[Northern India]] over an area spanning {{convert|1500|sqmi|km2}}. The figures however are uncertain, as the natives of the areas the tigers frequented claimed double that number, and they do not take into account victims who survived direct attacks but died subsequently. Both tigers were killed by Jim Corbett.
+The Tigers of Chowgarh were a pair of man-eating Bengal tigers, consisting of an old tigress and her sub-adult cub, which for over a five-year period killed a reported 64 people in eastern [[Kumaon Division]] of [[Uttarakhand]] in [[Northern India]] over an area spanning {{convert|1500|sqmi|km2}}. The figures however are uncertain, as the natives of the areas the tigers frequented claimed double that number, and they do not take into account victims who survived direct attacks but died subsequently. Both tigers were killed by Jim Corbett.<ref>{{Cite book|title="The Chowgargh Tigers", from ''The Maneaters of Kumaon'' in ''The Jim Corbett Omnibus'' |author=Jim Corbett |publisher=OUP India |date=1991}}</ref>
 ===Thak man-eater===
-The [[Thak man-eater]] was a tigress from Eastern [[Kumaon division]], who killed only four human victims, but was the last hunt of the hunter, conservationist and author [[Jim Corbett]]. Corbett called her up and killed her during late twilight, after he lost all other means to track her down. Postmortem revealed that this tigress had two old gunshot wounds, one of which had become septic. This, according to Corbett, forced her to turn from a normal predator hunting natural prey to a man-eater.
+The Thak man-eater was a tigress from Eastern [[Kumaon division]], who killed four human victims, but was the last hunt of the hunter, conservationist and author [[Jim Corbett]]. Corbett called her up and killed her during late twilight, after he lost all other means to track her down. Postmortem revealed that this tigress had two old gunshot wounds, one of which had become septic. This, according to Corbett, forced her to turn from a normal predator hunting natural prey to a man-eater.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
 ===Tiger of Mundachipallam===
-The [[Tiger of Mundachipallam]] was a male Bengal tiger, which in the 1950s killed seven people in the vicinity of the village of Pennagram, four miles (6&nbsp;km) from the [[Hogenakkal Falls]] in [[Dharmapuri district]] of Tamil Nadu. Unlike the Segur man-eater, the Mundachipallam tiger had no known infirmities preventing it from hunting its natural prey. Its first three victims were killed in unprovoked attacks, while the subsequent victims were devoured. The Mundachipallam tiger was later killed by [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]].
+The Tiger of Mundachipallam was a male Bengal tiger, which in the 1950s killed seven people in the vicinity of the village of Pennagram, four miles (6&nbsp;km) from the [[Hogenakkal Falls]] in [[Dharmapuri district]] of Tamil Nadu. Unlike the Segur man-eater, the Mundachipallam tiger had no known infirmities preventing him from hunting his natural prey. His first three victims were killed in unprovoked attacks, while the subsequent victims were devoured. The Mundachipallam tiger was later killed by [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
 ===Man-eater of Bhimashankar===
+A story was discovered by [[Pune]]-based author Sureshchandra Warghade when he ran into an old villager in the [[Bhimashankar]] forest which lies near Pune. The villager explained to the author how a man-eating tiger terrorized the entire Bhimashakar area during a span of two years in the 1940s. He was a police constable in that area and he had been responsible for dealing with the formalities surrounding the deaths (missing person reports and death certificates) and other jobs such as helping the hunting parties. During this time the tiger supposedly killed more than 100 people, but it was apparently very careful to avoid discovery; only 2 bodies were ever found. Several hunting parties were organized, but the only one to succeed was an [[Ambegaon]]-based hunter named Ismail. During his first attempt, Ismail had a direct confrontation with the tiger and was almost killed. He later called [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]]. They returned and killed the tiger. The tiger predominantly killed the villagers who slept outside the huts.
-A story was discovered by [[Pune]]-based author Sureshchandra Warghade when he ran into an old villager in the [[Bhimashankar]] forest which lies near Pune. The villager explained to the author how a man-eating tiger terrorized the entire Bhimashakar area during a span of two years in the 1940s. He was a police constable in that area and he had been responsible for dealing with the formalities surrounding the deaths (missing person reports and death certificates) and other jobs such as helping the hunting parties. During this time the tiger supposedly killed more than 100 people, but it was apparently very careful to avoid discovery; only 2 bodies were ever found. Several hunting parties were organized, but the only one to succeed was an [[Ambegaon]]-based hunter named Ismail. During his first attempt, Ismail had a direct confrontation with the tiger and was almost killed. He later called [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]]. They returned and mercylessly killed the poor tiger. The tiger predominately killed the villagers who slept outside the huts.
 The authenticity of the story told by the villager was confirmed when Warghade examined official reports, including a certificate given by the British authorities for killing the man-eating tiger.<ref>Bhimanshankarcha Narbhakshak (Maneater of Bhimashankar) – A [[Marathi language|Marathi]] book by Author Sureshchandra Warghade</ref>
 ===Tara of the Dudhwa National Park===
+While the Sundarbans are particularly well known for tiger attacks, [[Dudhwa National Park]] also had several man-eaters in the late 1970s, with 32 people killed over a period of four years in the Kheri region of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The first death was on 2 March 1978 when a Forest Corporation of Satiana employee, identified in the press as Akbar, was attacked while taking a bathroom break.<ref name=Age032782>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-age-killer-tigers-kill-90-in-india-o/148052204/ "Tiger terror returns to India's hills"], by Brian Jackman, ''The Age'' (Melbourne), March 27, 1982, p.2-5</ref> A death from a tiger attack had not been recorded in India since 1962,<ref name=Age032782/> but authorities concluded that three different tigers (at Satiana, Goia and Sarada) had attacked people in the state. Other deaths followed on 15 March, 3 April and 27 April. The Satiana tiger was shot and killed on 14 August 1978 by a wildlife warden.<ref name=Age032782/> A tigress who had killed 13 people in Goia was killed on 28 May 1979, but as of 1982, the third tiger at Sarada was still at large <ref name=Age032782/> and 90 people had been killed since the 1978 attack.<ref>"Tigers take 90 lives", ''Edmonton Journal'', March 10, 1982, p.C1</ref>
-While the Sundarbans are particularly well known for tiger attacks, [[Dudhwa National Park]] also had several man-eaters in the late 1970s. The first death was on 2 March 1978, closely followed by 3 further kills.
 The population demanded action from authorities. The locals wanted the man-eater shot or poisoned. The killings continued, each one making headlines.  Officials soon started to believe that the likely culprit was a tigress called Tara. Conservationist [[Billy Arjan Singh]] had taken the British-born cat from Twycross Zoo and raised her in India, with the goal of releasing her back into the wild. His experiments had also been carried out on leopards with some success.
@@ Line 76: / Line 81: @@
 ===Tigress of Moradabad===
-In February 2014, reports emerged that a tigress had killed 7 people near the [[Jim Corbett National Park]]. The tigress was later called the man-eater of Moradabad, because it was hunting in the [[Bijnor]] and [[Moradabad]] region. The tigress could not be traced by about 50 [[camera trap]]s and an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]].<ref name=SpyDrone>{{cite news|title=Spy drones couldn't catch Bijnor's maneater tigress|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bijnor-tigress-bijnor-maneater-man-eating-tigress-uttar-pradesh-governments-uttarakhand-governments-uav/1/346836.html|access-date=27 January 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=Deadliest.>{{cite news|title=Hunting for India's deadliest man-eating tiger|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26334587|access-date=27 January 2015|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=26 February 2014}}</ref> In August 2014, it was reported that tigress had stopped killing humans. Its last victim was killed in February, with a total of 7 victims. The animal remained untraced.<ref name=Menu>{{cite news|title=For Moradabad man-eater, is man off the menu?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/For-Moradabad-man-eater-is-man-off-the-menu/articleshow/40321022.cms|access-date=27 January 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 August 2014}}</ref>
+In February 2014, reports emerged that a tigress had killed 7 people near the [[Jim Corbett National Park]]. The tigress was later called the man-eater of Moradabad, because she was hunting in the [[Bijnor]] and [[Moradabad]] region. The tigress could not be traced by about 50 [[camera trap]]s and an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]].<ref name=SpyDrone>{{cite news|title=Spy drones couldn't catch Bijnor's maneater tigress|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bijnor-tigress-bijnor-maneater-man-eating-tigress-uttar-pradesh-governments-uttarakhand-governments-uav/1/346836.html|access-date=27 January 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=Deadliest.>{{cite news|title=Hunting for India's deadliest man-eating tiger|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26334587|access-date=27 January 2015|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=26 February 2014}}</ref> In August 2014, it was reported that the tigress had stopped killing humans. Her last victim was killed in February, with a total of 7 victims. The animal remained untraced.<ref name=Menu>{{cite news|title=For Moradabad man-eater, is man off the menu?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/For-Moradabad-man-eater-is-man-off-the-menu/articleshow/40321022.cms|access-date=27 January 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 August 2014}}</ref>
 === Tigress of Yavatmal ===
-Between 2016 and 2018, a tigress known as T-1 was said to have killed 13 people in Yavatmal district, in the western Indian state of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pinjarkar |first1=Vijay |title=In Yavatmal, 9-month-long hunt for killer tigress may be about to end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/in-yavatmal-9-month-long-hunt-for-killer-tigress-may-be-about-to-end/articleshow/66036053.cms |website=The Times of India|access-date=12 November 2018 |date=2 October 2018}}</ref> The tigress was shot dead after a major hunt in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title='Man-eater' tigress Avni shot dead at Yavatmal in Maharashtra |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/miscellaneous/man-eater-tigress-avni-shot-dead-at-yavatmal-in-maharashtra/tigress-avni-or-t1-no-more/slideshow/66486064.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=12 November 2018 |date=3 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/changing-the-stripes-of-conservation/article26412019.ece|title=Changing the stripes of conservation|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=2019-03-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The tiger was killed in self-defence, after charging those attempting to tranquillise her.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Kumar | first1=Hari | last2=Gettleman | first2=Jeffrey | date=3 November 2018 | title=Man-Eating Tiger Is Shot Dead in India | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/03/world/asia/india-tiger-dead.html | work=The New York Times | location=New Delhi | access-date=22 November 2018 }}</ref>
+Between 2016 and 2018, a tigress known as T-1 was said to have killed 13 people in Yavatmal district, in the western Indian state of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pinjarkar |first1=Vijay |title=In Yavatmal, 9-month-long hunt for killer tigress may be about to end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/in-yavatmal-9-month-long-hunt-for-killer-tigress-may-be-about-to-end/articleshow/66036053.cms |website=The Times of India|access-date=12 November 2018 |date=2 October 2018}}</ref> The tigress was shot dead after a major hunt in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title='Man-eater' tigress Avni shot dead at Yavatmal in Maharashtra |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/miscellaneous/man-eater-tigress-avni-shot-dead-at-yavatmal-in-maharashtra/tigress-avni-or-t1-no-more/slideshow/66486064.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=12 November 2018 |date=3 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/changing-the-stripes-of-conservation/article26412019.ece|title=Changing the stripes of conservation|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=2019-03-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The tigress was killed in self-defence, after charging those attempting to tranquillise her.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Kumar | first1=Hari | last2=Gettleman | first2=Jeffrey | date=3 November 2018 | title=Man-Eating Tiger Is Shot Dead in India | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/03/world/asia/india-tiger-dead.html | work=The New York Times | location=New Delhi | access-date=22 November 2018 }}</ref>
-The hunt for the tigress included more than 100 camera traps, bait in the form of horses and goats tied to trees, round-the-clock surveillance from treetop platforms and armed patrols. Drones and a hang glider were also used to try and locate T-1.<ref>{{cite web |title='Man-eater' tigress Avni killed in Yavatmal after 3-month chase that included drones, hand-gliders, sniffer dogs, elephants |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/man-eater-tigress-avni-killed-in-maharashtras-yavatmal-after-nearly-three-month-chase-that-included-drones-trackers-elephants-5496751.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=12 November 2018 |date=3 November 2018}}</ref> Wildlife officials also brought in bottles of the perfume ''Obsession for Men'' by [[Calvin Klein]], which contains a pheromone called civetone, after an experiment in the US suggested that it could be used to attract jaguars.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Calvin Klein's Obsession Could Be The Trick To Catching A Tiger |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/10/14/657238908/calvin-kleins-obsession-could-be-the-trick-to-catching-a-tiger |website=NPR |date=14 October 2018 |access-date=18 October 2018 }}</ref>
+The hunt for the tigress included more than 100 camera traps, bait in the form of horses and goats tied to trees, round-the-clock surveillance from treetop platforms and armed patrols. Drones and a hang glider were also used to try and locate T-1.<ref>{{cite web |title='Man-eater' tigress Avni killed in Yavatmal after 3-month chase that included drones, hand-gliders, sniffer dogs, elephants |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/man-eater-tigress-avni-killed-in-maharashtras-yavatmal-after-nearly-three-month-chase-that-included-drones-trackers-elephants-5496751.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=12 November 2018 |date=3 November 2018}}</ref> Wildlife officials also brought in bottles of the perfume ''Obsession for Men'' by [[Calvin Klein]], which contains a pheromone called [[civetone]], after an experiment in the US suggested that it could be used to attract [[jaguar]]s.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Calvin Klein's Obsession Could Be The Trick To Catching A Tiger |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/10/14/657238908/calvin-kleins-obsession-could-be-the-trick-to-catching-a-tiger |website=NPR |date=14 October 2018 |access-date=18 October 2018 }}</ref>
 ===Tigers of Bardia National Park, Nepal===
+In 2021, the four tigers killed ten people and injured several others in [[Bardia National Park]] of Nepal. Three of the tigers were captured and transferred to rescue centers. One of the tigers escaped from its cage and is yet to be captured.<ref name="ntnc01">{{Cite web| title = Man-eating tigers in Bardia taken under control (updated on 07 April 2021)| accessdate = 2021-10-20| url = https://ntnc.org.np/news/man-eating-tigers-bardia-taken-under-control-updated-07-april-2021}}</ref><ref name="xin01">{{Cite web| title = Man-eating tiger sent to Nepal zoo – Xinhua – English.news.cn| accessdate = 2021-10-20| url = http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-04/25/c_139905441.htm}}</ref>
-{{main|Gaver Tigers}}
-In 2021, the four tigers killed ten people and injured several others in [[Bardia National Park]] of Nepal. Three of tigers were captured and transferred to rescue centers. One of the tigers escaped from its cage and is yet to be captured.<ref name="ntnc01">{{Cite web| title = Man-eating tigers in Bardia taken under control (updated on 07 April 2021)| accessdate = 2021-10-20| url = https://ntnc.org.np/news/man-eating-tigers-bardia-taken-under-control-updated-07-april-2021}}</ref><ref name="xin01">{{Cite web| title = Man-eating tiger sent to Nepal zoo – Xinhua – English.news.cn| accessdate = 2021-10-20| url = http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-04/25/c_139905441.htm}}</ref>
-The tigers were identified and captured from Gaidamachan on 4 April, from Khata on 18 March and from Geruwa on 17 March. The tigers were found with broken canine teeth, possibly due to fighting between two males.<ref name="ntnc01"/> After the capture, one of the tiger escaped from the iron cage and went back to the forest in [[Banke district]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = Man-eating tiger breaks iron cage, flees week after capture| work = efe.com| accessdate = 2021-10-20| url = https://www.efe.com/efe/english/portada/man-eating-tiger-breaks-iron-cage-flees-week-after-capture/50000260-4495791}}</ref> Two were housed at the rescue facility in Bardia National Park in Thakurdwara and Rambapur.<ref name="ntnc01"/> One was transferred to the [[Central Zoo]] in Jawalakhel, Kathmandu.<ref name="xin01"/><ref>{{Cite web| title = Nepal: Man-eater Tiger moved into Central Zoo from National Park – International – Times of India Videos| work = The Times of India| accessdate = 2021-10-20| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/international/nepal-man-eater-tiger-moved-into-central-zoo-from-national-park/videoshow/81956290.cms}}</ref>
+The tigers were identified and captured from Gaidamachan on 4 April, from Khata on 18 March and from Geruwa on 17 March. The tigers were found with broken canine teeth, possibly due to fighting between two males.<ref name="ntnc01"/> After the capture, one of the tigers escaped from the iron cage and went back to the forest in [[Banke district]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = Man-eating tiger breaks iron cage, flees week after capture| work = efe.com| accessdate = 2021-10-20| url = https://www.efe.com/efe/english/portada/man-eating-tiger-breaks-iron-cage-flees-week-after-capture/50000260-4495791}}</ref> Two were housed at the rescue facility in Bardia National Park in Thakurdwara and Rambapur.<ref name="ntnc01"/> One was transferred to the [[Central Zoo]] in Jawalakhel, Kathmandu.<ref name="xin01"/><ref>{{Cite web| title = Nepal: Man-eater Tiger moved into Central Zoo from National Park – International – Times of India Videos| work = The Times of India| accessdate = 2021-10-20| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/international/nepal-man-eater-tiger-moved-into-central-zoo-from-national-park/videoshow/81956290.cms}}</ref>
 ==Measures to prevent tiger attacks==
-Various measures were taken to prevent and reduce the number of tiger attacks with limited success. For example, since tigers almost always attack from the rear, masks with human faces were worn on the back of the head by the villagers in 1986 in the Sundarbans, on the theory that tigers usually do not attack if seen by their prey. This had temporarily decreased the number of attacks, but only for a short while before the tigers figured out it was not the front of the human being so the villagers no longer wore them for protection. All other means to prevent tiger attacks, such as providing the tigers with more prey by releasing captive bred pigs to the reserve's buffer zones, or placing electrified human dummies to teach tigers to associate attacking people with electric shock, did not work as well and tiger attacks continue. Many measures were thus discontinued due to lack of success.<ref>{{cite book|author=Montgomery, Sy|year=2009|title=Spell of the Tiger: The Man-Eaters of Sundarbans|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spelloftigermane00mont/page/37 37–38]|isbn=978-0395641699|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/spelloftigermane00mont/page/37}}</ref>
+Various measures were taken to prevent and reduce the number of tiger attacks with limited success. For example, since tigers almost always attack from the rear, masks with human faces were worn on the back of the head by the villagers in 1986 in the Sundarbans, on the theory that tigers usually do not attack if seen by their prey. Apparently, this did in fact decrease the number of attacks for a short while. Mask-wearing fell out of use after a short time, as the local tiger population reportedly became aware of the technique. Other means to prevent tiger attacks, such as providing the tigers with more prey by releasing captive bred pigs to the reserve's buffer zones, or placing electrified human dummies to teach tigers to associate attacking people with electric shock, did not work as well and tiger attacks continue. Many measures were thus discontinued due to lack of success.<ref>{{cite book|author=Montgomery, Sy|year=2009|title=Spell of the Tiger: The Man-Eaters of Sundarbans|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spelloftigermane00mont/page/37 37–38]|isbn=978-0395641699|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/spelloftigermane00mont/page/37}}</ref>
 ==In captivity==
@@ Line 98: / Line 101: @@
 {{see also|San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks}}
 Tiger attacks have also happened in zoos and as exotic pets. Attacks by captive tigers are not that rare. Between 1998 and 2001 there were seven fatal tiger attacks in the United States and at least 20 more attacks that required emergency medical care.
-*In 1985, a pair of Siberian tigers at the Bronx Zoo attacked and killed one of their keepers in an enclosure that was<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/30/nyregion/2-siberian-tigers-at-bronx-zoo-kill-a-keeper-24.html | title=2 Siberian tigers at Bronx Zoo kill a keeper, 24 | newspaper=The New York Times | first=Jane | last=Gross | date=30 July 1985 | access-date=18 June 2021 }}</ref> part of the Wild Asia exhibit.
+*In 1985, a pair of Siberian tigers at the [[Bronx Zoo]] attacked and killed one of their keepers in an enclosure that was part of the Wild Asia exhibit.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/30/nyregion/2-siberian-tigers-at-bronx-zoo-kill-a-keeper-24.html | title=2 Siberian tigers at Bronx Zoo kill a keeper, 24 | newspaper=The New York Times | first=Jane | last=Gross | date=30 July 1985 | access-date=18 June 2021 }}</ref>
-* In 2003, trainer and performer [[Roy Horn]] was [[Roy Horn#2003 tiger incident|attacked by a Siberian white tiger]] during a live stage performance, disabling Horn and prompting the permanent closure of the show.
+*In 2003, trainer and performer [[Roy Horn]] was [[Roy Horn#2003 tiger incident|attacked by a Siberian white tiger]] during a live stage performance, disabling Horn and prompting the permanent closure of the show.
-*In the first incident at the [[San Francisco Zoo]], in 2006, a zookeeper was bitten on the arm during a public feeding. In the second incident in 2007, one person was killed and two others were injured before police officers intervened, shooting and killing Tatiana.
-*In 2007, a 32-year-old Canadian woman was killed when she was outside the cage petting a tiger, it apparently grabbed her leg and mauled her; causing her to bleed to death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/woman-mauled-to-death-by-tiger-in-b-c-interior-1.635094|title=Woman mauled to death by tiger in B.C. Interior}}</ref>
 *In 2005, a 17-year-old girl was killed by a captive Siberian tiger at the Lost Creek Animal Sanctuary in Kansas, while taking her high school graduation photo with the animal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bigcatrescue.org/license-revoked-for-kansas-facility-where-tiger-killed-teen/|title=License revoked for Kansas facility where tiger killed teen|date=17 November 2006}}</ref>
+*In 2006, Cynthia Lee Gamble was killed by one of her tigers, Tango.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caged tiger kills owner in Minnesota |url=https://www.newstimes.com/news/article/caged-tiger-kills-owner-in-minnesota-99421.php |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The Danbury News-Times |language=en}}</ref>
-*In 2009, at the [[Calgary Zoo]], Vitali, a male Siberian tiger, injured a man trespassing in his enclosure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/trespassing-charges-in-calgary-zoo-tiger-attack-1.791080|title=Trespassing charges in Calgary Zoo tiger attack}}</ref> A handler was also killed by a white tiger in [[Kamo Wildlife Sanctuary|Zion Lion Park]].<ref name="vice.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/gqmd37/this-wasnt-nearly-the-first-time-a-tiger-has-killed-a-zoo-keeper|title = Tigers Kill People a Lot More Often Than You Think}}</ref>
+*In 2006, a zookeeper at the [[San Francisco Zoo]]  was bitten on the arm by a tiger during a public feeding. In 2007, the same tiger killed one person and injured two others.  Police officers intervened, shooting and killing the tiger.
-*On 31 July 2012, Kushalappa Gowda (36), a zookeeper at [[Pilikula Nisargadhama]] in [[Mangalore]], was killed by an ailing Tiger named Raja after he entered the squeezer cage in spite of warnings.<ref>{{cite web| title=Pilikula mourns as 'Raja' kills caretaker|date=August 2012|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/268592/pilikula-mourns-raja-kills-caretaker.html}}</ref> Tiger died of heart attack in May 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tiger, which killed its caretaker at Pilikula two years ago, dies|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 May 2015|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/tiger-which-killed-its-caretaker-at-pilikula-two-years-ago-dies/article7237465.ece|last1=Kamila|first1=Raviprasad}}</ref>
+*In 2007, a 32-year-old Canadian woman was killed when her pet Siberian tiger grabbed her leg through the cage and mauled her, causing her to bleed to death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2007 |title=Woman mauled to death by tiger in B.C. Interior |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/woman-mauled-to-death-by-tiger-in-b-c-interior-1.635094 |website = [[CBC News]]}}</ref>
-*in July 2014, an 11-year-old boy was attacked by a tiger in a zoo from Paraná, Brazil. His arm was amputated as a result from his injuries.
+*In 2009, at the [[Calgary Zoo]], Vitali, a male Siberian tiger, injured a man trespassing in his enclosure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/trespassing-charges-in-calgary-zoo-tiger-attack-1.791080|title=Trespassing charges in Calgary Zoo tiger attack|website = [[CBC News]]}}</ref> A handler was also killed by a white tiger in [[Kamo Wildlife Sanctuary|Zion Lion Park]].<ref name="vice.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/gqmd37/this-wasnt-nearly-the-first-time-a-tiger-has-killed-a-zoo-keeper|title = Tigers Kill People a Lot More Often Than You Think| date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>
-*In 2014, at the [[Delhi]] zoo in India, a male white tiger attacked a 20-year-old mentally unstable man after he accidentally fell into its enclosure. The tiger grabbed the man by the neck and dragged him inside.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IMan Killed By White Tiger Blamed; He Was Mentally ill, Says Delhi Zoo|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/man-killed-by-white-tiger-blamed-he-was-mentally-ill-says-delhi-zoo-670328|access-date=2021-07-28|website=ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>
+*On 31 July 2012, Kushalappa Gowda (36), a zookeeper at [[Pilikula Nisargadhama]] in [[Mangalore|Mangalore, India]], was killed by an ailing tiger named Raja after he entered the squeeze cage in spite of warnings.<ref>{{cite web| title=Pilikula mourns as 'Raja' kills caretaker|date=August 2012|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/268592/pilikula-mourns-raja-kills-caretaker.html}}</ref> The tiger died of a heart attack in May 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tiger, which killed its caretaker at Pilikula two years ago, dies|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 May 2015|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/tiger-which-killed-its-caretaker-at-pilikula-two-years-ago-dies/article7237465.ece|last1=Kamila|first1=Raviprasad}}</ref>
-*In 2015, a handler was killed at [[Hamilton Zoo]] in [[Hamilton New Zealand|Hamilton, New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tigers Kill People a Lot More Often Than You Think|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/gqmd37/this-wasnt-nearly-the-first-time-a-tiger-has-killed-a-zoo-keeper|access-date=2020-11-05|website=vice.com|language=en}}</ref>
+*On 24 May 2013, Sarah McClay, a 24-year-old woman who had been working at [[South Lakes Safari Zoo]] in [[Cumbria]], [[United Kingdom]], was mauled by a tiger during public feeding time and suffered serious injuries to her head and neck. She died later the same day.
-*In 2016, a 38-year-old woman was killed by Hati, a 13-year-old male tiger in an enclosure at the [[Palm Beach Zoo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Woman killed in Palm Beach Zoo tiger attack didn't have pepper spray, FWC says|url=https://www.local10.com/news/2016/10/04/woman-killed-in-palm-beach-zoo-tiger-attack-didnt-have-pepper-spray-fwc-says/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=local10.com|date=4 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>
+*In July 2014, an 11-year-old boy was attacked by a tiger in a zoo from [[Paraná (state)|Paraná, Brazil]]. His arm was amputated as a result of his injuries.
-*In May 2017, zoo-keeper Rosa King was killed by a Malayan tiger named Cicip at [[Hamerton Zoo Park]] in Cambridgeshire, UK. A metal gate meant to separate the workers from the tiger was open when Rosa went to clean the enclosure, leaving her in the same space as the animal, where she was subsequently attacked. <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jul/10/death-zoo-keeper-rosa-king-mauled-tiger-ruled-accidental | title=Death of zoo keeper mauled by tiger ruled accidental | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] | date=10 July 2019 }}</ref>
+*In 2014, at the [[National Zoological Park Delhi]] in India, 20-year-old Maqsood Khan was killed by a white tiger after he fell into its enclosure.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Ellen |last2=Najar |first2=Nida |date=2014-09-23 |title=White Tiger Kills Visitor at Zoo in India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/world/asia/white-tiger-kills-visitor-to-new-delhi-zoo.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-23 |title=White tiger mauls visitor inside New Delhi Zoo |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-24/white-tiger-kills-boy-at-new-delhi-zoo/5764420 |access-date=2024-06-14 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU}}</ref>
-*In 2018, [[Michael B. Coleman]], former mayor of [[Columbus, Ohio]], was attacked by a 6-year-old female tiger in the [[Columbus Zoo and Aquarium]] while attending a Leadership Columbus event. He survived the attack with minor injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Columbus Mayor Michael Coleman|url=https://omny.fm/shows/dispatch-on-demand-audio/former-columbus-mayor-michael-coleman-on-protests|access-date=2021-07-22|website=omny.fm|language=en}}</ref>
+*In 2015, 43-year-old zoo curator Samantha Kudeweh died after being attacked by a Sumatran tiger at [[Hamilton Zoo]] in [[Hamilton, New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullen |first=Jethro |date=2015-09-20 |title=Tiger kills zookeeper in New Zealand |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/09/20/asia/new-zealand-hamilton-zoo-tiger-attack/index.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
-*In 2019, Patty Perry, a conservationist, was attacked at her animal sanctuary in [[Moorpark, California]] by two Tigers during a donor event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/conservationist-attacked-tigers-animal-sanctuary/story?id=67575571|title = Conservationist attacked by her own tigers at animal sanctuary|website = [[ABC News]]}}</ref>
-* In 2020, a 55-year-old female zookeeper was killed by Irina, a Siberian tiger, in an enclosure at [[Zurich Zoo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inattention blamed for fatal tiger attack at Zurich zoo|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/inattention-blamed-for-fatal-tiger-attack-at-zurich-zoo/46476832|access-date=2021-07-28|website=swissinfo.ch|language=en}}</ref>
+*In 2016, a 38-year-old woman was killed by Hati, a 13-year-old male tiger, in an enclosure at the [[Palm Beach Zoo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Woman killed in Palm Beach Zoo tiger attack didn't have pepper spray, FWC says|url=https://www.local10.com/news/2016/10/04/woman-killed-in-palm-beach-zoo-tiger-attack-didnt-have-pepper-spray-fwc-says/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=local10.com|date=4 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>
-* On 3 December 2020 a volunteer was bitten and seriously injured by a tiger named Kimba at [[Big Cat Rescue]], the Florida animal sanctuary run by Carole Baskin.<ref name="nbcnews.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/volunteer-s-arm-nearly-tore-during-tiger-attack-carole-baskin-n1249894|title = Volunteer's arm 'nearly tore' off during tiger attack at Carole Baskin's Big Cat Rescue|website = [[NBC News]]}}</ref>
+*In May 2017, zoo-keeper Rosa King was killed by a Malayan tiger named Cicip at [[Hamerton Zoo Park]] in [[Cambridgeshire]], United Kingdom. A metal gate meant to separate the workers from the tiger was open when Rosa went to clean the enclosure, leaving her in the same space as the animal, where she was subsequently attacked.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jul/10/death-zoo-keeper-rosa-king-mauled-tiger-ruled-accidental | title=Death of zoo keeper mauled by tiger ruled accidental | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=10 July 2019 }}</ref>
+*In 2019, Patty Perry, a conservationist, was attacked at her animal sanctuary in [[Moorpark, California]] by two tigers during a donor event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/conservationist-attacked-tigers-animal-sanctuary/story?id=67575571|title = Conservationist attacked by her own tigers at animal sanctuary|website = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref>
-*In June 2021 a Siberian male tiger killed a predator park employee and another tiger in [[Gqeberha]], [[South Africa]].<ref>Siberian tiger kills Seaview Predator Park employee, tiger in front of horrified staff.
+*In 2020, a 55-year-old female zookeeper was killed by Irina, a Siberian tiger, in an enclosure at [[Zurich Zoo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inattention blamed for fatal tiger attack at Zurich zoo|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/inattention-blamed-for-fatal-tiger-attack-at-zurich-zoo/46476832|access-date=2021-07-28|website=swissinfo.ch|date=24 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
-https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/siberian-tiger-kills-seaview-predator-park-employee-tiger-in-front-of-horrified-staff-20210617</ref>
-*In August 2021 a Bengal tiger killed Catalina Fernanda Torres Ibarra, a 21-year-old female zookeeper, at a safari park in [[Rancagua]], [[Chile]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/07/tiger-kills-woman-working-in-safari-park-in-chile|title = Tiger kills woman working in safari park in Chile|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 7 August 2021}}</ref>
+*On 3 December 2020 a volunteer was bitten and seriously injured by a tiger named Kimba at [[Big Cat Rescue]] animal sanctuary in Florida.<ref name="nbcnews.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/volunteer-s-arm-nearly-tore-during-tiger-attack-carole-baskin-n1249894|title = Volunteer's arm 'nearly tore' off during tiger attack at Carole Baskin's Big Cat Rescue|website = [[NBC News]]| date=3 December 2020 }}</ref>
+*On February 5 2021, two Bengal tigers escaped from Sinka Zoo in the city of [[Singkawang|Singkawang, Indonesia]], after their enclosure was damaged by a landslide caused by heavy rain. Feri Darmawan, a 47-year-old zookeeper, was killed by the two tigers. On February 6 2021, police succeeded in capturing one tiger, while the second was shot dead after a tranquilizer gun proved ineffective.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-06 |title=Indonesia tigers: Zookeeper killed after endangered animals escape |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55963355 |access-date=2024-06-14 |language=en-GB |website = [[BBC News]]}}</ref>
-* On 29 December 2021, an 8 year old Malayan tiger named Eko at Naples Zoo in South Florida was killed after a cleaning crew member breached barriers after hours and entered an unauthorized area of the tiger enclosure, resulting in the tiger biting his arm. After unsuccessful attempts to get the tiger to release the man, 26 year old River Rosenquist, a Collier County deputy shot the tiger.
+*In June 2021, a Siberian male tiger killed a Seaview Predator Park employee and another tiger in [[Gqeberha|Gqeberha, South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dayimani |first=Malibongwe |title=Siberian tiger kills Seaview Predator Park employee, tiger in front of horrified staff |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/siberian-tiger-kills-seaview-predator-park-employee-tiger-in-front-of-horrified-staff-20210617 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
+*In August 2021 a Bengal tiger killed Catalina Fernanda Torres Ibarra, a 21-year-old female zookeeper, at a safari park in [[Rancagua|Rancagua, Chile]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/07/tiger-kills-woman-working-in-safari-park-in-chile|title = Tiger kills woman working in safari park in Chile|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 7 August 2021}}</ref>
+*On 29 December 2021, an 8 year old Malayan tiger named Eko at [[Naples Zoo]] in [[Florida]] was killed after a cleaner breached barriers after hours and entered an unauthorized area of the tiger enclosure, resulting in the tiger biting his arm. After unsuccessfully attempting to free the man, a deputy shot the tiger.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-30 |title=Tiger shot and dies at Naples Zoo in Florida after biting cleaner's arm |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59826100 |access-date=2024-06-14 |language=en-GB |website = [[BBC News]]}}</ref>
 ==See also==
-* [[2015 Tbilisi flood#Animals in streets]]
+* {{section link|2015 Tbilisi flood|Animals in streets}}
 * [[Ming of Harlem]]
+* [[List of large carnivores known to prey on humans]]
+* [[Tipu's Tiger]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 135: / Line 141: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiger Attack}}
+[[Category:Tigers]]
 [[Category:Felidae attacks]]
+[[Category:Tigers in Nepal]]

v t e Animal bites and stings
Invertebrate	Arthropod Centipede Insect Ant Bed bug cimicosis Bee Flea pulicosis Mosquito Scorpion scorpionism Skin mite demodicosis Spider arachnidism Black widow spider latrodectism Recluse spider loxoscelism Millipede Bristleworm Cephalopod Coral Jellyfish Sea anemone Sea urchin
Vertebrate	Alligator Bear Beaver Cougar Coyote Crocodile Domestic cat Orca Leopard Monkey Shark Snake Stingray Tiger Venomous fish Walrus Wolf Dog Dingo
Other	Animal attack Cnidocyte Man-eating animal Stinging plant Seabather's eruption
Category