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{{about|the former city hall|the current Washington, D.C. municipal building|John A. Wilson Building}}
{{About|the former city hall|the current main district government building|John A. Wilson Building}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox NRHP
{{Infobox NRHP
| name =City Hall
| name = District of Columbia City Hall
| nrhp_type = nhl
| nrhp_type = nhl
| image = District of Columbia Court of Appeals.JPG
| image = District of Columbia Court of Appeals.JPG
| caption =
| location= 451 Indiana Avenue NW<br />[[Washington, D.C.]]
| location = 451 Indiana Avenue NW<br>[[Washington, D.C.]]
| coordinates = {{coord|38|53|43|N|77|1|4|W|region:US-DC_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| lat_degrees = 38
⚫
| locmapin = United States Washington, D.C. central#Washington, D.C.#USA
| lat_minutes = 53
⚫
| built = 1820
| lat_seconds = 43
⚫
| architect =
| lat_direction = N
⚫
| architecture = [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]
| long_degrees = 77
| designated_nrhp_type = December 19, 1960<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=652&ResourceType=Building|title=District of Columbia City Hall|accessdate=May 13, 2008|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606173713/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=652&ResourceType=Building|archivedate=June 6, 2011}}</ref>
| long_minutes = 1
⚫
| added = October 15, 1966<ref>{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| long_seconds = 4
⚫
| refnum = 66000857
| long_direction = W
| coord_parameters = region:US-DC_type:landmark
⚫
| locmapin = United States Washington, D.C. central
| area =
⚫
| built =1820
⚫
| architect=
⚫
| architecture= [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]
| designated_nrhp_type= December 19, 1960<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=652&ResourceType=Building
|title=District of Columbia City Hall |accessdate=2008-05-13|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
⚫
| added = October 15, 1966<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| governing_body =
⚫
| refnum=66000857
}}
}}
'''District of Columbia City Hall''', also known as '''"Old City Hall"''' and the '''"District of Columbia Courthouse"''', is a historic building at [[Judiciary Square]] in downtown [[Washington, D.C.]] facing Indiana Avenue. Originally built for the offices of the D.C. municipal government, the District's City Hall was subsequently used as a Federal courthouse, and was the scene of several notable criminal trials including those of three accused presidential assassins. The building was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1960.<ref name="nhlsum"/><ref name="nrhpinv2">{{Cite document|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: District of Columbia City Hall |url=http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000857.pdf| date=February 8, 1971 |author=W. Brown Morton III |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> It now houses the [[District of Columbia Court of Appeals]].
'''District of Columbia City Hall''', also known as '''Old City Hall''' and the '''District of Columbia Courthouse''', is a historic building at [[Judiciary Square]] in downtown [[Washington, D.C.]] facing Indiana Avenue. Originally built for the offices of the government of the District of Columbia, the District's courthouse was subsequently used as a Federal courthouse, and was the scene of several notable criminal trials including those of three accused presidential assassins. The building was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1960.<ref name="nhlsum"/><ref name="nrhpinv2">{{Cite web|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: District of Columbia City Hall|url={{NHLS url|id=66000857}}|date=February 8, 1971|author=W. Brown Morton III|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> It now houses the [[District of Columbia Court of Appeals]].


==History==
==History==
The government of the City of Washington held a competition for the design of a new municipal building in 1818. [[George Hadfield (architect)|George Hadfield]], a former superintendent during the beginning construction of the [[United States Capitol]], 1795-1798.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9506/capitol.html |title='Temple of Liberty' Building a Capitol for a New Nation |last=Scott |first=Pamela |date=March 20, 1995 |publisher=The Library of Congres |accessdate=2008-01-15}}</ref> submitted a design for a new city hall but it was judged to be too costly. Hadfield eventually won the competition in 1820 with a revised version of his original plan and construction began in August. The offices of the city government moved into the building in 1822. However, a lack of funds and other problems hindered construction and the building would not be completed in its entirety until 1849.<ref name="nrhpinv2" /><ref name="renodoc">{{cite web|title=Renovation and Expansion of the Historic DC Courthouse|url=http://www.dcappeals.gov/dccourts/appeals/pdf/appeals_renovation_expansion.pdf|publisher=DC Court of Appeals|accessdate=5 October 2011}}</ref>
The government of the District of Columbia held a competition for the design of a new district building in 1818. [[George Hadfield (architect)|George Hadfield]], who had supervised construction of the [[United States Capitol]] from October 1795 to May 1798,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9506/capitol.html|title='Temple of Liberty' Building a Capitol for a New Nation|last=Scott|first=Pamela|date=March 20, 1995|publisher=The Library of Congress|accessdate=January 15, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Frary, Ihna Thayer|title=They Built the Capitol|year=1969|publisher=Ayer Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/theybuiltcapitol0000frar/page/44 44–45]|isbn=0-8369-5089-5|url=https://archive.org/details/theybuiltcapitol0000frar/page/44}}</ref> submitted a design for a new district building, but it was judged to be too costly. Hadfield eventually won the competition in 1820 with a revised version of his original plan, and construction began in August. The offices of the district government moved into the building in 1822. However, a lack of funds and other problems hindered construction and the building would not be completed in its entirety until 1849.<ref name="nrhpinv2" /><ref name="renodoc">{{cite web|title=Renovation and Expansion of the Historic District of Columbia Courthouse|url=https://www.dccourts.gov/sites/default/files/pdf-forms/appeals_renovation_expansion.pdf|publisher=District of Columbia Court of Appeals|accessdate=December 25, 2023}}</ref>


According to the NRHP nomination for the adjacent, compatibly-designed [[United States Court of Military Appeals (building)|United States Court of Military Appeals]] Building (1910), the district building's south side plan is attributed to [[George Hadfield (architect)|George Hadfield]], but the north side plan is attributed to [[Robert Mills (architect)|Robert Mills]].<ref>{{cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=74002174}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: United States Court of Military Appeals/ District of Columbia Court of Appeals|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|author=John D. Milne|date=June 22, 1973|accessdate=September 10, 2016}} with {{NRHP url|id=74002174|photos=y|title=three photos from 1973}}</ref>
⚫
To raise funds needed to finish the building, the city leased out space during construction to other federal government offices. Tenants included the [[United States Circuit Court of Appeals|U.S. Circuit Court]] and the [[Recorder of Deeds]] office, then headed by noted black leader and abolitionist [[Frederick Douglass]], (1818-1895), who also later served as [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshal]] for the District. Following the passage of the [[District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act]] in 1862, the Old City Hall was then used to process [[compensated emancipation|payments to slaveholders]].<ref>{{cite web|title=D.C. Superior Court / Old City Hall|url=http://www.culturaltourismdc.org/things-do-see/dc-superior-courtold-city-hall-african-american-heritage-trail|publisher=Cultural Tourism D.C.|accessdate=5 October 2011}}</ref>


⚫
To raise funds needed to finish the building, the district leased out space during construction to other federal government offices. Tenants included the [[United States Circuit Court of Appeals|U.S. Circuit Court]] and the [[Recorder of Deeds]] office, then headed by noted black leader and abolitionist [[Frederick Douglass]], (1818–1895), who also later served as [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshal]] for the District. Following passage of the [[District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act]] in 1862, the Old City Hall was used to process [[compensated emancipation|payments to slaveholders]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District of Columbia Superior Court/ Old City Hall|url=http://www.culturaltourismdc.org/things-do-see/dc-superior-courtold-city-hall-african-american-heritage-trail|publisher=Cultural Tourism District of Columbia|accessdate=October 5, 2011|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512020455/http://www.culturaltourismdc.org/things-do-see/dc-superior-courtold-city-hall-african-american-heritage-trail|archivedate=May 12, 2012}}</ref>
⚫
The federal government rented additional space in 1863 during the [[American Civil War]] and later purchased the building from the District government to house the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|Supreme Court of the District of Columbia]].<ref name="nrhpinv2" /> In 1868, a [[Abraham Lincoln (Flannery)|statue]] of 16th President [[Abraham Lincoln]] sculpted by [[Lot Flannery]] was erected on the south side of the building, which became the first public monument in his honor.<ref name="renodoc" /> The offices of the D.C. government moved to the new [[John A. Wilson Building|District Building]] in 1908 and the Old City Hall was left to house the federal courts until they finally vacated the property in 1910.<ref name="renodoc" /><ref name=wapo>{{cite news|last=Kennicott|first=Philip|title=In D.C., Old City Hall Is Expanded to Accommodate the Court of Appeals|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/16/AR2009061603225.html|accessdate=5 October 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=17 June 2009}}</ref>


⚫
The federal government rented additional space in 1863 during the [[American Civil War]] and later purchased the building from the District government to house the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|Supreme Court of the District of Columbia]].<ref name="nrhpinv2" /> In 1868, a [[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall)|statue]] of 16th President [[Abraham Lincoln]] sculpted by [[Lot Flannery]] was erected on the south side of the building, which became the first public monument in his honor.<ref name="renodoc" /> The offices of the District of Columbia government moved to the new [[John A. Wilson Building|District Building]] in 1908 and the Old City Hall was left to house the federal courts until they vacated the property in 1910.<ref name="renodoc" /><ref name=wapo>{{cite news|last=Kennicott|first=Philip|title=In District of Columbia, Old City Hall Is Expanded to Accommodate the Court of Appeals |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/16/AR2009061603225.html|accessdate=October 5, 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=June 17, 2009}}</ref>
⚫
In 1916, Congress approved funds for the complete renovation of the courthouse. The extensive work stripped the building to its brick framing and replaced the stucco exterior with limestone blocks on a granite base. The building was rededicated as the U.S. Courthouse in 1922. The federal courts moved to the new [[E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse]] in 1952 and the Old City Hall eventually became the headquarters of the U.S. [[Selective Service System]]. The building was named a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1960 and was returned to the District government two years later for use by the local courts.<ref name="nrhpinv2" /><ref name="renodoc" />

⚫
In 1916, Congress approved funds for a complete building renovation. The building was stripped to its brick framing, and the stucco exterior was replaced with limestone blocks on a granite base. The building was rededicated as the U.S. Courthouse in 1922. The federal courts moved to the new [[E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse]] in 1952 and the Old City Hall eventually became the headquarters of the U.S. [[Selective Service System]]. The building was named a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1960 and was returned to the District government two years later for use by the local courts.<ref name="nrhpinv2" /><ref name="renodoc" />


==Prominent cases==
==Prominent cases==
Many famous cases were tried at the city hall while it was a U.S. courthouse. U.S. Representative [[Sam Houston]], (1793-1863), then of [[Tennessee]], (later [[Governor of Tennessee|Governor]] of the "Volunteer State", and commanding General of Texan revolutionary forces and President of the [[Republic of Texas]], then [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] and [[Governor of Texas|Governor of the State of Texas]]) was tried and convicted for using his cane to beat another member of Congress on the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] floor in 1832. [[Richard Lawrence (failed assassin)|Richard Lawrence]], the failed assassin of 7th President [[Andrew Jackson]], (the first assassination attempt against an American chief executive) was tried on the site in 1835 under D.C. prosecuting attorney [[Francis Scott Key]], (1779-1843), and was sentenced to a mental institution.<ref name=wapo /><ref>{{cite book|last=Dershowitz|first=Alan M.|title=America on trial: inside the legal battles that transformed our nation|year=2004|publisher=Hachette Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-446-52058-4|pages=iii|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XNSFdQ61SBMC|chapter=The Richard Lawrence Case}}</ref> The building was also the site of the 1867 trial of [[John Surratt]], an alleged conspirator in the [[assassination of Abraham Lincoln]] who was later acquitted.<ref name="renodoc" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Jampoler|first=Andrew C. A.|title=The last Lincoln conspirator: John Surratt's flight from the gallows|year=2008|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, MD|isbn=978-1-59114-407-6|pages=263}}</ref> However, [[Charles J. Guiteau]], the assassin of President [[James A. Garfield]], was convicted at the courthouse in 1882.<ref name="renodoc" /><ref name=wapo /><ref>{{cite book| title = Great American Trials | year = 1994 | chapter = Charles Guiteau Trial: 1881 | pages = 187–191 | publisher = New England Publishing}}</ref>
Many famous cases were tried at the Old City Hall while it was a U.S. courthouse. Former Tennessee Governor and then Cherokee representative [[Sam Houston]], was tried and convicted for assaulting a member of Congress (Ohio Rep. William Stanbery) after he slandered Houston in a speech on the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] floor in 1832. [[Richard Lawrence (failed assassin)|Richard Lawrence]], the failed assassin of 7th President [[Andrew Jackson]], (the first assassination attempt against an American President) was tried on the site in 1835 under District of Columbia prosecuting attorney [[Francis Scott Key]], (1779–1843), and was sentenced to a mental institution.<ref name=wapo /><ref>{{cite book|last=Dershowitz|first=Alan M.|title=America on Trial: Inside the Legal Battles that Transformed our Nation|year=2004 |publisher=Hachette Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-446-52058-4|pages=iii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNSFdQ61SBMC|chapter=The Richard Lawrence Case}}</ref> The Old City Hall was the scene of a [[fugitive slave]] trial known as the "[[Pearl incident]]," which was the largest single escape by slaves attempted in U.S. history. Two men were convicted in 1848 of attempting to free more than 70 slaves by sailing them from Washington, D.C. down the [[Potomac River]] then up the [[Chesapeake Bay]].<ref name="wapo" /> The building was the site of the 1867 trial of [[John Surratt]], one of the alleged conspirators in the [[assassination of Abraham Lincoln]] who was later acquitted.<ref name="renodoc" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Jampoler|first=Andrew C. A.|title=The Last Lincoln Conspirator: John Surratt's Flight from the Gallows|year=2008|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, MD|isbn=978-1-59114-407-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lastlincolnconsp0000jamp/page/263 263]|url=https://archive.org/details/lastlincolnconsp0000jamp/page/263}}</ref> In 1882, [[Charles J. Guiteau]], the assassin of President [[James A. Garfield]], was convicted at the courthouse.<ref name="renodoc" /><ref name=wapo /><ref>{{cite book|title=Great American Trials|year=1994|chapter=Charles Guiteau Trial: 1881|pages=187–191|publisher=New England Publishing}}</ref>

The Old City Hall was also the scene of a [[fugitive slave]] trial known as the "[[Pearl incident]]," the largest single escape by slaves attempt in U.S. history. Two men were convicted in 1848 of attempting to free more than 70 slaves by sailing them from [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] down the [[Potomac River]] then up the [[Chesapeake Bay]].<ref name=wapo />


==Current use==
==Current use==
In 1999, the building closed for yet another extensive renovation by the architecture firm of [[Beyer Blinder Belle]]. Steel framing replaced the old masonry while leaving the stone façade intact. A new glass atrium was constructed on the north side of the building facing Judiciary Square and is now the main entrance, as had been originally intended. The D.C. Courthouse was rededicated on June 17, 2009 as the home of the [[District of Columbia Court of Appeals]].<ref name="renodoc" /><ref name=wapo />
In 1999, the building closed for an extensive renovation by the architecture firm of [[Beyer Blinder Belle]]. Steel framing replaced the old masonry while leaving the stone façade intact. A new glass atrium was constructed on the north side of the building facing Judiciary Square and is now the main entrance, as had been originally intended. The District of Columbia Courthouse was rededicated on June 17, 2009 as the home of the [[District of Columbia Court of Appeals]].<ref name="renodoc"/><ref name=wapo/>

==See also==
*[[List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.]]
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in central Washington, D.C.]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=33em}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=33em}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|District of Columbia City Hall}}
{{Commons category|District of Columbia City Hall}}
*{{HABS |survey=DC-41 |id=dc0379 |title=District of Columbia City Hall, 451 Indiana Avenue Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, DC |photos=15 |data=2 |cap=2}}
*{{HABS|survey=DC-41|id=dc0379|title=District of Columbia City Hall, 451 Indiana Avenue Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia|photos=15|data=2|cap=2}}


{{Judiciary Square}}
{{Registered Historic Places}}
{{National Register of Historic Places}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:District Of Columbia City Hall}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:District Of Columbia City Hall}}
[[Category:1820 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:1820 establishments in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:City and town halls in the United States]]
[[Category:City and town halls in the United States]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1820]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1820]]
[[Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Judiciary Square]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Courthouses in Washington, D.C.]]

Latest revision as of 05:57, 16 November 2024

This article is about the former city hall. For the current main district government building, see John A. Wilson Building.

District of Columbia City Hall
District of Columbia City Hall is located in Central Washington, D.C.
District of Columbia City Hall
District of Columbia City Hall is located in the District of Columbia
District of Columbia City Hall
District of Columbia City Hall is located in the United States
District of Columbia City Hall
Location451 Indiana Avenue NW
Washington, D.C.
Coordinates38°53′43″N 77°1′4″W / 38.89528°N 77.01778°W / 38.89528; -77.01778
Built1820
Architectural styleNeoclassical
NRHP reference No.66000857
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966[1]
Designated NHLDecember 19, 1960[2]

District of Columbia City Hall, also known as Old City Hall and the District of Columbia Courthouse, is a historic building at Judiciary Square in downtown Washington, D.C. facing Indiana Avenue. Originally built for the offices of the government of the District of Columbia, the District's courthouse was subsequently used as a Federal courthouse, and was the scene of several notable criminal trials including those of three accused presidential assassins. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.[2][3] It now houses the District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

History

[edit]

The government of the District of Columbia held a competition for the design of a new district building in 1818. George Hadfield, who had supervised construction of the United States Capitol from October 1795 to May 1798,[4][5] submitted a design for a new district building, but it was judged to be too costly. Hadfield eventually won the competition in 1820 with a revised version of his original plan, and construction began in August. The offices of the district government moved into the building in 1822. However, a lack of funds and other problems hindered construction and the building would not be completed in its entirety until 1849.[3][6]

According to the NRHP nomination for the adjacent, compatibly-designed United States Court of Military Appeals Building (1910), the district building's south side plan is attributed to George Hadfield, but the north side plan is attributed to Robert Mills.[7]

To raise funds needed to finish the building, the district leased out space during construction to other federal government offices. Tenants included the U.S. Circuit Court and the Recorder of Deeds office, then headed by noted black leader and abolitionist Frederick Douglass, (1818–1895), who also later served as U.S. Marshal for the District. Following passage of the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act in 1862, the Old City Hall was used to process payments to slaveholders.[8]

The federal government rented additional space in 1863 during the American Civil War and later purchased the building from the District government to house the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia.[3] In 1868, a statue of 16th President Abraham Lincoln sculpted by Lot Flannery was erected on the south side of the building, which became the first public monument in his honor.[6] The offices of the District of Columbia government moved to the new District Building in 1908 and the Old City Hall was left to house the federal courts until they vacated the property in 1910.[6][9]

In 1916, Congress approved funds for a complete building renovation. The building was stripped to its brick framing, and the stucco exterior was replaced with limestone blocks on a granite base. The building was rededicated as the U.S. Courthouse in 1922. The federal courts moved to the new E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse in 1952 and the Old City Hall eventually became the headquarters of the U.S. Selective Service System. The building was named a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and was returned to the District government two years later for use by the local courts.[3][6]

Prominent cases

[edit]

Many famous cases were tried at the Old City Hall while it was a U.S. courthouse. Former Tennessee Governor and then Cherokee representative Sam Houston, was tried and convicted for assaulting a member of Congress (Ohio Rep. William Stanbery) after he slandered Houston in a speech on the House of Representatives floor in 1832. Richard Lawrence, the failed assassin of 7th President Andrew Jackson, (the first assassination attempt against an American President) was tried on the site in 1835 under District of Columbia prosecuting attorney Francis Scott Key, (1779–1843), and was sentenced to a mental institution.[9][10] The Old City Hall was the scene of a fugitive slave trial known as the "Pearl incident," which was the largest single escape by slaves attempted in U.S. history. Two men were convicted in 1848 of attempting to free more than 70 slaves by sailing them from Washington, D.C. down the Potomac River then up the Chesapeake Bay.[9] The building was the site of the 1867 trial of John Surratt, one of the alleged conspirators in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln who was later acquitted.[6][11] In 1882, Charles J. Guiteau, the assassin of President James A. Garfield, was convicted at the courthouse.[6][9][12]

Current use

[edit]

In 1999, the building closed for an extensive renovation by the architecture firm of Beyer Blinder Belle. Steel framing replaced the old masonry while leaving the stone façade intact. A new glass atrium was constructed on the north side of the building facing Judiciary Square and is now the main entrance, as had been originally intended. The District of Columbia Courthouse was rededicated on June 17, 2009 as the home of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals.[6][9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  2. ^ a b "District of Columbia City Hall". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
  3. ^ a b c d W. Brown Morton III (February 8, 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: District of Columbia City Hall". National Park Service.
  4. ^ Scott, Pamela (March 20, 1995). "'Temple of Liberty' Building a Capitol for a New Nation". The Library of Congress. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
  5. ^ Frary, Ihna Thayer (1969). They Built the Capitol. Ayer Publishing. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0-8369-5089-5.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Renovation and Expansion of the Historic District of Columbia Courthouse" (PDF). District of Columbia Court of Appeals. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  7. ^ John D. Milne (June 22, 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: United States Court of Military Appeals/ District of Columbia Court of Appeals". National Park Service. Retrieved September 10, 2016. with three photos from 1973
  8. ^ "District of Columbia Superior Court/ Old City Hall". Cultural Tourism District of Columbia. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
  9. ^ a b c d e Kennicott, Philip (June 17, 2009). "In District of Columbia, Old City Hall Is Expanded to Accommodate the Court of Appeals". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
  10. ^ Dershowitz, Alan M. (2004). "The Richard Lawrence Case". America on Trial: Inside the Legal Battles that Transformed our Nation. Hachette Digital, Inc. pp. iii. ISBN 978-0-446-52058-4.
  11. ^ Jampoler, Andrew C. A. (2008). The Last Lincoln Conspirator: John Surratt's Flight from the Gallows. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. pp. 263. ISBN 978-1-59114-407-6.
  12. ^ "Charles Guiteau Trial: 1881". Great American Trials. New England Publishing. 1994. pp. 187–191.
[edit]
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