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{{short description|Former boss of the Colombo Crime Family}}
{{short description|Former American mob boss}}
{{redirect|Joe Colombo}}
{{redirect|Joe Colombo}}
{{use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox criminal
{{Infobox criminal
|image=Josephcolombo.jpg
|image=Josephcolombo.jpg
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|death_date={{Death date and age|1978|5|22|1923|06|16|mf=y}}
|death_date={{Death date and age|1978|5|22|1923|06|16|mf=y}}
|death_place=[[Newburgh, New York]], U.S.
|death_place=[[Newburgh, New York]], U.S.
|allegiance = [[Colombo crime family]]<br>[[Italian-American Civil Rights League]]
|allegiance = [[Colombo crime family]]<br />[[Italian-American Civil Rights League]]
|death_cause=Cardiac arrest related to shooting
|resting_place=[[St. John's Cemetery, Queens]]
|resting_place=[[St. John's Cemetery, Queens]]
|occupation=[[Crime boss]]
|occupation=[[Crime boss]]
|predecessor=[[Joseph Magliocco]]
|successor=[[Carmine Persico]]
|children=5
|children=5
|spouse={{marriage|Lucille Faiello|1944}}
|spouse={{marriage|Lucille Faiello|1944}}
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}}
}}


'''Joseph Anthony Colombo Sr.''' ({{IPA-it|koˈlombo|lang}}; June 16, 1923 &ndash; May 22, 1978) was the boss of the [[Colombo crime family]], one of the [[Five Families]] of the [[American Mafia]] in New York City.
'''Joseph Anthony Colombo Sr.''' ({{IPA|it|koˈlombo|lang}}; June 16, 1923 &ndash; May 22, 1978) was the boss of the [[Colombo crime family]], one of the [[Five Families]] of the [[American Mafia]] in New York City.


Colombo was born in New York City, where his father was an early member of what was then the Profaci crime family. In 1961, the First Colombo War unfolded, instigated by the kidnapping of four high-ranking members in the Profaci family by [[Joe Gallo]]. Later that year, Gallo was imprisoned, and in 1962, family leader [[Joe Profaci]] died of cancer. In 1963, [[Bonanno crime family]] boss, [[Joseph Bonanno]] made plans with [[Joseph Magliocco]] to assassinate several rivals on [[The Commission (mafia)|The Commission]]. When Magliocco gave the contract to one of his top hit men, Colombo, he revealed the plot to its targets. The Commission spared Magliocco's life but forced him into retirement, while Bonanno fled to Canada. As a reward for turning on his boss, Colombo was awarded the Profaci family. His only prison term would come in 1966, when Colombo was sentenced to 30 days in prison for [[contempt of court]] by refusing to answer questions from a grand jury about his financial affairs.
Colombo was born in New York City, where his father was an early member of what was then the Profaci crime family. In 1961, the First Colombo War unfolded, instigated by the kidnapping of four high-ranking members in the Profaci family by [[Joe Gallo]]. Later that year, Gallo was imprisoned, and in 1962, family leader [[Joe Profaci]] died of cancer. In 1963, [[Bonanno crime family]] boss, [[Joseph Bonanno]] made plans with [[Joseph Magliocco]] to assassinate several rivals on [[The Commission (mafia)|The Commission]]. Magliocco gave the contract to one of his top hit men, Colombo, who revealed the plot to its targets. The Commission spared Magliocco's life but forced him into retirement, while Bonanno fled to Canada. As a reward for turning on his boss, Colombo was awarded the Profaci family. His only prison term would come in 1966, when Colombo was sentenced to 30 days in prison for [[contempt of court]] by refusing to answer questions from a grand jury about his financial affairs.


In 1970, Colombo created the [[Italian-American Civil Rights League]]. Later that year, the first Italian Unity Day rally was held in [[Columbus Circle]] to protest the federal persecution of all Italians everywhere. In 1971, Gallo was released from prison, and Colombo invited Gallo to a peace meeting with an offering of $1,000, to which Gallo refused, instigating the Second Colombo War. On June 28, 1971, Colombo was shot three times by Jerome A. Johnson, once in the head, at the second Italian Unity Day rally in Columbus Circle sponsored by the Italian-American Civil Rights League; Johnson was immediately killed by Colombo's bodyguards. Colombo was paralyzed from the shooting. On May 22, 1978, Colombo died of cardiac arrest.
In 1970, Colombo created the [[Italian-American Civil Rights League]]. Later that year, the first Italian Unity Day rally was held in [[Columbus Circle]] to protest the federal persecution of Italians. In 1971, Gallo was released from prison, and Colombo invited him to a peace meeting with an offering of $1,000, which Gallo refused, instigating the Second Colombo War. On June 28, 1971, Colombo was shot three times by Jerome Johnson at the second Italian Unity Day rally in Columbus Circle sponsored by the Italian-American Civil Rights League; Johnson was immediately killed by Colombo's bodyguards. Colombo was paralyzed from the shooting. On May 22, 1978, Colombo died of cardiac arrest that resulted from his injuries.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Joseph Colombo Sr. was born into an [[Italian American]] family on June 16, 1923, in [[Brooklyn]].<ref name="colombo dies"/> His father, Anthony Colombo, was an early member of the Profaci crime family, which would eventually be renamed after his son. In 1938, he was found strangled in a car with his mistress.<ref name="new look">{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=Colombo: The New Look in the Mafia |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/05/03/91282253.pdf|access-date=9 November 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=May 3, 1971}}</ref> Joe Colombo attended [[New Utrecht High School]] in [[Brooklyn]] for two years, then dropped out to join the [[U.S. Coast Guard]]. In 1945, he was diagnosed with [[neurosis]] and discharged from the service. His legitimate jobs included ten years as a [[longshoreman]] and six years as a salesman for a meat company.<ref name="colombo dies" /> His final job was that of a real estate salesman.<ref name="new look" />
Joseph Colombo Sr. was born into an [[Italian American]] family on June 16, 1923, in [[Brooklyn]].<ref name="colombo dies" /> His father, Anthony Colombo, was an early member of the Profaci crime family, which would eventually be renamed after his son. In 1938, he was found strangled in a car with his mistress.<ref name="new look">{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=Colombo: The New Look in the Mafia |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/05/03/91282253.pdf|access-date=2011-11-09|newspaper=New York Times|date=May 3, 1971}}</ref> Joe Colombo attended [[New Utrecht High School]] in [[Brooklyn]] for two years, then dropped out to join the [[U.S. Coast Guard]]. In 1945, he was diagnosed with [[neurosis]] and discharged from the service. His legitimate jobs included ten years as a [[longshoreman]] and six years as a salesman for a meat company.<ref name="colombo dies" /> His final job was that of a real estate salesman.<ref name="new look" />


Colombo owned a modest home in [[Dyker Heights, Brooklyn]] and a five-acre estate in [[Blooming Grove, New York]].<ref name="colombo dies" /> He married Lucille Faiello in 1944, and had five children including sons Christopher Colombo, Joseph Colombo Jr. (1946–2014)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brooksfh.com/index.cfm/memsol.cgi?user_id=1448115|title=Brooks Funeral Home : Newburgh, New York (NY)|website=Brooks Funeral Home|access-date=2019-01-17}}</ref> and Anthony Colombo (1945–2017).<ref>{{cite web|title=Anthony Colombo, 71; helped get 'Mafia' out of 'The Godfather'|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/obituaries/2017/02/07/anthony-colombo-dies-helped-get-mafia-out-the-godfather/j2bs5GQdiaK67Ul0w7PIjM/story.html |access-date=8 February 2017|newspaper=Boston Globe|date=8 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/nyregion/anthony-colombo-dies-at-71-helped-get-mafia-out-of-the-godfather.html|title=Anthony Colombo Dies at 71; Helped Get 'Mafia' Out of 'The Godfather'|work=nytimes.com|date=January 24, 2017}}</ref>
Colombo owned a modest home in [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn]] and a five-acre estate in [[Blooming Grove, New York]].<ref name="colombo dies" /> He married Lucille Faiello in 1944, and had five children including sons Christopher Colombo, Joseph Colombo Jr. (1946–2014)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brooksfh.com/index.cfm/memsol.cgi?user_id=1448115|title=Brooks Funeral Home : Newburgh, New York (NY)|website=Brooks Funeral Home|access-date=2019-01-17}}</ref> and Anthony Colombo (1945–2017).<ref>{{cite web|title=Anthony Colombo, 71; helped get 'Mafia' out of 'The Godfather'|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/obituaries/2017/02/07/anthony-colombo-dies-helped-get-mafia-out-the-godfather/j2bs5GQdiaK67Ul0w7PIjM/story.html |access-date=2017-02-08|newspaper=Boston Globe|date=2017-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/nyregion/anthony-colombo-dies-at-71-helped-get-mafia-out-of-the-godfather.html|title=Anthony Colombo Dies at 71; Helped Get 'Mafia' Out of 'The Godfather'|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 24, 2017}}</ref>


==First Colombo War==
==First Colombo War==
Colombo followed his father into the Profaci family. He became one of the family's top enforcers, and soon became a capo.
Colombo followed his father into the Profaci family. He became one of the family's top [[Mob enforcer|enforcer]]s, and soon became a [[caporegime|capo]].


On February 27, 1961, the Gallos kidnapped four of Profaci's top men: underboss Magliocco, Frank Profaci (Joe Profaci's brother), capo Salvatore Musacchia and soldier John Scimone.<ref name="New York Magazine" /> Profaci himself eluded capture and flew to sanctuary in Florida.<ref name="New York Magazine">Cage, Nicholas (July 17, 1972) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yuYCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27&dq=Joseph+Magliocco+kidnapped&hl=en&ei=FU8FTfeuAYKr8AbH07XpAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Joseph%20Magliocco%20kidnapped&f=false "Part II The Mafia at War"] ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' pp.27-36</ref> While holding the hostages, Larry and Albert Gallo sent Joe Gallo to [[California]]. The Gallos demanded a more favorable financial scheme for the hostages' release. Gallo wanted to kill one hostage and demand $100,000 before negotiations, but his brother Larry overruled him. After a few weeks of negotiation, Profaci made a deal with the Gallos.<ref name= adealwiththemSifakis>{{cite book|last=Sifakis|first=Carl|title=The Mafia encyclopedia|year=2005|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-5694-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC&pg=PA179|edition=3.}}</ref> Profaci's consigliere Charles "the Sidge" LoCicero negotiated with the Gallos and all the hostages were released peacefully.<ref name="Capeci pg.303">Capeci (2001), p.303</ref> However, Profaci had no intention of honoring this peace agreement. On August 20, 1961 Joseph Profaci ordered the murder of Gallo members Joseph "Joe Jelly" Gioielli and Larry Gallo. Gunmen allegedly murdered Gioilli after inviting him to go fishing.<ref name="New York Magazine" /> Larry Gallo survived a strangulation attempt in the Sahara club of [[East Flatbush]] by [[Carmine Persico]] and Salvatore "Sally" D'Ambrosio after a police officer intervened.<ref name="New York Magazine" /><ref name="Raab pg.321-324">Raab (2006), pp.321-324</ref> The Gallo brothers had been previously aligned with Persico against Profaci and his loyalists;<ref name="New York Magazine" /><ref name="Raab pg.321-324" /> The Gallos then began calling Persico ''"The Snake"'' after he had betrayed them.<ref name="Raab pg.321-324" /> The war continued on resulting in nine murders and three disappearances.<ref name="Raab pg.321-324" /> With the start of the gang war, the Gallo crew retreated to the Dormitory.<ref name="robin hoods">{{cite news|last=Cook|first=Fred J.|title=Robin Hoods or Real Tough Boys:Larry Gallo, Crazy Joe, and Kid Blast|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/10/23/90235682.pdf |newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 23, 1966 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref>
On February 27, 1961, the Gallos kidnapped four of Profaci's top men: underboss Magliocco, Frank Profaci (Joe Profaci's brother), capo Salvatore Musacchia and soldier John Scimone.<ref name="New York Magazine" /> Profaci himself eluded capture and flew to sanctuary in Florida.<ref name="New York Magazine">Cage, Nicholas (July 17, 1972) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yuYCAAAAMBAJ&dq=Joseph+Magliocco+kidnapped&pg=PA27 "Part II The Mafia at War"] ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' pp.27-36</ref> While holding the hostages, Larry and Albert Gallo sent Joe Gallo to California. The Gallos demanded a more favorable financial scheme in return for the hostages' release. Gallo wanted to kill one hostage and demand $100,000 before negotiations, but his brother Larry overruled him. After a few weeks of negotiation, Profaci made a deal with the Gallos.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sifakis|first=Carl|title=The Mafia encyclopedia|year=2005|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-5694-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC&pg=PA179|edition=3.}}</ref> Profaci's consigliere Charles "the Sidge" LoCicero negotiated with the Gallos and all the hostages were released peacefully.<ref name="Capeci pg.303">Capeci (2001), p.303</ref> However, Profaci had no intention of honoring this peace agreement. On August 20, 1961, Profaci ordered the murder of Gallo family members Joseph "Joe Jelly" Gioielli and Larry Gallo. Gunmen allegedly murdered Gioilli after inviting him to go fishing.<ref name="New York Magazine" /> Larry Gallo survived a strangulation attempt in the Sahara club of [[East Flatbush]] by [[Carmine Persico]] and Salvatore "Sally" D'Ambrosio after a police officer intervened.<ref name="New York Magazine" /><ref name="Raab pg.321-324">Raab (2006), pp.321-324</ref> The Gallo brothers had been previously aligned with Persico against Profaci and his loyalists;<ref name="New York Magazine" /><ref name="Raab pg.321-324" /> The Gallos then began calling Persico "The Snake" after he had betrayed them.<ref name="Raab pg.321-324" /> The war continued and resulted in nine murders and three disappearances.<ref name="Raab pg.321-324" /> With the start of the gang war, the Gallo crew retreated to the Dormitory.<ref name="robin hoods">{{cite news|last=Cook|first=Fred J.|title=Robin Hoods or Real Tough Boys:Larry Gallo, Crazy Joe, and Kid Blast|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/10/23/90235682.pdf |newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 23, 1966 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref>


In late November 1961, Joe Gallo was sentenced to seven-to-fourteen years in prison for murder.<ref name="Capeci's guide">Capeci (2001) p.305</ref> On June 6, 1962, Profaci died and was succeeded by longtime underboss [[Joseph Magliocco]]. In 1963, [[Joseph Bonanno]], the head of the Bonanno crime family, made plans to assassinate several rivals on the [[The Commission (mafia)|Mafia Commission]]—bosses [[Tommy Lucchese]], [[Carlo Gambino]], and [[Stefano Magaddino]], as well as [[Frank DeSimone]].<ref name="Life Magazine 1967">Staff (September 1, 1967) [https://books.google.com/books?id=UFYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=Joe+Bonanno+ordered+the+murder&source=bl&ots=M3XV4ZdL6x&sig=Relh3NDZDbLKmufH2R85l8l6BYs&hl=en&ei=w50GTYqODYiq8AaP4MDeCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Colombo&f=false "The Mob: How Joe Bonanno Schemed to kill – and lost"] ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' p.15-21</ref> Bonanno sought Magliocco's support, and Magliocco readily agreed. Not only was he bitter from being denied a seat on the Commission, but Bonanno and Profaci had been close allies for over 30 years prior to Profaci's death. Bonanno's audacious goal was to take over the Commission and make Magliocco his right-hand man.<ref name=trouble /> Magliocco was assigned the task of killing Lucchese and Gambino, and gave the contract to one of his top hit men, Colombo. However, the opportunistic Colombo revealed the plot to its targets. The other bosses quickly realized that Magliocco could not have planned this himself. Remembering how close Bonanno was with Magliocco (and before him, Profaci), as well as their close ties through marriages, the other bosses concluded Bonanno was the real mastermind.<ref name=trouble>{{cite web|last=Bruno|first=Anthony|title=Colombo Crime Family: Trouble and More Trouble|url=https://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/colombo/4.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914110850/https://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/colombo/4.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2008|work=TruTV Crime Library|access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref> The Commission summoned Bonanno and Magliocco to explain themselves. Fearing for his life, Bonanno went into hiding in [[Montreal]], leaving Magliocco to deal with the Commission. Badly shaken and in failing health, Magliocco confessed his role in the plot. The Commission spared Magliocco's life, but forced him to retire as Profaci family boss and pay a $50,000 fine. As a reward for turning on his boss, Colombo was awarded the Profaci family.<ref name=trouble />
In late November 1961, Joe Gallo was sentenced to seven-to-fourteen years in prison for murder.<ref name="Capeci's guide">Capeci (2001) p.305</ref> On June 6, 1962, Profaci died and was succeeded by longtime underboss [[Joseph Magliocco]]. In 1963, [[Joseph Bonanno]], the head of the Bonanno crime family, made plans to assassinate several rivals on the [[The Commission (mafia)|Mafia Commission]]—bosses [[Tommy Lucchese]], [[Carlo Gambino]], and [[Stefano Magaddino]], as well as [[Frank DeSimone]].<ref name="Life Magazine 1967">Staff (September 1, 1967) [https://books.google.com/books?id=UFYEAAAAMBAJ&q=Colombo&pg=PA18 "The Mob: How Joe Bonanno Schemed to kill – and lost"] ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' p.15-21</ref> Bonanno sought Magliocco's support, and Magliocco readily agreed. Bonanno was not only bitter from being denied a seat on the Commission, but he and Profaci had been close allies for over 30 years prior to Profaci's death. Bonanno's audacious goal was to take over the Commission and make Magliocco his right-hand man.<ref name="trouble" /> Magliocco was assigned the task of killing Lucchese and Gambino, and gave the contract to one of his top hit men, Colombo. However, the opportunistic Colombo revealed the plot to its targets. The other bosses quickly realized that Magliocco could not have planned this himself. Remembering how close Bonanno was with Magliocco (and before him, Profaci), as well as their close ties through marriages, the other bosses concluded Bonanno was the real mastermind.<ref name="trouble">{{cite web|last=Bruno|first=Anthony|title=Colombo Crime Family: Trouble and More Trouble|url=https://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/colombo/4.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914110850/https://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/colombo/4.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-09-14|work=TruTV Crime Library|access-date=2011-11-27}}</ref> The Commission summoned Bonanno and Magliocco to explain themselves. Fearing for his life, Bonanno went into hiding in [[Montreal]], leaving Magliocco to deal with the Commission. Badly shaken and in failing health, Magliocco confessed his role in the plot. The Commission spared Magliocco's life, but forced him to retire as Profaci family boss and pay a $50,000 fine. As a reward for turning on his boss, Colombo was awarded the Profaci family.<ref name="trouble" />


At the age of 41, Colombo was one of the youngest crime bosses in the country. He was also the first American-born boss of a New York crime family. When NYPD detective [[Albert Seedman]] (later the NYPD chief of detectives) called Colombo in for questioning about the death of one of his soldiers, Colombo came to the meeting without a lawyer. He told Seedman, "I am an American citizen, first class. I don't have a badge that makes me an official good guy like you, but I work just as honest for a living."<ref name="Raab">Raab, Selwyn. ''The Five Families: The Rise, Decline & Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empire''. New York: St. Martins Press, 2005. p. 187</ref>
At the age of 41, Colombo was one of the youngest crime bosses in the country. He was also the first American-born boss of a New York crime family. When NYPD detective [[Albert Seedman]] (later the NYPD chief of detectives) called Colombo in for questioning about the death of one of his soldiers, Colombo came to the meeting without a lawyer. He told Seedman, "I am an American citizen, first class. I don't have a badge that makes me an official good guy like you, but I work just as honest for a living."<ref name="Raab">Raab, Selwyn. ''The Five Families: The Rise, Decline & Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empire''. New York: St. Martins Press, 2005. p. 187</ref>


On May 9, 1966, Colombo was sentenced to 30 days in jail for [[contempt of court|contempt]] by refusing to answer questions from a [[grand jury]] about his financial affairs.<ref name="30 days">{{cite news|title=Mafia Figure Gets a Contempt Term|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/05/10/82790355.pdf|access-date=9 November 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=May 10, 1966}}</ref>
On May 9, 1966, Colombo was sentenced to 30 days in jail for [[contempt of court|contempt]] by refusing to answer questions from a [[grand jury]] about his financial affairs.<ref name="30 days">{{cite news|title=Mafia Figure Gets a Contempt Term|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/05/10/82790355.pdf|access-date=2011-11-09|newspaper=New York Times|date=May 10, 1966}}</ref>


==Italian-American Civil Rights League==
==Italian-American Civil Rights League==
In April 1970, Colombo created the [[Italian-American Civil Rights League]], the month his son Joseph Colombo Jr. was charged with melting down coins for resale as silver ingots.<ref name=start>{{cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/small-time-mob-boss-joe-colombo-great-civil-rights-crusade-article-1.806268|title=Small-time mob boss Joe Colombo's great civil rights crusade|publisher=nydailnews.com|date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> In response, Joseph Colombo Sr. claimed FBI harassment of Italian-Americans and, on April 30, 1970, sent 30 [[picketing|picketers]] outside FBI headquarters at Third Avenue and 69th Street to protest the federal persecution of all Italians everywhere; this went on for weeks.<ref name=start/> On June 29, 1970, 50,000 people attended the first Italian Unity Day rally in [[Columbus Circle]] in [[New York City]].<ref name=rally>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/30/archives/thousands-of-italians-here-rally-against-ethnic-slurs-thousands-of.html|title=Thousands of Italians Here Rally Against Ethnic Slurs|work=nytimes.com|date=June 30, 1970}}</ref><ref name="unity day">{{cite news|title=Italo-Americans Press Unity Day|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1970/06/18/76769512.pdf|access-date=9 November 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 18, 1970}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ME82pxNlFpQC&q=italian+civil+rights+league+macy%27s+commercial&pg=PA214|title=The Journey of the Italians in America|year=2008|publisher=Pelican|author=Vincenza Scarpaci|isbn=9781455606832}}</ref> In February 1971, Colombo Jr. was acquitted of the charge after the chief witness in the trial had been arrested on [[perjury]] charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/27/archives/colombo-acquitted-in-conspiracy-case-colombo-witness-held-on.html|title=Colombo Acquitted In Conspiracy Case|work=nytimes.com|date=February 27, 1971}}</ref>
In April 1970, Colombo created the [[Italian-American Civil Rights League]]. That same month, his son Joseph Colombo Jr. was charged with melting down coins for resale as silver ingots.<ref name="start">{{cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/small-time-mob-boss-joe-colombo-great-civil-rights-crusade-article-1.806268|title=Small-time mob boss Joe Colombo's great civil rights crusade|work=New York Daily News|date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> In response, Joseph Colombo Sr. claimed FBI harassment of Italian-Americans and, on April 30, 1970, sent 30 [[picketing|picketers]] outside FBI headquarters at Third Avenue and 69th Street to protest the federal persecution of all Italians everywhere; this went on for weeks.<ref name="start" /> On June 29, 1970, 50,000 people attended the first Italian Unity Day rally in [[Columbus Circle]] in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/30/archives/thousands-of-italians-here-rally-against-ethnic-slurs-thousands-of.html|title=Thousands of Italians Here Rally Against Ethnic Slurs|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 30, 1970}}</ref><ref name="unity day">{{cite news|title=Italo-Americans Press Unity Day|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1970/06/18/76769512.pdf|access-date=2011-11-09|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 18, 1970}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ME82pxNlFpQC&q=italian+civil+rights+league+macy%27s+commercial&pg=PA214|title=The Journey of the Italians in America|year=2008|publisher=Pelican|author=Vincenza Scarpaci|isbn=9781455606832}}</ref> In February 1971, Colombo Jr. was acquitted of the federal charge after the chief witness in the trial was arrested on [[perjury]] charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/27/archives/colombo-acquitted-in-conspiracy-case-colombo-witness-held-on.html|title=Colombo Acquitted In Conspiracy Case|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 27, 1971}}</ref>


Under Colombo's guidance, the League grew quickly and achieved national attention. Unlike other mob leaders who shunned the spotlight, Colombo appeared on television interviews, fundraisers and speaking engagements for the League. In 1971, Colombo aligned the League with [[Rabbi]] and political activist [[Meir Kahane]]'s [[Jewish Defense League]], claiming that both groups were being harassed by the federal government.<ref name=kahane>{{cite news|last=Kaplan|first=Morris|title=Kahane and Colombo Join Forces to Fight Reported U.S. Harassment|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/05/14/91283122.pdf|access-date=9 November 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=May 14, 1971}}</ref> At one point, Colombo posted [[bail]] for 11 jailed JDL members.<ref name=Rosenthal>{{cite book|last=Rosenthal|first=Richard|title=Rookie cop : deep undercover in the Jewish Defense League|year=2000|publisher=Leapfrog Press|location=Wellfleet, Mass.|isbn=0-9654578-8-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzGfl-J3FBgC&q=%22Joseph+Colombo%22&pg=PA169}}</ref>
Under Colombo's guidance, the League grew quickly and achieved national attention. Unlike other mob leaders who shunned the spotlight, Colombo appeared on television interviews, fundraisers and speaking engagements for the League. In 1971, Colombo aligned the League with [[Rabbi]] and political activist [[Meir Kahane]]'s [[Jewish Defense League]], claiming that both groups were being harassed by the federal government.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaplan|first=Morris|title=Kahane and Colombo Join Forces to Fight Reported U.S. Harassment|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/05/14/91283122.pdf|access-date=2011-11-09|newspaper=New York Times|date=May 14, 1971}}</ref> At one point, Colombo posted [[bail]] for 11 jailed JDL members.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosenthal|first=Richard|title=Rookie cop : deep undercover in the Jewish Defense League|year=2000|publisher=Leapfrog Press|location=Wellfleet, Mass.|isbn=0-9654578-8-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzGfl-J3FBgC&q=%22Joseph+Colombo%22&pg=PA169}}</ref>


===''The Godfather'' movie===
===''The Godfather''===
In the spring of 1971, [[Paramount Pictures]] started filming ''[[The Godfather]]'' with the assistance of Colombo and the League. Due to its subject matter, the film originally faced great opposition from Italian-Americans to filming in New York. However, after producer [[Albert Ruddy]] met with Colombo and agreed to excise the terms "Mafia" and "Cosa Nostra" from the film, the League cooperated fully.<ref name="making godfather">{{cite news|last=Pileggi|first=Nicholas|title=The Making of 'The Godfather: Sort of a Home Movie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/movies/bestpictures/godfather-ar1.html?scp=1&sq=%22Joseph%20Colombo%22%20Godfather&st=cse|access-date=9 November 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=August 15, 1971}}</ref>
In the spring of 1971, [[Paramount Pictures]] started filming ''[[The Godfather]]'' with the assistance of Colombo and the League. Due to its subject matter, the film originally faced great opposition from Italian-Americans to filming in New York. However, after producer [[Albert Ruddy]] met with Colombo and agreed to excise the terms "Mafia" and "Cosa Nostra" from the film, the League cooperated fully.<ref name="making godfather">{{cite news|last=Pileggi|first=Nicholas|title=The Making of 'The Godfather: Sort of a Home Movie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/movies/bestpictures/godfather-ar1.html|access-date=2011-11-09|newspaper=New York Times|date=August 15, 1971}}</ref> The first meeting involved Ruddy, Colombo, Colombo's son Anthony and 1500 delegates from Colombo's Italian-American Civil Rights League.<ref name="thestacksreader" /> Ruddy would afterwards hold numerous meetings with Anthony, which led to assurance that the film would be based on individuals and would not defame or stereotype a group.<ref name="thestacksreader">{{cite news |last1=Pileggi |first1=Nicholas |author2-link=Nicholas Pileggi |title=The Making of "The Godfather"—Sort of a Home Movie |url=http://www.thestacksreader.com/the-making-of-the-godfather-sort-of-a-home-movie/ |access-date=May 28, 2024 |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=August 15, 1971 |issn=0028-7822 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211081245/http://www.thestacksreader.com/the-making-of-the-godfather-sort-of-a-home-movie/ |archive-date=December 11, 2020 |location=The Stacks Reader |format=Archive}}</ref>


==Shooting==
==Shooting==
In early 1971, Joe Gallo was released from prison. As a supposedly conciliatory gesture, Colombo invited Gallo to a peace meeting with an offering of $1,000.<ref name="mafia informer">{{cite news|last=Fosburgh|first=Lacy|title=Mafia Informer Says Aloi Ordered Gallo Killing|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/06/21/97442269.pdf|access-date=3 November 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 12, 1973}}</ref> Gallo refused the invitation, wanting $100,000 to stop the conflict, which Colombo refused to pay.<ref name="colombo refusal"/> At that point, acting boss [[Vincenzo Aloi]] issued a new order to kill Gallo.<ref name="colombo refusal">{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=Colombo's Refusal to Buy Off Gallo for $100,000 Cited|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/07/05/79402463.pdf|access-date=3 November 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 5, 1971}}</ref>
In early 1971, Joe Gallo was released from prison. As a supposedly conciliatory gesture, Colombo invited Gallo to a peace meeting with an offering of $1,000.<ref name="mafia informer">{{cite news|last=Fosburgh|first=Lacy|title=Mafia Informer Says Aloi Ordered Gallo Killing|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/06/21/97442269.pdf|access-date=2011-11-03|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 12, 1973}}</ref> Gallo refused the invitation, wanting $100,000 to stop the conflict, which Colombo refused to pay.<ref name="colombo refusal" /> At that point, acting boss [[Vincenzo Aloi]] issued a new order to kill Gallo.<ref name="colombo refusal">{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=Colombo's Refusal to Buy Off Gallo for $100,000 Cited|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/07/05/79402463.pdf|access-date=2011-11-03|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 5, 1971}}</ref>


On March 11, 1971, after being convicted of perjury for lying on his application to become a [[real estate broker]], Colombo was sentenced to two and half years in state prison.<ref name="corporate rift">{{cite news|last=Ferretti|first=Fred|title=Corporate Rift in 'Godfather' Filming|newspaper=New York Times|date=March 23, 1971}}</ref> The sentence, however, was delayed pending an appeal.<ref name="Olive oil king">{{cite web|last=Bruno|first=Anthony|title=TruTV Crime Library|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/colombo/3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913194214/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/colombo/3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|work=The Colombo Family: The Olive Oil King|access-date=October 14, 2011}}</ref>
On March 11, 1971, after being convicted of perjury for lying on his application to become a [[real estate broker]], Colombo was sentenced to two and half years in state prison.<ref name="corporate rift">{{cite news|last=Ferretti|first=Fred|title=Corporate Rift in 'Godfather' Filming|newspaper=New York Times|date=March 23, 1971}}</ref> The sentence, however, was delayed pending an appeal.<ref name="Olive oil king">{{cite web|last=Bruno|first=Anthony|title=TruTV Crime Library|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/colombo/3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913194214/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/colombo/3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|work=The Colombo Family: The Olive Oil King|access-date=October 14, 2011}}</ref>


On June 28, 1971, Colombo was shot three times by Jerome A. Johnson, with one bullet hitting him in the head, at the second Italian Unity Day rally in [[Columbus Circle]] sponsored by the Italian-American Civil Rights League; Johnson was immediately killed by Colombo's bodyguards.<ref name="colombo dies"/>
On June 28, 1971, Colombo was shot three times in the head and neck by Jerome A. Johnson, with one of the bullets hitting him in the head, at the second Italian Unity Day rally in [[Columbus Circle]] sponsored by the Italian-American Civil Rights League; Johnson was immediately killed by Colombo's bodyguards.<ref name="colombo dies" />


===Aftermath===
==Death and aftermath==
Colombo was paralyzed from the shooting.<ref name="colombo dies"/> On August 28, 1971, after two months at [[Mount Sinai West|Roosevelt Hospital]] in Manhattan, Colombo was moved to his estate at Blooming Grove.<ref name="two months">{{cite news|last=Weisman|first=Steven R.|title=Colombo Leaves the Hospital Two Months After the Shooting.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/08/28/79404189.pdf|access-date=9 November 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=August 28, 1971}}</ref> In 1975, a court-ordered examination showed that Colombo could move his thumb and forefinger on his right hand. In 1976, there were reports that he could recognize people and utter several words.<ref name="colombo dies" /> On May 22, 1978, Colombo died of cardiac arrest at St. Luke's Hospital (later St. Luke's Cornwall Hospital) in [[Newburgh, New York]].<ref name="colombo dies">{{cite news|title=Joseph A. Colombo, Sr,. Paralyzed in Shooting at 1971 Rally, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/24/archives/joseph-a-colombo-sr-54-paralyzed-in-shooting-at-1971-rally-dies.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=May 24, 1978}}</ref>
Colombo was paralyzed from the shooting.<ref name="colombo dies" /> On August 28, 1971, after two months at [[Mount Sinai West|Roosevelt Hospital]] in Manhattan, Colombo was moved to his estate at Blooming Grove.<ref name="two months">{{cite news|last=Weisman|first=Steven R.|title=Colombo Leaves the Hospital Two Months After the Shooting.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/08/28/79404189.pdf|access-date=2011-11-09|newspaper=New York Times|date=August 28, 1971}}</ref> In 1975, a court-ordered examination showed that Colombo could move his thumb and forefinger on his right hand. In 1976, there were reports that he could recognize people and utter several words.<ref name="colombo dies" />


Colombo's funeral was held at [[St Bernadette]]'s Catholic Church in [[Bensonhurst]] and he was buried in [[St. John Cemetery, Queens, New York|Saint John Cemetery]] in the [[Middle Village, Queens|Middle Village]] section of Queens.<ref name="find grave">{{cite web|title=Joe Colombo|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/5906|work=Find A Grave|access-date=9 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="colombo eulogized">{{cite news|last=Gupte|first=Pranay|title=Colombo is Eulogized as a Champion of Civil Rights|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1978/05/27/110961261.pdf|access-date=9 November 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=May 27, 1978}}</ref>
After the Colombo shooting, [[Joseph Yacovelli]] became the acting boss for one year before [[Carmine Persico]] took over.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=Yacovelli Said to Succeed Colombo in Mafia Family|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/09/01/79150801.pdf|access-date=2011-11-09|newspaper=New York Times|date=September 1, 1971}}</ref>


Although many in the Colombo family blamed Joe Gallo for the shooting, the police eventually concluded that Johnson was a lone gunman after they had questioned Gallo.<ref name=grudges>{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=Grudges with Gallo Date to War with Profaci|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/04/08/79466327.pdf|access-date=November 25, 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 8, 1972}}</ref> Since Johnson had spent time a few days earlier at a Gambino club, one theory was that [[Carlo Gambino]] organized the shooting. Colombo refused to listen to Gambino's complaints about the League, and allegedly spat in Gambino's face during one argument.<ref name="suspect shooting">{{cite news|last=Ferretti|first=Fred|title=Suspect in Shooting of Colombo Linked to Gambino Family|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 20, 1971}}</ref> However, the Colombo family leadership was convinced that [[Joe Gallo]] ordered the murder after his falling out with the family.<ref name=Abadinsky>{{cite book|last=Abadinsky|first=Howard|title=Organized crime|year=2010|publisher=Wadsworth/Cengage Learning|location=Belmont, Calif.|isbn=978-0-495-59966-1|url=https://archive.org/details/organizedcrime00howa|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/organizedcrime00howa/page/103 103]|edition=9th}}</ref> Gallo was murdered on April 7, 1972.<ref name="story murder">{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=Story of Joe Gallo's Murder|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/05/03/82222661.pdf |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 3, 1972 |access-date=November 3, 2011}}</ref>
Although many in the Colombo family blamed [[Joe Gallo]] for the shooting, the police eventually concluded that Johnson was a lone gunman after they had questioned Gallo.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=Grudges with Gallo Date to War with Profaci|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/04/08/79466327.pdf|access-date=November 25, 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 8, 1972}}</ref> Since Johnson had spent time a few days earlier at a Gambino club, one theory was that [[Carlo Gambino]] organized the shooting. Colombo refused to listen to Gambino's complaints about the League, and allegedly spat in Gambino's face during one argument.<ref name="suspect shooting">{{cite news|last=Ferretti|first=Fred|title=Suspect in Shooting of Colombo Linked to Gambino Family|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 20, 1971}}</ref> However, the Colombo family leadership was convinced that Joe Gallo ordered the murder after his falling out with the family.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abadinsky|first=Howard|title=Organized crime|year=2010|publisher=Wadsworth/Cengage Learning|location=Belmont, Calif.|isbn=978-0-495-59966-1|url=https://archive.org/details/organizedcrime00howa|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/organizedcrime00howa/page/103 103]|edition=9th}}</ref> Gallo was murdered on April 7, 1972.<ref name="story murder">{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=Story of Joe Gallo's Murder|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/05/03/82222661.pdf |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 3, 1972 |access-date=November 3, 2011}}</ref>


==Death==
After the Colombo shooting, [[Joseph Yacovelli]] became the acting boss for one year before [[Carmine Persico]] took over.<ref name=yacovelli>{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=Yacovelli Said to Succeed Colombo in Mafia Family|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/09/01/79150801.pdf|access-date=9 November 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=September 1, 1971}}</ref>
On May 22, 1978, Colombo died of cardiac arrest at St. Luke's Hospital (later St. Luke's Cornwall Hospital) in [[Newburgh, New York]].<ref name="colombo dies">{{cite news|title=Joseph A. Colombo, Sr,. Paralyzed in Shooting at 1971 Rally, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/24/archives/joseph-a-colombo-sr-54-paralyzed-in-shooting-at-1971-rally-dies.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=May 24, 1978}}</ref>

Colombo's funeral was held at [[St Bernadette]]'s Catholic Church in [[Bensonhurst]] and he was buried in [[St. John Cemetery, Queens, New York|Saint John Cemetery]] in the [[Middle Village, Queens|Middle Village]] section of Queens.<ref name="colombo eulogized">{{cite news|last=Gupte|first=Pranay|title=Colombo is Eulogized as a Champion of Civil Rights|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1978/05/27/110961261.pdf|access-date=2011-11-09|newspaper=New York Times|date=May 27, 1978}}</ref>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
* Colombo features in the first episode of UK history TV channel [[Yesterday (TV channel)|Yesterday]]'s documentary series [http://uktv.co.uk/yesterday/item/aid/652827 ''Mafia's Greatest Hits'']
* Colombo features in the first episode of UK history TV channel [[Yesterday (TV channel)|Yesterday]]'s documentary series ''Mafia's Greatest Hits''<ref>[http://uktv.co.uk/yesterday/item/aid/652827 ''Mafia's Greatest Hits''].</ref>
* In "[[Christopher (The Sopranos)|Christopher]]", an episode of ''[[The Sopranos]]'', Silvio Dante claims that Colombo was the founder of the first Italian-American anti-defamation organization. However, the American Italian Anti-Defamation League was founded before Colombo's Italian-American Civil Rights League
* In "[[Christopher (The Sopranos)|Christopher]]", an episode of ''[[The Sopranos]]'', [[Silvio Dante]] claims that Colombo was the founder of the first Italian-American anti-defamation organization. However, the American Italian Anti-Defamation League was founded before Colombo's Italian-American Civil Rights League
* In 2015, Joe Colombo's oldest son, Anthony Colombo, authored ''Colombo: The Unsolved Murder''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/nyregion/anthony-colombo-dies-at-71-helped-get-mafia-out-of-the-godfather.html|title=Anthony Colombo Dies at 71; Helped Get 'Mafia' Out of 'The Godfather'|last=Roberts|first=Sam|date=2017-01-24|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-17|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> a biography/memoir with co-author [[Don Capria]]
* In 2015, Joe Colombo's oldest son, Anthony Colombo, authored ''Colombo: The Unsolved Murder''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/nyregion/anthony-colombo-dies-at-71-helped-get-mafia-out-of-the-godfather.html|title=Anthony Colombo Dies at 71; Helped Get 'Mafia' Out of 'The Godfather'|last=Roberts|first=Sam|date=2017-01-24|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-17|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> a biography/memoir with co-author [[Don Capria]]
* Colombo's assassination attempt is featured in the 2019 [[Martin Scorsese]] film ''[[The Irishman]]'', played by actor John Polce<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Polce |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0688911/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=IMDb}}</ref>.
* The 2019 [[Martin Scorsese]] film ''[[The Irishman]]'' depicts the assassination attempt on Colombo, who is played by John Polce.
* Colombo is played by [[Giovanni Ribisi]] in the 2022 [[Paramount+]] limited [[streaming media|streaming]] series ''[[The Offer (miniseries)|The Offer]]'', which details the making of the film ''[[The Godfather]]''.
* Colombo is played by [[Giovanni Ribisi]] in the 2022 [[Paramount+]] limited [[streaming media|streaming]] series ''[[The Offer]]'', which details the making of the film ''[[The Godfather]]''.
* Colombo is portrayed by [[Michael Raymond-James]] in the third season of the television series ''[[Godfather of Harlem]]'', which premiered in 2023


==References==
==References==
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{{Colombo crime family}} {{American Mafia}}
{{Colombo crime family}}
{{American Mafia}}
{{Authority control}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Colombo, Joe}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:American crime bosses]]
[[Category:20th-century American criminals]]
[[Category:American civil rights activists]]
[[Category:American male criminals]]
[[Category:American shooting survivors]]
[[Category:American Zionists]]
[[Category:Bosses of the Colombo crime family]]
[[Category:Bosses of the Colombo crime family]]
[[Category:Burials at St. John's Cemetery (Queens)]]
[[Category:Burials at St. John's Cemetery (Queens)]]
[[Category:Colombo crime family]]
[[Category:Criminals from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Murdered American gangsters of Italian descent]]
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[[Category:People from Dyker Heights, Brooklyn]]
[[Category:People murdered by the Colombo crime family]]
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[[Category:People murdered in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Male murder victims]]
[[Category:People from Blooming Grove, New York]]
[[Category:Burials in New York (state)]]
[[Category:New Utrecht High School alumni]]
[[Category:New Utrecht High School alumni]]
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[[Category:People from Blooming Grove, New York]]
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[[Category:People from Bay Ridge, Brooklyn]]

Latest revision as of 07:16, 16 November 2024

"Joe Colombo" redirects here. For other uses, see Joe Colombo (disambiguation).

Joseph Colombo
Colombo's March 6, 1970 mugshot
Born
Joseph Anthony Colombo

(1923-06-16)June 16, 1923
New York City, U.S.
DiedMay 22, 1978(1978-05-22) (aged 54)
Newburgh, New York, U.S.
Resting placeSt. John's Cemetery, Queens
OccupationCrime boss
PredecessorJoseph Magliocco
SuccessorCarmine Persico
Spouse
Lucille Faiello
​
(m. 1944)​
Children5
AllegianceColombo crime family
Italian-American Civil Rights League
Conviction(s)Contempt of court (1966)
Criminal penalty30 days in prison

Joseph Anthony Colombo Sr. (Italian: [koˈlombo]; June 16, 1923 – May 22, 1978) was the boss of the Colombo crime family, one of the Five Families of the American Mafia in New York City.

Colombo was born in New York City, where his father was an early member of what was then the Profaci crime family. In 1961, the First Colombo War unfolded, instigated by the kidnapping of four high-ranking members in the Profaci family by Joe Gallo. Later that year, Gallo was imprisoned, and in 1962, family leader Joe Profaci died of cancer. In 1963, Bonanno crime family boss, Joseph Bonanno made plans with Joseph Magliocco to assassinate several rivals on The Commission. Magliocco gave the contract to one of his top hit men, Colombo, who revealed the plot to its targets. The Commission spared Magliocco's life but forced him into retirement, while Bonanno fled to Canada. As a reward for turning on his boss, Colombo was awarded the Profaci family. His only prison term would come in 1966, when Colombo was sentenced to 30 days in prison for contempt of court by refusing to answer questions from a grand jury about his financial affairs.

In 1970, Colombo created the Italian-American Civil Rights League. Later that year, the first Italian Unity Day rally was held in Columbus Circle to protest the federal persecution of Italians. In 1971, Gallo was released from prison, and Colombo invited him to a peace meeting with an offering of $1,000, which Gallo refused, instigating the Second Colombo War. On June 28, 1971, Colombo was shot three times by Jerome Johnson at the second Italian Unity Day rally in Columbus Circle sponsored by the Italian-American Civil Rights League; Johnson was immediately killed by Colombo's bodyguards. Colombo was paralyzed from the shooting. On May 22, 1978, Colombo died of cardiac arrest that resulted from his injuries.

Early life

[edit]

Joseph Colombo Sr. was born into an Italian American family on June 16, 1923, in Brooklyn.[1] His father, Anthony Colombo, was an early member of the Profaci crime family, which would eventually be renamed after his son. In 1938, he was found strangled in a car with his mistress.[2] Joe Colombo attended New Utrecht High School in Brooklyn for two years, then dropped out to join the U.S. Coast Guard. In 1945, he was diagnosed with neurosis and discharged from the service. His legitimate jobs included ten years as a longshoreman and six years as a salesman for a meat company.[1] His final job was that of a real estate salesman.[2]

Colombo owned a modest home in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn and a five-acre estate in Blooming Grove, New York.[1] He married Lucille Faiello in 1944, and had five children including sons Christopher Colombo, Joseph Colombo Jr. (1946–2014)[3] and Anthony Colombo (1945–2017).[4][5]

First Colombo War

[edit]

Colombo followed his father into the Profaci family. He became one of the family's top enforcers, and soon became a capo.

On February 27, 1961, the Gallos kidnapped four of Profaci's top men: underboss Magliocco, Frank Profaci (Joe Profaci's brother), capo Salvatore Musacchia and soldier John Scimone.[6] Profaci himself eluded capture and flew to sanctuary in Florida.[6] While holding the hostages, Larry and Albert Gallo sent Joe Gallo to California. The Gallos demanded a more favorable financial scheme in return for the hostages' release. Gallo wanted to kill one hostage and demand $100,000 before negotiations, but his brother Larry overruled him. After a few weeks of negotiation, Profaci made a deal with the Gallos.[7] Profaci's consigliere Charles "the Sidge" LoCicero negotiated with the Gallos and all the hostages were released peacefully.[8] However, Profaci had no intention of honoring this peace agreement. On August 20, 1961, Profaci ordered the murder of Gallo family members Joseph "Joe Jelly" Gioielli and Larry Gallo. Gunmen allegedly murdered Gioilli after inviting him to go fishing.[6] Larry Gallo survived a strangulation attempt in the Sahara club of East Flatbush by Carmine Persico and Salvatore "Sally" D'Ambrosio after a police officer intervened.[6][9] The Gallo brothers had been previously aligned with Persico against Profaci and his loyalists;[6][9] The Gallos then began calling Persico "The Snake" after he had betrayed them.[9] The war continued and resulted in nine murders and three disappearances.[9] With the start of the gang war, the Gallo crew retreated to the Dormitory.[10]

In late November 1961, Joe Gallo was sentenced to seven-to-fourteen years in prison for murder.[11] On June 6, 1962, Profaci died and was succeeded by longtime underboss Joseph Magliocco. In 1963, Joseph Bonanno, the head of the Bonanno crime family, made plans to assassinate several rivals on the Mafia Commission—bosses Tommy Lucchese, Carlo Gambino, and Stefano Magaddino, as well as Frank DeSimone.[12] Bonanno sought Magliocco's support, and Magliocco readily agreed. Bonanno was not only bitter from being denied a seat on the Commission, but he and Profaci had been close allies for over 30 years prior to Profaci's death. Bonanno's audacious goal was to take over the Commission and make Magliocco his right-hand man.[13] Magliocco was assigned the task of killing Lucchese and Gambino, and gave the contract to one of his top hit men, Colombo. However, the opportunistic Colombo revealed the plot to its targets. The other bosses quickly realized that Magliocco could not have planned this himself. Remembering how close Bonanno was with Magliocco (and before him, Profaci), as well as their close ties through marriages, the other bosses concluded Bonanno was the real mastermind.[13] The Commission summoned Bonanno and Magliocco to explain themselves. Fearing for his life, Bonanno went into hiding in Montreal, leaving Magliocco to deal with the Commission. Badly shaken and in failing health, Magliocco confessed his role in the plot. The Commission spared Magliocco's life, but forced him to retire as Profaci family boss and pay a $50,000 fine. As a reward for turning on his boss, Colombo was awarded the Profaci family.[13]

At the age of 41, Colombo was one of the youngest crime bosses in the country. He was also the first American-born boss of a New York crime family. When NYPD detective Albert Seedman (later the NYPD chief of detectives) called Colombo in for questioning about the death of one of his soldiers, Colombo came to the meeting without a lawyer. He told Seedman, "I am an American citizen, first class. I don't have a badge that makes me an official good guy like you, but I work just as honest for a living."[14]

On May 9, 1966, Colombo was sentenced to 30 days in jail for contempt by refusing to answer questions from a grand jury about his financial affairs.[15]

Italian-American Civil Rights League

[edit]

In April 1970, Colombo created the Italian-American Civil Rights League. That same month, his son Joseph Colombo Jr. was charged with melting down coins for resale as silver ingots.[16] In response, Joseph Colombo Sr. claimed FBI harassment of Italian-Americans and, on April 30, 1970, sent 30 picketers outside FBI headquarters at Third Avenue and 69th Street to protest the federal persecution of all Italians everywhere; this went on for weeks.[16] On June 29, 1970, 50,000 people attended the first Italian Unity Day rally in Columbus Circle in New York City.[17][18][19] In February 1971, Colombo Jr. was acquitted of the federal charge after the chief witness in the trial was arrested on perjury charges.[20]

Under Colombo's guidance, the League grew quickly and achieved national attention. Unlike other mob leaders who shunned the spotlight, Colombo appeared on television interviews, fundraisers and speaking engagements for the League. In 1971, Colombo aligned the League with Rabbi and political activist Meir Kahane's Jewish Defense League, claiming that both groups were being harassed by the federal government.[21] At one point, Colombo posted bail for 11 jailed JDL members.[22]

The Godfather

[edit]

In the spring of 1971, Paramount Pictures started filming The Godfather with the assistance of Colombo and the League. Due to its subject matter, the film originally faced great opposition from Italian-Americans to filming in New York. However, after producer Albert Ruddy met with Colombo and agreed to excise the terms "Mafia" and "Cosa Nostra" from the film, the League cooperated fully.[23] The first meeting involved Ruddy, Colombo, Colombo's son Anthony and 1500 delegates from Colombo's Italian-American Civil Rights League.[24] Ruddy would afterwards hold numerous meetings with Anthony, which led to assurance that the film would be based on individuals and would not defame or stereotype a group.[24]

Shooting

[edit]

In early 1971, Joe Gallo was released from prison. As a supposedly conciliatory gesture, Colombo invited Gallo to a peace meeting with an offering of $1,000.[25] Gallo refused the invitation, wanting $100,000 to stop the conflict, which Colombo refused to pay.[26] At that point, acting boss Vincenzo Aloi issued a new order to kill Gallo.[26]

On March 11, 1971, after being convicted of perjury for lying on his application to become a real estate broker, Colombo was sentenced to two and half years in state prison.[27] The sentence, however, was delayed pending an appeal.[28]

On June 28, 1971, Colombo was shot three times in the head and neck by Jerome A. Johnson, with one of the bullets hitting him in the head, at the second Italian Unity Day rally in Columbus Circle sponsored by the Italian-American Civil Rights League; Johnson was immediately killed by Colombo's bodyguards.[1]

Aftermath

[edit]

Colombo was paralyzed from the shooting.[1] On August 28, 1971, after two months at Roosevelt Hospital in Manhattan, Colombo was moved to his estate at Blooming Grove.[29] In 1975, a court-ordered examination showed that Colombo could move his thumb and forefinger on his right hand. In 1976, there were reports that he could recognize people and utter several words.[1]

After the Colombo shooting, Joseph Yacovelli became the acting boss for one year before Carmine Persico took over.[30]

Although many in the Colombo family blamed Joe Gallo for the shooting, the police eventually concluded that Johnson was a lone gunman after they had questioned Gallo.[31] Since Johnson had spent time a few days earlier at a Gambino club, one theory was that Carlo Gambino organized the shooting. Colombo refused to listen to Gambino's complaints about the League, and allegedly spat in Gambino's face during one argument.[32] However, the Colombo family leadership was convinced that Joe Gallo ordered the murder after his falling out with the family.[33] Gallo was murdered on April 7, 1972.[34]

Death

[edit]

On May 22, 1978, Colombo died of cardiac arrest at St. Luke's Hospital (later St. Luke's Cornwall Hospital) in Newburgh, New York.[1]

Colombo's funeral was held at St Bernadette's Catholic Church in Bensonhurst and he was buried in Saint John Cemetery in the Middle Village section of Queens.[35]

[edit]
  • Colombo features in the first episode of UK history TV channel Yesterday's documentary series Mafia's Greatest Hits[36]
  • In "Christopher", an episode of The Sopranos, Silvio Dante claims that Colombo was the founder of the first Italian-American anti-defamation organization. However, the American Italian Anti-Defamation League was founded before Colombo's Italian-American Civil Rights League
  • In 2015, Joe Colombo's oldest son, Anthony Colombo, authored Colombo: The Unsolved Murder[37] a biography/memoir with co-author Don Capria
  • The 2019 Martin Scorsese film The Irishman depicts the assassination attempt on Colombo, who is played by John Polce.
  • Colombo is played by Giovanni Ribisi in the 2022 Paramount+ limited streaming series The Offer, which details the making of the film The Godfather.
  • Colombo is portrayed by Michael Raymond-James in the third season of the television series Godfather of Harlem, which premiered in 2023

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Joseph A. Colombo, Sr,. Paralyzed in Shooting at 1971 Rally, Dies". New York Times. May 24, 1978.
  2. ^ a b Gage, Nicholas (May 3, 1971). "Colombo: The New Look in the Mafia" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  3. ^ "Brooks Funeral Home : Newburgh, New York (NY)". Brooks Funeral Home. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
  4. ^ "Anthony Colombo, 71; helped get 'Mafia' out of 'The Godfather'". Boston Globe. February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  5. ^ "Anthony Colombo Dies at 71; Helped Get 'Mafia' Out of 'The Godfather'". The New York Times. January 24, 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d e Cage, Nicholas (July 17, 1972) "Part II The Mafia at War" New York pp.27-36
  7. ^ Sifakis, Carl (2005). The Mafia encyclopedia (3. ed.). New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3.
  8. ^ Capeci (2001), p.303
  9. ^ a b c d Raab (2006), pp.321-324
  10. ^ Cook, Fred J. (October 23, 1966). "Robin Hoods or Real Tough Boys:Larry Gallo, Crazy Joe, and Kid Blast" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
  11. ^ Capeci (2001) p.305
  12. ^ Staff (September 1, 1967) "The Mob: How Joe Bonanno Schemed to kill – and lost" Life p.15-21
  13. ^ a b c Bruno, Anthony. "Colombo Crime Family: Trouble and More Trouble". TruTV Crime Library. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  14. ^ Raab, Selwyn. The Five Families: The Rise, Decline & Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empire. New York: St. Martins Press, 2005. p. 187
  15. ^ "Mafia Figure Gets a Contempt Term" (PDF). New York Times. May 10, 1966. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  16. ^ a b "Small-time mob boss Joe Colombo's great civil rights crusade". New York Daily News. August 14, 2017.
  17. ^ "Thousands of Italians Here Rally Against Ethnic Slurs". The New York Times. June 30, 1970.
  18. ^ "Italo-Americans Press Unity Day" (PDF). New York Times. June 18, 1970. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  19. ^ Vincenza Scarpaci (2008). The Journey of the Italians in America. Pelican. ISBN 9781455606832.
  20. ^ "Colombo Acquitted In Conspiracy Case". The New York Times. February 27, 1971.
  21. ^ Kaplan, Morris (May 14, 1971). "Kahane and Colombo Join Forces to Fight Reported U.S. Harassment" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  22. ^ Rosenthal, Richard (2000). Rookie cop : deep undercover in the Jewish Defense League. Wellfleet, Mass.: Leapfrog Press. ISBN 0-9654578-8-5.
  23. ^ Pileggi, Nicholas (August 15, 1971). "The Making of 'The Godfather: Sort of a Home Movie". New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  24. ^ a b Pileggi, Nicholas (August 15, 1971). "The Making of "The Godfather"—Sort of a Home Movie". The New York Times Magazine. The Stacks Reader. ISSN 0028-7822. Archived from the original (Archive) on December 11, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
  25. ^ Fosburgh, Lacy (June 12, 1973). "Mafia Informer Says Aloi Ordered Gallo Killing" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  26. ^ a b Gage, Nicholas (July 5, 1971). "Colombo's Refusal to Buy Off Gallo for $100,000 Cited" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  27. ^ Ferretti, Fred (March 23, 1971). "Corporate Rift in 'Godfather' Filming". New York Times.
  28. ^ Bruno, Anthony. "TruTV Crime Library". The Colombo Family: The Olive Oil King. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
  29. ^ Weisman, Steven R. (August 28, 1971). "Colombo Leaves the Hospital Two Months After the Shooting" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  30. ^ Gage, Nicholas (September 1, 1971). "Yacovelli Said to Succeed Colombo in Mafia Family" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  31. ^ Gage, Nicholas (April 8, 1972). "Grudges with Gallo Date to War with Profaci" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  32. ^ Ferretti, Fred (July 20, 1971). "Suspect in Shooting of Colombo Linked to Gambino Family". New York Times.
  33. ^ Abadinsky, Howard (2010). Organized crime (9th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-495-59966-1.
  34. ^ Gage, Nicholas (May 3, 1972). "Story of Joe Gallo's Murder" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  35. ^ Gupte, Pranay (May 27, 1978). "Colombo is Eulogized as a Champion of Civil Rights" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  36. ^ Mafia's Greatest Hits.
  37. ^ Roberts, Sam (January 24, 2017). "Anthony Colombo Dies at 71; Helped Get 'Mafia' Out of 'The Godfather'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 17, 2019.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Capria, Don and Anthony Colombo. Colombo: The Unsolved Murder. New York: Unity Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0692583241
  • Reppetto, Thomas. Bringing Down the Mob. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006. ISBN 0-8050-7802-9
  • Moore, Robin and Barbara Fuca. Mafia Wife. New York: MacMillan, 1977, ISBN 0-02-586180-8
American Mafia
Preceded by Colombo crime family
Boss
1964-1971 		Succeeded by
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