Carmichael coal mine: Difference between revisions

Carmichael coal mine
Location
	Carmichael coal mine
Location	Isaac Region, Queensland
Country	Australia
Coordinates	22°03′S 146°23′E / 22.050°S 146.383°E
Production
Products	Thermal coal
Type	Open-pit
Owner
Company	Bravus Mining & Resources, an Adani Group subsidiary
Website	Official website

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The Carmichael coal mine is a coal mine in Queensland, Australia, owned by the Adani Group's Australian subsidiary Bravus Mining & Resources. It was approved by the government in 2014 and has been operational since December 2021. The mine was initially planned to produce 60 million tonnes of coal per year; however, funding difficulties resulted in downsizing the planned mine to produce 10 million tonnes per year. Construction of the mine started in June 2019, and on 29 December 2021 the first coal shipment from the Carmichael Mine was ready for export.

The mine has drawn criticism for its environmental impacts on the Great Barrier Reef, water usage, and carbon emissions, leading to a campaign known as Stop Adani. It has been dogged by legal issues relating mainly to the environmental aspects. Other contentious issues are its claimed economic benefits, financial viability, and use of taxpayer funding.

History

The mine was announced in 2010, initially with a forecast mining duration of 90 years, which was later reduced to 60 years.^[1] The federal government approved the project in July 2014. Associated works included new port terminals and seabed dredging at the Abbot Point, and it was planned to dump the drudge on land.^[2] The coal was planned to be transported by rail (including the Goonyella railway line) to the ports at Hay Point and Abbot Point.^[3]

However, the approval was set aside in August 2015, when the Federal Court of Australia found that environment minister Greg Hunt did not correctly follow requirements under Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 regarding the yakka skink and ornamental snake endangered species.^[4] This led to considerable controversy and the project was re-approved in October 2015.^[5]

The mine was initially planned to produce 60 million tonnes of coal per year; however, funding difficulties resulted in downsizing the planned mine to produce 10 million tonnes per year.^[6]^[7]^[8]

In June 2019 Adani Australia commenced construction of the Carmichael mine.^[9] The company aims to be starting commercial-scale coal mining by the end of 2021.^[10] Mine approvals and construction were delayed by campaigns run by traditional owners and environmentalists, which included non-violent direct action at the construction site.^[11]

The thermal coal produced by the mine was predicted to consist of 11% ash and have a weighted average value of 5,000–5,500 kcal/kg.^[12]

In November 2020, Adani changed the name of its Australian subsidiary, which operates the mine, from Adani Mining to Bravus Mining & Resources.^[13]

The company was the "jersey sleeve" sponsor of the North Queensland Cowboys NRL rugby league team for the 2021 season.^[14]

On 29 December 2021, the first coal shipment from the Carmichael Mine was ready for export.^[15]^[16]

Location

The mine is located in Central Queensland, with the majority of the site being within the Isaac Region and a small portion being within the Charters Towers Region.^[6]^[17]

The coal was formed as part of the Galilee Basin, a 247,000 square kilometre inland region which includes aquifers that are a part of the Great Artesian Basin underground fresh water source.^[18] Mining operations currently consist of small-scale barite, bentonite, calcite, gypsum; limestone, opals; phosphate and potassium mines; there is no history of coal mining of the basin.^[19]

Mine and associated facilities

The mine is intended to be an open-cut mine (compared with earlier designs which also included underground mines)^[6] with 279 km² (108 sq mi) of land being excavated.^[1] The total area of the mine site is planned to be 447 km² (173 sq mi).^[20]^{[third-party source needed]}^{[needs update]}

The original plan included a new 388 kilometres (241 mi) long standard-gauge railway,^[21]^[22] which was proposed to be paid for by taxpayers.^[23]^[24] In September 2018, Adani announced that it had abandoned plans to build the standard-gauge line in favour of a 200 km (124 mi) extension to a nearby existing narrow-gauge railway. This railway is planned to connect the mine to the maritime freight terminal at Abbot Point^[25] and construction began in mid-2020.^[26]^{[needs update]} Construction of the approximately 200km Carmichael Rail Network was completed in September 2021.^[27]^{[better source needed]}

In January 2020, in response to protests in Berlin by Extinction Rebellion, Siemens announced it would re-evaluate its $20m contract to supply signalling systems for the rail link,^[28] but decided to continue with the contract saying there was "practically no legally and economically responsible way to unwind the contract without neglecting fiduciary duties."^[29]

The fly-in fly-out (FIFO) workers for the mine during the construction phase were based in the regional cities of Rockhampton and Townsville.^[30] A new airstrip close to the mine was proposed to be constructed, at a cost to taxpayers of $31 million^[31] to $34 million.^[32] Following public criticisms and the project delays, government funding for the proposed airstrip was cancelled^[33] and the airstrip was paid for by Adani. Flights to the airstrip began in June 2020.^[34]

The subcontract for the construction of a 189 km (117 mi) railway line to the mine was signed in 2020.^[35]^[36] The company stated that it had approximately 2000 employees in November 2020^[37] and approximately 2600 employees in June 2021.^[38]

The Bravus subsidiary Bowen Rail Company operates the coal trains on the Carmichael Rail Network.^[39]

Environmental impacts

Greenhouse gas emissions

According to the environmental impact statement, the mine was expected to produce 200 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, based on a 60-year lifespan.^[40]

In April 2019, Bob Brown led a convoy of vehicles to protest against the proposed coal mine. The protest was criticised by pro-coal lobby groups and is considered a factor in the Queensland voters' swing away from progressive parties in the 2019 Australian federal election.^[41]^[42]

Greta Thunberg drew international attention to the mine in January 2020, when she called on large German-based industrial corporation Siemens AG (which claimed to be one of the first companies to have pledged to be carbon neutral by 2030) to stop the delivery of railway equipment for the mine.^[43] Siemens responded that it "should have been wiser about this project beforehand", but declined to cancel the contract.^[44]

Water – rivers and underground sources

Adani had initially planned to use 12,500 megalitres per year from the Belyando River for the Carmichael coal mine.^[45] Regarding the reduction on the local water table, the company's Supplementary Environmental Impact Statement stated that "maximum impacts in excess of 300 metres are predicted". Beyond the mine boundary, Adani's groundwater model predicted water table levels to drop "typically between 20 and 50m" and "up to around 4m in the vicinity of the [Carmichael] river".^[46] During a hearing in the QLD Land Court, Adani's representatives defended predictions drawn from drilling data, despite allegations of this being insufficient to determine risks of collapses underground that could impact groundwater systems.^[47]

Endangered species

The mine site area is home to a number of species, including the yakka skink, ornamental snake, and the waxy cabbage palm. The mine site is home to the largest known community of black throated finches,^[48] and the operation of the mine is subject to a Black-Throated Finch Management Plan.^[49]

The finches' population is in decline, and the southern subspecies is threatened, having vanished from 80% of its former range.^[50] Adani Australia produced a management plan for the finch,^[51] proposing to gradually clear land around the mine and force the finches to move away.^[52] The plan was heavily criticised by some ecologists, who highlighted the plan to graze cattle on protected land and noted the land was tagged to be used for other projects.^[53] There was also a lack of transparency and consultation with experts in the field.^[54]

Environmental activism: Stop Adani

The mine drawn criticism for its environmental impacts on the Great Barrier Reef, water usage, and carbon emissions.^[55] Since approval for the mine was given by the government in 2014, campaigners have opposed the project with hundreds of rallies and other actions targeting 145 companies, as part of a campaign known as Stop Adani,^[56]^[57]^[58]^[59]

Financial issues

In 2015, a number of major international banks publicly ruled out financing the coal mine, railway line or shipping terminal. This included more than half of the top 20 coal financing banks globally,^[60] such as Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase, Goldman Sachs, Deutsche Bank, Royal Bank of Scotland, HSBC, Barclays, Credit Agricole and Société Générale. Standard Chartered provided financing to the project, but Adani ended the bank's advisory contract.^[61]

Large coal projects in Australia typically engage with one or more of the "big four" Australian banks in arranging or providing debt. However, National Australia Bank announced in September 2015 that it would not fund the project,^[62] followed by Westpac in April 2015 and ANZ Bank in August 2017.^[63]^[64]

Before the mine's construction, some analysts doubted the mine was viable given the price of coal at the time. In November 2014, one analyst predicted that a price of about $100–$110 a tonne was required for the project be financially viable.^[65] The price of coal fluctuated significantly over following years; from US$60/t in 2015, then US$115/t in 2018 and US$170/t in May 2021.^[66]^[67] The company claims that it has agreements in place to sell 10 million tonnes of coal from the mine.^[68]

Taxpayer funding

In 2014, the Queensland Liberal National Party state government proposed reduced taxes for the project in the form of an open-ended royalty rate "holiday",^[69] and for taxpayers to pay for the sediment dumping facility in the Caley Valley wetlands.^[70] The Labor opposition criticised the secrecy surrounding the costs and suggested that up to $1.08 billion of public money would be required.^[71]

Following the Queensland Labor Party's victory in the 2015 state election, the Labor party vowed to not use state funds for the railway line,^[72]^[73] however the party called on the Australian Liberal National government to use federal taxpayer money for the railway line.^[74]^[75] The federal government considered the proposal,^[76] however in the end it was not successful.

In October 2020, the Queensland Labor Party government announced that the royalties deal for the coal mine had been signed.^[77] The deal includes deferring royalty payments for an unspecified period.^[78]

Indigenous community impacts

Native title court cases

In 2016, a group of Indigenous landholders launched a case in the Queensland Supreme court against the granting of Adani's mining lease, on the basis that they had not been properly consulted. The court ruled against overturning the mining lease.^[79] A 2018 appeal upheld the 2016 decision.^[80]

Land use agreements

At a 2017 meeting, the majority of Wangan and Jagalingou (W&J) people present voted to accept the proposed mining rights deal presented by Adani. However, several W&J people have stated that they were paid by Adani to attend, or that their vote against the deal was not counted.^[81] The resulting indigenous land use agreement was accepted by 7 of 12 W&J representatives.

A 2019 appeal by the other 5 W&J representatives was dismissed by the Federal Court, with Adani seeking $600,000 in court costs from the W&J representatives.^[82]

As of August 2022^[update], members of the Wangan and Jagalingou people continue to occupy a cultural ceremony and camp site near the mine.^[83]

Legal issues

2015: Federal EPBC approval (initial case)

In January 2015, the Mackay Conservation Group, challenged the July 2013 federal approval of the Carmichael project by Greg Hunt, Environment Minister, under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.^[84] The Federal Court of Australia case involved three main contentions, that the Minister did not take into account the greenhouse gas emissions, the company's environmental record in India and the "approved conservation advice" for the Yakka Skink and the ornamental snake.^[85]

The court set aside the approval due to concerns regarding the yakka skink and ornamental snake, effectively overturning the approval.^[86]^[87]

Following this decision, the attorney-general at the time, George Brandis, stated his intention to disallow third parties from challenging the minister's approvals under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.^[88] This amendment to the Act did not occur. In October 2015, the coal mine was re-approved by the federal environment minister.^[89]

2015-2016: Queensland mining leases and environmental authority

In 2015, the Land Services of Coast and Country (LSCC) group launched a case in the Queensland Land Court challenging the Queensland coordinator-general's Mining Lease and Environmental Authority approvals.^[90] LSCC contended the approval was flawed regarding the economic, environmental, and financial impact of the mine. The court's verdict in December 2015 did not overturn the approval, but placed extra environmental requirements on the mine.^[91] LSCC applied in 2016 for an appeal in the Supreme Court of Queensland, and this application was unsuccessful.^[92]

The mine's claimed economic benefits are a disputed issue.^[93]

2016-2017: Federal EPBC approval regarding impacts on Great Barrier Reef

The Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF) made a judicial review challenge under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) in late 2015, arguing that proper procedure was not followed when the Minister did not take into account the impact of emissions on the Great Barrier Reef.

The ACF appealed the decision in the Federal Court of Australia, which was unsuccessful.^[94]

The court ruled in favour of the government, based on the argument that only considering the direct emissions from mining operations (and not the emissions caused by the burning of its coal) is a decision at the minister's discretion.^[95] The case hinged on a market substitution defence, which has been criticised as "the only significant barrier remaining to a successful climate change case".^[96]

2018: Federal EPBC approval- exemption for water usage from the Sutton River

The Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF), represented by Environmental Defenders Office Queensland (EDO), lodged a judicial review challenge in the Federal Court in December 2018 of the Federal Environment Minister's decision to not apply appropriate legislation regarding water.^[97]

The review challenged then-Environment Minister Melissa Price's decision to waive a full environmental assessment for water use from the Suttor River in central Queensland. Adani notified the government that the act was a controlled act but the government decided that it was not a controlled activity under the EPBC Act and that no environmental impact assessment (EIS) was needed for it to proceed.^[98]^[99]

Under amendments to the EPBC Act known as the water trigger, the Minister must obtain advice from an Independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development^[100] if an activity is likely to have a significant impact on water resources or impact on a protected ecological communities, species, World Heritage Sites, national heritage sites, or protected wetlands.^[101] The water trigger was added to the EPBC Act in 2013 by Tony Windsor.^[102]

In June 2019, the application was allowed by consent, meaning the Australian Government would reassess the project’s water use.^[103]

2020: Federal EPBC approval- exemption for water pipeline project

In March 2020, the Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF) launched a judicial review application regarding the water pipeline for the project (called the North Galilee Water Scheme Infrastructure Project). The application argued that the water pipeline should require assessment under the EPBC water trigger.

The federal court ruled in favour of the AFC in May 2021, thereby requiring the minister to reconsider the environmental impacts associated with the mine's water pipeline before it is approved.^[104]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Proposed coal mine in Queensland, Australia}}
+{{Short description|Coal mine in Queensland, Australia}}
 {{Use Australian English|date=September 2015}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
 {{Infobox mine
 | name                   = Carmichael coal mine
-| image                  = Melbourne Launch of the School Strike for Climate Action (46669639841).jpg
+| image                  = Blogskale 20220412-ccm-404.jpg
 | width                  =
-| alt                    =
+| alt                    = A haul truck moves overburden at Carmichael Coal Mine (2022)
-| caption                = Protestor with a sign opposing Adani Group's Carmichael coal mine
 | pushpin_map            = Queensland
 | pushpin_label_position =
@@ Line 27: / Line 26: @@
 | active years           = <!-- use only if inactive for a period of time-->
 | closing year           = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY}} -->
-| owner                  = [[Adani Group]]
+| owner                  = [[Bravus Mining & Resources]], an [[Adani Group]] subsidiary
-| official website       = {{official| https://www.bravus.com.au/carmichael-mine/}}
+| official website       = {{official| https://www.bravusmining.com.au/carmichael-mine/}}
 | acquisition year       =
 | stock_exchange         =
@@ Line 35: / Line 34: @@
 | superfund              =
 }}
-The '''Carmichael coal mine''' is a [[Coal mining|coal mine]] in [[Queensland|Queensland, Australia]] which produced its first shipment of coal in December 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opponents fume as Adani celebrates first coal export from Carmichael Mine |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2021-12-29/adani-ships-first-coal/100729834 |website=ABC News |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=en-AU |date=29 December 2021}}</ref>
+The '''Carmichael coal mine''' is a [[Coal mining|coal mine]] in [[Queensland]], Australia, owned by the [[Adani Group]]'s Australian subsidiary [[Bravus Mining & Resources]]. It was approved by the government in 2014 and has been operational since December 2021. The mine was initially planned to produce 60 million tonnes of coal per year; however, funding difficulties resulted in downsizing the planned mine to produce 10 million tonnes per year. Construction of the mine started in June 2019, and on 29 December 2021 the first coal shipment from the Carmichael Mine was ready for export.
-The mine has drawn criticism for its environmental impacts on the [[Great Barrier Reef]], water usage and [[carbon emissions]].<ref name="lcmia">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/28/largest-coal-mine-in-australia-federal-government-gives-carmichael-go-ahead |title=Largest coal mine in Australia: federal government gives Carmichael go-ahead |author=Oliver Milman |access-date=2 August 2014 |date=28 July 2014 |work=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> Other contentious issues are its claimed economic benefits,<ref name="ruralelec">{{cite journal |last1=Molyneaux |first1=L. |last2=Wagner |first2=L. |last3=Foster |first3=J. |date=April 2016 |title=Rural electrification in India: Galilee Basin coal versus decentralised renewable energy micro grids |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=89 |pages=422–436 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.002 |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/65285/1/MPRA_paper_65285.pdf|hdl=10072/99379 |s2cid=109825290 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> financial viability and use of taxpayer funding.
+The mine has drawn criticism for its environmental impacts on the [[Great Barrier Reef]], water usage, and [[carbon emissions]], leading to a campaign known as [[Stop Adani]]. It has been dogged by legal issues relating mainly to the environmental aspects.  Other contentious issues are its claimed economic benefits, financial viability, and use of taxpayer funding.
+{{toc limit}}
+==History==
-The mine was initially planned to produce 60 million tonnes of coal per year, however funding difficulties resulted in downsizing the planned mine to produce 10 million tonnes per year.<ref name="prov" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Carmichael Mine {{!}} Bravus Mining & Resources|url=https://www.bravus.com.au/carmichael-mine/|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Carmichael Mine {{!}} Bravus Mining & Resources|language=en}}</ref><ref name="nv">{{cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/adanis-new-mini-version-of-its-mega-mine-still-faces-some-big-hurdles-108038 |title=Adani's new mini version of its mega mine still faces some big hurdles |date=3 December 2018}}</ref> The thermal coal produced by the mine is predicted to consist of 11% ash and have a weighted average value of 5,000–5,500 kcal/kg.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2019|title=Mineral Resources (Galilee Basin) Amendment Bill 2018|url=https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/Documents/TableOffice/TabledPapers/2019/5619T567.pdf|journal=56th Parliament, State Development, Natural Resources and Agricultural Industry Development Committee|volume=Report No. 26|pages=7}}</ref> The coal is planned to be transported by rail (including the [[Goonyella railway line]]) to the ports at [[Hay Point]] and [[Abbot Point]].<ref name="ccmarp">{{cite web|title=Carmichael Coal Mine and Rail Project|url=http://www.adanimining.com/Australia-Carmichael-coal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814155457/http://www.adanimining.com/Australia-Carmichael-coal|archive-date=14 August 2014|access-date=2 August 2014|publisher=Adani Mining}}</ref>
+The mine was announced in 2010, initially with a forecast mining duration of 90 years, which was later reduced to 60 years.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=http://www.adanimining.com/Common/Uploads/SEISDocuments/12_SEISDoc_Volume%202%20Mine%20Studies.pdf |title=Carmichael Coal Mine and Rail Project SEIS Volume 2 – Mine Studies |date=13 November 2013 |last=Adani|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204155/http://www.adanimining.com/Common/Uploads/SEISDocuments/12_SEISDoc_Volume%202%20Mine%20Studies.pdf|archive-date = 3 March 2016|url-status = dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The federal government approved the project in July 2014. Associated works included new port terminals and seabed dredging at the [[Abbot Point]], and it was planned to dump the drudge on land.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expanding the Port of Abbot Point |url=http://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/major-projects/expanding-the-port-of-abbot-point.html |website=www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au |access-date=9 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919231015/http://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/major-projects/expanding-the-port-of-abbot-point.html |archive-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> The coal was planned to be transported by rail (including the [[Goonyella railway line]]) to the ports at [[Hay Point]] and [[Abbot Point]].<ref name="ccmarp">{{cite web|title=Carmichael Coal Mine and Rail Project|url=http://www.adanimining.com/Australia-Carmichael-coal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814155457/http://www.adanimining.com/Australia-Carmichael-coal|archive-date=14 August 2014|access-date=2 August 2014|publisher=Adani Mining}}</ref>
+However, the approval was set aside in August 2015, when the [[Federal Court of Australia]] found that environment minister [[Greg Hunt]] did not correctly follow requirements under [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]] regarding the [[yakka skink]] and [[ornamental snake]] endangered species.<ref>{{Cite news |title=$16&nbsp;billion Carmichael coal mine approval set aside over 'technical matter' |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-05/federal-court-overturns-approval-of-adanis-carmichael-coal-mine/6673734 |website=ABC News |date=5 August 2015 |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825130300/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-05/federal-court-overturns-approval-of-adanis-carmichael-coal-mine/6673734 |url-status=live }}</ref> This led to considerable controversy and the project was re-approved in October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-15|title=Adani Carmichael mine in Queensland gets another green light from Coalition|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/oct/15/adani-carmichael-mine-in-queensland-gets-another-green-light-from-coalition|access-date=2021-07-19|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721123627/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/oct/15/adani-carmichael-mine-in-queensland-gets-another-green-light-from-coalition|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Construction of the mine started in early 2019<ref>{{Citation|title=Construction underway at Adani|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRVr9qkf0Mg|language=en|access-date=2021-06-15}}</ref> and commercial-scale coal mining began approximately three years later.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-17|title='It's happening': digging begins at Adani's $2b Carmichael mine|url=https://www.afr.com/companies/energy/it-s-happening-digging-begins-at-adani-s-2b-carmichael-mine-20200917-p55wgd|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en}}</ref> On 29 December 2021, it was widely reported that the first coal shipment from the Carmichael Mine was ready for export.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-29|title=Opponents fume as Adani celebrates first coal export from Carmichael Mine|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2021-12-29/adani-ships-first-coal/100729834|access-date=2022-02-07}}</ref>
+The mine was initially planned to produce 60 million tonnes of coal per year; however, funding difficulties resulted in downsizing the planned mine to produce 10 million tonnes per year.<ref name="prov" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Carmichael Mine {{!}} Bravus Mining & Resources|url=https://www.bravus.com.au/carmichael-mine/|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Carmichael Mine {{!}} Bravus Mining & Resources|language=en|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325025450/https://www.bravus.com.au/carmichael-mine/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nv">{{cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/adanis-new-mini-version-of-its-mega-mine-still-faces-some-big-hurdles-108038 |title=Adani's new mini version of its mega mine still faces some big hurdles |date=3 December 2018 |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204022038/http://theconversation.com/adanis-new-mini-version-of-its-mega-mine-still-faces-some-big-hurdles-108038 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-{{toc limit}}
+In June 2019 Adani Australia commenced construction of the Carmichael mine.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Creagh|first=Ben|date=2019-06-20|title=Adani starts construction at Carmichael project|url=https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/adani-starts-construction-at-carmichael-project/|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Australian Mining|language=en-AU|archive-date=2 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902201114/https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/adani-starts-construction-at-carmichael-project/|url-status=live}}</ref> The company aims to be starting commercial-scale coal mining by the end of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moore|first=Tony|date=2020-07-16|title=Adani on track for first Carmichael mine coal exports in 2021|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/politics/queensland/adani-on-track-for-first-carmichael-mine-coal-exports-in-2021-20200716-p55cnh.html|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Brisbane Times|language=en|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408161043/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/politics/queensland/adani-on-track-for-first-carmichael-mine-coal-exports-in-2021-20200716-p55cnh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>  Mine approvals and construction were delayed by campaigns run by [[traditional owners]] and environmentalists, which included non-violent direct action at the construction site.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paine |first=Andy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Frontline Action on Coal FLAC: Ten Years on the Climate Frontline |url=https://commonslibrary.org/frontline-action-on-coal-flac-ten-years-on-the-climate-frontline/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110031951/https://commonslibrary.org/frontline-action-on-coal-flac-ten-years-on-the-climate-frontline/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-==Location==
-The mine is located in [[Central Queensland]], with the majority of the site being within the [[Isaac Region]] and a small portion being within the [[Charters Towers Region]].<ref name="prov"/><ref name="milo">{{cite web |url=http://www.adanimining.com/Australia-Mine-location |title=Mine location |publisher=Adani Mining |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814155455/http://www.adanimining.com/Australia-Mine-location |archive-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+The thermal coal produced by the mine was predicted to consist of 11% ash and have a weighted average value of 5,000–5,500 kcal/kg.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2019|title=Mineral Resources (Galilee Basin) Amendment Bill 2018|url=https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/Documents/TableOffice/TabledPapers/2019/5619T567.pdf|journal=56th Parliament, State Development, Natural Resources and Agricultural Industry Development Committee|volume=Report No. 26|pages=7|access-date=24 September 2020|archive-date=23 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223215947/https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/Documents/TableOffice/TabledPapers/2019/5619T567.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The coal was formed as part of the [[Galilee Basin]], a 247,000 square kilometre inland region which includes aquifers that are a part of the [[Great Artesian Basin]] underground fresh water source.<ref name =Bio2014>Bioregional Assessment for the Galilee Basin, Australian Government, viewed 22 November 2016, http://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/galilee-subregion</ref> Mining operations currently consist of small-scale barite, bentonite, calcite, gypsum; limestone, opals; phosphate and potassium mines; there is no history of coal mining of the basin.<ref name = myminesonline>MyMinesOnline Maps 3.6.0, Queensland Government, Latitude Geographics Group Ltd., 2015, viewed 21 November 2016, https://minesonlinemaps.business.qld.gov.au/SilverlightViewer/Viewer.html?Viewer=momapspublic</ref>
+In November 2020, Adani changed the name of its Australian subsidiary, which operates the mine, from Adani Mining to Bravus Mining & Resources.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adani Mining changes name to Bravus in Australia |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-05/adani-changes-name-to-barvus-mining-and-resources/12851592 |website=ABC News |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=en-AU |date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226193234/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-05/adani-changes-name-to-barvus-mining-and-resources/12851592 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-== Environmental impacts ==
-=== Greenhouse gas emissions ===
-According to the [[environmental impact statement]], the mine was expected to produce 200&nbsp;million tonnes of [[carbon dioxide]], based on a 60-year lifespan.<ref name="fca">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jan/14/federal-court-asked-to-overturn-adani-mine-approval-impact-great-barrier-reef |title=Federal court asked to overturn Adani mine approval due to impact on Great Barrier Reef |author=Lenore Taylor |access-date=21 January 2015 |date=14 January 2015 |newspaper=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref>
+The company was the "jersey sleeve" sponsor of the North Queensland Cowboys [[National Rugby League|NRL]] rugby league team for the 2021 season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title=Adani's new mining brand to feature on Cowboys 2021 jersey|url=https://www.cowboys.com.au/news/2020/11/05/adanis-new-mining-brand-to-feature-on-cowboys-2021-jersey/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=North Queensland Cowboys|language=en|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605010811/https://www.cowboys.com.au/news/2020/11/05/adanis-new-mining-brand-to-feature-on-cowboys-2021-jersey/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In April 2019 [[Bob Brown]] led a convoy of vehicles to protest against the proposed coal mine. The protest was criticised by pro-coal lobby groups and is considered a factor in the Queensland voters' swing away from progressive parties in the [[2019 Australian federal election]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-19|title=Election 2019: How Bob Brown and his anti-Adani convoy green-anted Labor in Queensland|url=https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/election-2019/2019/05/19/election-2019-how-bob-brown-and-his-anti-adani-convoy-green-anted-labor-in-queensland/|access-date=2021-06-09|website=The New Daily|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Queensland Mining and Energy Bulletin (April 2019): [https://www.qmeb.com.au/industry-slams-hypocrisy-of-anti-mining-convoy/ ''Industry slams ‘hypocrisy’ of anti mining convoy'']</ref>
+On 29 December 2021, the first coal shipment from the Carmichael Mine was ready for export.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-29|title=Opponents fume as Adani celebrates first coal export from Carmichael Mine|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2021-12-29/adani-ships-first-coal/100729834|access-date=2022-02-07|archive-date=8 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808074730/https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2021-12-29/adani-ships-first-coal/100729834|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Opponents fume as Adani celebrates first coal export from Carmichael Mine |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2021-12-29/adani-ships-first-coal/100729834 |website=ABC News |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=en-AU |date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808074730/https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2021-12-29/adani-ships-first-coal/100729834 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-[[Greta Thunberg]] drew international attention to the mine in January 2020, when she called on large German-based industrial corporation [[Siemens|Siemens AG]] (which claimed to be one of the first companies to have pledged to be carbon neutral by 2030) to stop the delivery of railway equipment for the mine.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.faz.net/1.6576039 |title=Bau Australien: Greta Thunberg fordert Siemens zur Aufgabe von Kohle-Projekt auf|journal=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|access-date=12 January 2020 |language=de |issn=0174-4909}}</ref> Siemens responded that it "should have been wiser about this project beforehand", but declined to cancel the contract.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jan/13/adani-coalmine-siemens-ceo-has-empathy-for-environment-but-will-honour-contract |title=Adani coalmine: Siemens CEO has 'empathy' for environment but refuses to quit contract |last=Readfearn |first=Graham |date=13 January 2020 |work=The Guardian|access-date=13 January 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
+==Location==
-=== Water- rivers and underground sources ===
+The mine is located in [[Central Queensland]], with the majority of the site being within the [[Isaac Region]] and a small portion being within the [[Charters Towers Region]].<ref name="prov"/><ref name="milo">{{cite web |url=http://www.adanimining.com/Australia-Mine-location |title=Mine location |publisher=Adani Mining |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814155455/http://www.adanimining.com/Australia-Mine-location |archive-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-Adani had initially planned to use 12,500 megalitres  per year from the [[Belyando River]] for the Carmichael coal mine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adanimining.com/Common/Uploads/SEISDocuments/39_SEISDoc_Appendix%20C4e%20-%20Application%20to%20take%20water%20from%20the%20Belyando%20River.pdf |title=SEIS Appendix 20 – Application to take water from the Belyando River |last=Adani|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142308/http://www.adanimining.com/Common/Uploads/SEISDocuments/39_SEISDoc_Appendix%20C4e%20-%20Application%20to%20take%20water%20from%20the%20Belyando%20River.pdf|archive-date =4 March 2016|url-status =dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Regarding the reduction on the local water table, the company's Supplementary Environmental Impact Statement stated that "maximum impacts in excess of 300 metres are predicted".  Beyond the mine boundary, Adani's groundwater model predicted water table levels to drop "typically between 20 and 50m" and "up to around 4m in the vicinity of the [Carmichael] river".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supplementary EIS Documents |url=http://www.adanimining.com/seis-pdfdocs-details/50/154|archive-url = https://archive.today/20151020162014/http://www.adanimining.com/seis-pdfdocs-details/50/154|url-status = dead|archive-date = 20 October 2015 |website=www.adanimining.com |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> During a hearing in the QLD Land Court, Adani's representatives defended predictions drawn from drilling data, despite allegations of this being insufficient to determine risks of collapses underground that could impact groundwater systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Groundwater dominates discussion at Adani court case |url=http://www.frasercoastchronicle.com.au/news/groundwater-dominates-discussion-adani-court-case/2601119/ |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref>
+The coal was formed as part of the [[Galilee Basin]], a 247,000 square kilometre inland region which includes aquifers that are a part of the [[Great Artesian Basin]] underground fresh water source.<ref name="Bio2014">{{Cite web |title=Galilee subregion {{!}} Bioregional Assessments |url=https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/galilee-subregion |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120103926/https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/galilee-subregion |url-status=live }}</ref> Mining operations currently consist of small-scale barite, bentonite, calcite, gypsum; limestone, opals; phosphate and potassium mines; there is no history of coal mining of the basin.<ref name = myminesonline>MyMinesOnline Maps 3.6.0, Queensland Government, Latitude Geographics Group Ltd., 2015, viewed 21 November 2016, https://minesonlinemaps.business.qld.gov.au/SilverlightViewer/Viewer.html?Viewer=momapspublic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306143029/https://minesonlinemaps.business.qld.gov.au/SilverlightViewer/Viewer.html?Viewer=momapspublic |date=6 March 2019 }}</ref>
-=== Endangered species ===
-The mine site area is home to a number of species, including the [[yakka skink]], [[ornamental snake]], and the [[Livistona australis|waxy cabbage palm]]. The mine site is home to the largest known community of [[black throated finch]]es,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environment – Queensland's Galilee Basin |url=http://galileebasin.org/the-issues/environment/ |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> and the operation of the mine is subject to a ''Black-Throated Finch Management Plan''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-31|title=Black-Throated Finch Management Plan approved|url=https://www.des.qld.gov.au/our-department/news-media/mediareleases/2019/2019-05-31-black-throated-finch-mp-approved|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Department of Environment and Science, Queensland|language=en-AU}}</ref>
+== Mine and associated facilities ==
-The finches' population is in decline, and the southern subspecies is threatened, having vanished from 80% of its former range.<ref name="recoveryplan">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/f164f090-6c72-4e29-a91b-0037b82f4250/files/p-cincta.pdf |title=National recovery plan for the Black-throated finch southern subspecies (''Poephila cincta cincta'') |access-date=25 February 2019 |work=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts – website |publisher=Australian Government: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts}}</ref> Adani Australia produced a management plan for the finch,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-24|title=Adani carves out conservation area for endangered finch|url=https://inqld.com.au/business/2020/06/24/adani-carves-out-conservation-area-for-endangered-black-throated-finch/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=InQueensland|language=en}}</ref> proposing to gradually clear land around the mine and force the finches to move away.<ref>{{cite web |title=Black-throated Finch Management Plan C |url=https://www.adaniaustralia.com/-/media/ADI0027_Black-throated-Finch_v11_WEB.pdf |date=November 2018 |access-date=25 February 2019 |publisher=Adani Mining |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105111910/https://www.adaniaustralia.com/-/media/ADI0027_Black-throated-Finch_v11_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The plan was heavily criticised by some ecologists, who highlighted the plan to graze cattle on protected land and noted the land was tagged to be used for other projects.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smee |first1=Ben |title=Adani: 2,000 hectares of black-throated finch habitat removed from conservation plans |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/22/adani-2000-hectares-black-throated-finch-habitat-removed-from-conservation-plans |access-date=25 February 2019 |work=Guardian Online |date=22 January 2019}}</ref> There was also a lack of transparency and consultation with experts in the field.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rebgetz |first1=Louisa |title=Adani mine 'spinning the roulette wheel' on survival of black-throated finch, researchers say |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-14/adani-carmichael-mine-threats-to-black-throated-finch/8707086 |access-date=25 February 2019 |work=ABC News |date=14 July 2017}}</ref>
+The mine is intended to be an [[Open-pit mining|open-cut mine]] (compared with earlier designs which also included underground mines)<ref name="prov">{{cite web |url=http://www.dsdip.qld.gov.au/assessments-and-approvals/carmichael-coal-mine-and-rail-project.html |title=Carmichael Coal Mine and Rail Project: Project Overview |date=9 July 2014 |work=Completed EIS projects |publisher=Department of State Development, Infrastructure and Planning |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-date=18 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318145219/http://dsdip.qld.gov.au/assessments-and-approvals/carmichael-coal-mine-and-rail-project.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> with {{convert|279|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of land being excavated.<ref name=":5" /> The total area of the mine site is planned to be {{convert|447|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=adaniaustralia.com.au |url=http://www.adaniaustralia.com.au/pdf_details.php?pid=58 |website=www.adaniaustralia.com.au |access-date=9 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923140917/http://www.adaniaustralia.com.au/pdf_details.php?pid=58|archive-date = 23 September 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>{{third party inline|date=October 2021}}{{needs update|date=December 2023}}
-==History==
-The mine was announced in 2010, initially with a forecast mining duration of 90 years, which was later reduced to 60 years.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=http://www.adanimining.com/Common/Uploads/SEISDocuments/12_SEISDoc_Volume%202%20Mine%20Studies.pdf |title=Carmichael Coal Mine and Rail Project SEIS Volume 2 – Mine Studies |date=13 November 2013 |last=Adani|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204155/http://www.adanimining.com/Common/Uploads/SEISDocuments/12_SEISDoc_Volume%202%20Mine%20Studies.pdf|archive-date = 3 March 2016|url-status = dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The federal government approved the project in July 2014. Associated works included new port terminals and seabed dredging at the [[Abbot Point]], and it was planned to dump the drudge on land.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expanding the Port of Abbot Point |url=http://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/major-projects/expanding-the-port-of-abbot-point.html |website=www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au |access-date=9 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919231015/http://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/major-projects/expanding-the-port-of-abbot-point.html |archive-date=19 September 2015}}</ref>
+The original plan included a new {{convert|388|km|mi}} long [[standard-gauge railway]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Adani, POSCO E&C sign pact to develop rail line in Australia |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=18 July 2014 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-posco-e-c-sign-pact-to-develop-rail-line-in-australia-114071800626_1.html |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202212859/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-posco-e-c-sign-pact-to-develop-rail-line-in-australia-114071800626_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rg 0918">{{cite web|date=14 September 2018|title=Adani scales back Carmichael rail link plans|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/freight/single-view/view/adani-scales-back-carmichael-rail-link-plans.html|access-date=15 September 2018|publisher=Railway Gazette International|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915084548/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/freight/single-view/view/adani-scales-back-carmichael-rail-link-plans.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which was proposed to be paid for by taxpayers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iminco.net/5-billion-northern-australia-infrastructure-facility-cash-for-mines/ |title=$5 Billion Northern Australia Infrastructure Facility Cash For Mines |date=28 September 2015 |access-date=28 October 2017 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505191523/http://iminco.net/5-billion-northern-australia-infrastructure-facility-cash-for-mines/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="guardian rail">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/feb/09/setback-for-adani-as-aurizon-withdraws-loan-request-for-rail-line |title=Setback for Adani as Aurizon withdraws loan request for rail line |work=The Guardian |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=15 September 2018 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915121901/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/feb/09/setback-for-adani-as-aurizon-withdraws-loan-request-for-rail-line |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2018, Adani announced that it had abandoned plans to build the standard-gauge line in favour of a {{convert|200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} extension to a nearby existing [[narrow-gauge railway]]. This railway is planned to connect the mine to the maritime freight terminal at Abbot Point<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haselgrove|first=Salomae|date=2020-06-05|title=BMD wins largest Adani Carmichael contract yet|url=https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/bmd-wins-largest-adani-carmichael-contract-yet/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Australian Mining|language=en-AU|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043202/https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/bmd-wins-largest-adani-carmichael-contract-yet/|url-status=live}}</ref> and construction began in mid-2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BMD wins civil construction contract for Carmichael Rail Network from Adani Australia - World Construction Network|url=https://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/news/bmd-wins-civil-construction-contract-for-carmichael-rail-network-from-adani-australia/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=www.worldconstructionnetwork.com|date=3 June 2020|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802174447/https://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/news/bmd-wins-civil-construction-contract-for-carmichael-rail-network-from-adani-australia|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|date=September 2022}} Construction of the approximately 200km Carmichael Rail Network was completed in September 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.martinusrail.com.au/projects/carmichael-rail-network-civil-works/ | title=Carmichael Rail Network - Civil works &#124; Martinus Rail | access-date=9 February 2023 | archive-date=9 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209034026/https://www.martinusrail.com.au/projects/carmichael-rail-network-civil-works/ | url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=this is a primary source|date=December 2023}}
-However, the approval was set aside in August 2015, when the [[Federal Court of Australia]] found that environment minister [[Greg Hunt]] did not correctly follow requirements under [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]] regarding the [[yakka skink]] and [[ornamental snake]] endangered species.<ref>{{Cite news |title=$16&nbsp;billion Carmichael coal mine approval set aside over 'technical matter' |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-05/federal-court-overturns-approval-of-adanis-carmichael-coal-mine/6673734 |website=ABC News |date=5 August 2015 |access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> This led to considerable controversy and the project was re-approved in October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-15|title=Adani Carmichael mine in Queensland gets another green light from Coalition|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/oct/15/adani-carmichael-mine-in-queensland-gets-another-green-light-from-coalition|access-date=2021-07-19|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
+In January 2020, in response to protests in [[Berlin]] by [[Extinction Rebellion]], [[Siemens]] announced it would re-evaluate its $20m contract to supply signalling systems for the rail link,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/climate-activists-target-siemens-over-australia-coal-project/2020/01/10/2d3e17a2-338e-11ea-971b-43bec3ff9860_story.html |title=Climate activists target Siemens over Australia coal project |agency=Associated Press |date=10 January 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110150020/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/climate-activists-target-siemens-over-australia-coal-project/2020/01/10/2d3e17a2-338e-11ea-971b-43bec3ff9860_story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> but decided to continue with the contract saying there was "practically no legally and economically responsible way to unwind the contract without neglecting fiduciary duties."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/germanys-siemens-to-fulfill-australia-coal-mine-contract/2020/01/13/685709f8-35d6-11ea-a1ff-c48c1d59a4a1_story.html |title=Germany's Siemens to fulfill Australia coal mine contract |agency=Associated Press |date=13 January 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114042843/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/germanys-siemens-to-fulfill-australia-coal-mine-contract/2020/01/13/685709f8-35d6-11ea-a1ff-c48c1d59a4a1_story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-In July 2019 Adani Australia commenced construction of the Carmichael mine.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Creagh|first=Ben|date=2019-06-20|title=Adani starts construction at Carmichael project|url=https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/adani-starts-construction-at-carmichael-project/|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Australian Mining|language=en-AU}}</ref> The company aims to be starting commercial-scale coal mining by the end of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moore|first=Tony|date=2020-07-16|title=Adani on track for first Carmichael mine coal exports in 2021|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/politics/queensland/adani-on-track-for-first-carmichael-mine-coal-exports-in-2021-20200716-p55cnh.html|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Brisbane Times|language=en}}</ref>
+The [[fly-in fly-out]] (FIFO) workers for the mine during the construction phase were based in the regional cities of [[Rockhampton]] and [[Townsville]].<ref name="ABC">{{Cite news |last=Chen |first=David |date=5 October 2017 |title=Carmichael mine FIFO workforce to come from Townsville, Rockhampton |language=en-AU |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-05/adani-carmichael-mine-fifo-workforce-townsville-rockhampton/9017610 |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110155224/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-05/adani-carmichael-mine-fifo-workforce-townsville-rockhampton/9017610 |url-status=live }}[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-05/adani-carmichael-mine-fifo-workforce-townsville-rockhampton/9017610] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110155224/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-05/adani-carmichael-mine-fifo-workforce-townsville-rockhampton/9017610 |date=10 November 2020 }}</ref> A new [[airstrip]] close to the mine was proposed to be constructed, at a cost to taxpayers of $31 million<ref name="TheGuardian">{{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Joshua |date=19 October 2017 |title=Queensland councils to pay at least $31m for Adani coalmine airstrip |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/oct/20/adani-coalmine-queensland-councils-to-pay-at-least-31m-for-airstrip |access-date=2 February 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112095608/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/oct/20/adani-coalmine-queensland-councils-to-pay-at-least-31m-for-airstrip |url-status=live }}[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/oct/20/adani-coalmine-queensland-councils-to-pay-at-least-31m-for-airstrip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112095608/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/oct/20/adani-coalmine-queensland-councils-to-pay-at-least-31m-for-airstrip |date=12 January 2020 }}</ref> to $34 million.<ref name="TheGuardian2">{{Cite news |last=McGowan |first=Michael |date=17 January 2018 |title=Queensland councils say they won't own Adani airport despite paying $34m |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/17/queensland-councils-say-they-wont-own-adani-airport-despite-paying-34m |access-date=2 February 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112095608/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/17/queensland-councils-say-they-wont-own-adani-airport-despite-paying-34m |url-status=live }}[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/17/queensland-councils-say-they-wont-own-adani-airport-despite-paying-34m] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112095608/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/17/queensland-councils-say-they-wont-own-adani-airport-despite-paying-34m |date=12 January 2020 }}</ref> Following public criticisms and the project delays, government funding for the proposed airstrip was cancelled<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2018 |title=$18.5&nbsp;million proposed for Carmichael Airstrip will be used for shovel ready projects |language=en-AU |publisher=Townsville City Council |url=https://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/about-council/news-and-publications/media-releases/2018/june/18.5-million-proposed-for-carmichael-airstrip-will-be-used-for-shovel-ready-projects |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112095610/https://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/about-council/news-and-publications/media-releases/2018/june/18.5-million-proposed-for-carmichael-airstrip-will-be-used-for-shovel-ready-projects |url-status=live }}[https://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/about-council/news-and-publications/media-releases/2018/june/18.5-million-proposed-for-carmichael-airstrip-will-be-used-for-shovel-ready-projects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112095610/https://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/about-council/news-and-publications/media-releases/2018/june/18.5-million-proposed-for-carmichael-airstrip-will-be-used-for-shovel-ready-projects |date=12 January 2020 }}</ref> and the airstrip was paid for by Adani. Flights to the airstrip began in June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Plane|first=Melanie|title=First Look: Rocky FIFO begins as Adani airstrip complete|url=https://www.cqnews.com.au/news/rocky-fifo-begins-as-adani-airstrip-complete/4030921/|access-date=2021-04-21|website=CQ News|language=en|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421002704/https://www.cqnews.com.au/news/rocky-fifo-begins-as-adani-airstrip-complete/4030921/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In November 2020 Adani changed the name of its Australian subsidiary, which operates the mine, from ''Adani Australia'' to ''Bravus Mining & Resources''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adani Mining changes name to Bravus in Australia |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-05/adani-changes-name-to-barvus-mining-and-resources/12851592 |website=ABC News |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=en-AU |date=5 November 2020}}</ref>
+The subcontract for the construction of a {{cvt|189|km}} railway line to the mine was signed in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carmichael Coal Mine and Rail Project {{!}} State Development, Infrastructure, Local Government and Planning|url=https://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/coordinator-general/assessments-and-approvals/coordinated-projects/completed-projects/carmichael-coal-mine-and-rail-project|access-date=2021-10-10|website=www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au|date=12 November 2020|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011000030/https://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/coordinator-general/assessments-and-approvals/coordinated-projects/completed-projects/carmichael-coal-mine-and-rail-project|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-22|title=Martinus wins another Carmichael rail contract with Adani Australia|url=https://im-mining.com/2020/04/22/martinus-wins-another-carmichael-rail-contract-adani-australia/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=International Mining|language=en-GB|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043330/https://im-mining.com/2020/04/22/martinus-wins-another-carmichael-rail-contract-adani-australia/|url-status=live}}</ref> The company stated that it had approximately 2000 employees in November 2020<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zakharia|first=Nickolas|date=2020-11-26|title=Carmichael coal production 'one step closer': Bravus|url=https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/carmichael-coal-production-one-step-closer-bravus/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Australian Mining|language=en-AU|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728111426/https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/carmichael-coal-production-one-step-closer-bravus/|url-status=live}}</ref> and approximately 2600 employees in June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 25, 2021|title=Adani Group strikes coal at Australia's Charmichael project|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/adani-group-strikes-coal-at-australias-charmichael-project/articleshow/83828952.cms|access-date=2021-06-29|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626000248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/adani-group-strikes-coal-at-australias-charmichael-project/articleshow/83828952.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The company was the "jersey sleeve" sponsor of the North Queensland Cowboys [[National Rugby League|NRL]] rugby league team for the 2021 season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title=Adani's new mining brand to feature on Cowboys 2021 jersey|url=https://www.cowboys.com.au/news/2020/11/05/adanis-new-mining-brand-to-feature-on-cowboys-2021-jersey/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=North Queensland Cowboys|language=en}}</ref>
+The Bravus subsidiary Bowen Rail Company operates the coal trains on the Carmichael Rail Network.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Carmichael delivers first 10 million tonnes |url=https://www.australianresourcesandinvestment.com.au/2023/07/31/carmichael-delivers-first-10-million-tonnes/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=Australian Resources & Investment |language=en-US}}</ref>
-== Mine and associated facilities ==
+== Environmental impacts ==
-The mine is intended to be an [[Open-pit mining|open-cut mine]] (compared with earlier designs which also included underground mines)<ref name="prov">{{cite web |url=http://www.dsdip.qld.gov.au/assessments-and-approvals/carmichael-coal-mine-and-rail-project.html |title=Carmichael Coal Mine and Rail Project: Project Overview |date=9 July 2014 |work=Completed EIS projects |publisher=Department of State Development, Infrastructure and Planning |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-date=18 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318145219/http://dsdip.qld.gov.au/assessments-and-approvals/carmichael-coal-mine-and-rail-project.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> with {{convert|279|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of land being excavated.<ref name=":5" /> The total area of the mine site is planned to be {{convert|447|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=adaniaustralia.com.au |url=http://www.adaniaustralia.com.au/pdf_details.php?pid=58 |website=www.adaniaustralia.com.au |access-date=9 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923140917/http://www.adaniaustralia.com.au/pdf_details.php?pid=58|archive-date = 23 September 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>{{third party inline|date=October 2021}}
+=== Greenhouse gas emissions ===
+According to the [[environmental impact statement]], the mine was expected to produce 200&nbsp;million tonnes of [[carbon dioxide]], based on a 60-year lifespan.<ref name="fca">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jan/14/federal-court-asked-to-overturn-adani-mine-approval-impact-great-barrier-reef |title=Federal court asked to overturn Adani mine approval due to impact on Great Barrier Reef |author=Lenore Taylor |access-date=21 January 2015 |date=14 January 2015 |newspaper=[[TheGuardian.com]] |archive-date=23 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123043356/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jan/14/federal-court-asked-to-overturn-adani-mine-approval-impact-great-barrier-reef |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In April 2019, [[Bob Brown]] led a convoy of vehicles to protest against the proposed coal mine. The protest was criticised by pro-coal lobby groups and is considered a factor in the Queensland voters' swing away from progressive parties in the [[2019 Australian federal election]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-19|title=Election 2019: How Bob Brown and his anti-Adani convoy green-anted Labor in Queensland|url=https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/election-2019/2019/05/19/election-2019-how-bob-brown-and-his-anti-adani-convoy-green-anted-labor-in-queensland/|access-date=2021-06-09|website=The New Daily|language=en-US|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609225153/https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/election-2019/2019/05/19/election-2019-how-bob-brown-and-his-anti-adani-convoy-green-anted-labor-in-queensland/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Queensland Mining and Energy Bulletin (April 2019): [https://www.qmeb.com.au/industry-slams-hypocrisy-of-anti-mining-convoy/ ''Industry slams ‘hypocrisy’ of anti mining convoy''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722215833/https://www.qmeb.com.au/industry-slams-hypocrisy-of-anti-mining-convoy/ |date=22 July 2019 }}</ref>
-The original plan included a new {{convert|388|km|mi}} long [[standard-gauge railway]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Adani, POSCO E&C sign pact to develop rail line in Australia |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=18 July 2014 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-posco-e-c-sign-pact-to-develop-rail-line-in-australia-114071800626_1.html |access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="rg 0918">{{cite web|date=14 September 2018|title=Adani scales back Carmichael rail link plans|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/freight/single-view/view/adani-scales-back-carmichael-rail-link-plans.html|access-date=15 September 2018|publisher=Railway Gazette International}}</ref> which was proposed to be paid for by taxpayers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iminco.net/5-billion-northern-australia-infrastructure-facility-cash-for-mines/ |title=$5 Billion Northern Australia Infrastructure Facility Cash For Mines |date=28 September 2015 |access-date=28 October 2017 }}</ref><ref name="guardian rail">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/feb/09/setback-for-adani-as-aurizon-withdraws-loan-request-for-rail-line |title=Setback for Adani as Aurizon withdraws loan request for rail line |work=The Guardian |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> In September 2018, Adani announced that it had abandoned plans to build the standard-gauge line in favour of a {{convert|200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} extension to a nearby existing [[narrow-gauge railway]]. This railway is planned to connect the mine to the maritime freight terminal at Abbot Point<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haselgrove|first=Salomae|date=2020-06-05|title=BMD wins largest Adani Carmichael contract yet|url=https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/bmd-wins-largest-adani-carmichael-contract-yet/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Australian Mining|language=en-AU}}</ref> and construction began in mid-2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BMD wins civil construction contract for Carmichael Rail Network from Adani Australia - World Construction Network|url=https://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/news/bmd-wins-civil-construction-contract-for-carmichael-rail-network-from-adani-australia/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=www.worldconstructionnetwork.com}}</ref>{{update inline|date=September 2022}}
-In January 2020, in response to protests in [[Berlin]] by [[Extinction Rebellion]], [[Siemens]] announced it would re-evaluate its $20m contract to supply signalling systems for the rail link,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/climate-activists-target-siemens-over-australia-coal-project/2020/01/10/2d3e17a2-338e-11ea-971b-43bec3ff9860_story.html |title=Climate activists target Siemens over Australia coal project |agency=Associated Press |date=10 January 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110150020/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/climate-activists-target-siemens-over-australia-coal-project/2020/01/10/2d3e17a2-338e-11ea-971b-43bec3ff9860_story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> but decided to continue with the contract saying there was "practically no legally and economically responsible way to unwind the contract without neglecting fiduciary duties."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/germanys-siemens-to-fulfill-australia-coal-mine-contract/2020/01/13/685709f8-35d6-11ea-a1ff-c48c1d59a4a1_story.html |title=Germany's Siemens to fulfill Australia coal mine contract |agency=Associated Press |date=13 January 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114042843/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/germanys-siemens-to-fulfill-australia-coal-mine-contract/2020/01/13/685709f8-35d6-11ea-a1ff-c48c1d59a4a1_story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+[[Greta Thunberg]] drew international attention to the mine in January 2020, when she called on large German-based industrial corporation [[Siemens|Siemens AG]] (which claimed to be one of the first companies to have pledged to be carbon neutral by 2030) to stop the delivery of railway equipment for the mine.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.faz.net/1.6576039 |title=Bau Australien: Greta Thunberg fordert Siemens zur Aufgabe von Kohle-Projekt auf |journal=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |access-date=12 January 2020 |language=de |issn=0174-4909 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312072906/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/klima-energie-und-umwelt/greta-thunberg-fordert-siemens-zur-aufgabe-von-kohle-projekt-in-australien-auf-16576039.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Siemens responded that it "should have been wiser about this project beforehand", but declined to cancel the contract.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jan/13/adani-coalmine-siemens-ceo-has-empathy-for-environment-but-will-honour-contract |title=Adani coalmine: Siemens CEO has 'empathy' for environment but refuses to quit contract |last=Readfearn |first=Graham |date=13 January 2020 |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 January 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113111747/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jan/13/adani-coalmine-siemens-ceo-has-empathy-for-environment-but-will-honour-contract |url-status=live }}</ref>
+=== Water – rivers and underground sources ===
-The [[fly-in fly-out]] (FIFO) workers for the mine during the construction phase are planned to be based in the regional cities of [[Rockhampton]] and [[Townsville]].<ref name="ABC">{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-05/adani-carmichael-mine-fifo-workforce-townsville-rockhampton/9017610 |title=Carmichael mine FIFO workforce to come from Townsville, Rockhampton |last=Chen |first=David |date=5 October 2017 |access-date=2 February 2020|language=en-AU}}[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-05/adani-carmichael-mine-fifo-workforce-townsville-rockhampton/9017610]</ref> A new [[airstrip]] close to the mine was proposed to be constructed, at a cost to taxpayers of $31 million<ref name="TheGuardian">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/oct/20/adani-coalmine-queensland-councils-to-pay-at-least-31m-for-airstrip |title=Queensland councils to pay at least $31m for Adani coalmine airstrip |last=Robertson |first=Joshua |date=19 October 2017 |work=The Guardian |access-date=2 February 2020 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/oct/20/adani-coalmine-queensland-councils-to-pay-at-least-31m-for-airstrip]</ref> to $34 million.<ref name="TheGuardian2">{{Cite news|last=McGowan|first=Michael|date=17 January 2018|title=Queensland councils say they won't own Adani airport despite paying $34m|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/17/queensland-councils-say-they-wont-own-adani-airport-despite-paying-34m|access-date=2 February 2020|issn=0261-3077}}[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/17/queensland-councils-say-they-wont-own-adani-airport-despite-paying-34m]</ref> Following public criticisms and the project delays, government funding for the proposed airstrip was cancelled<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/about-council/news-and-publications/media-releases/2018/june/18.5-million-proposed-for-carmichael-airstrip-will-be-used-for-shovel-ready-projects |title=$18.5&nbsp;million proposed for Carmichael Airstrip will be used for shovel ready projects |publisher=Townsville City Council|date=16 June 2018 |access-date=2 February 2020 |language=en-AU}}[https://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/about-council/news-and-publications/media-releases/2018/june/18.5-million-proposed-for-carmichael-airstrip-will-be-used-for-shovel-ready-projects]</ref> and the airstrip was paid for by Adani. Flights to the airstrip began in June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Plane|first=Melanie|title=First Look: Rocky FIFO begins as Adani airstrip complete|url=https://www.cqnews.com.au/news/rocky-fifo-begins-as-adani-airstrip-complete/4030921/|access-date=2021-04-21|website=CQ News|language=en}}</ref>
+Adani had initially planned to use 12,500 megalitres  per year from the [[Belyando River]] for the Carmichael coal mine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adanimining.com/Common/Uploads/SEISDocuments/39_SEISDoc_Appendix%20C4e%20-%20Application%20to%20take%20water%20from%20the%20Belyando%20River.pdf |title=SEIS Appendix 20 – Application to take water from the Belyando River |last=Adani|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142308/http://www.adanimining.com/Common/Uploads/SEISDocuments/39_SEISDoc_Appendix%20C4e%20-%20Application%20to%20take%20water%20from%20the%20Belyando%20River.pdf|archive-date =4 March 2016|url-status =dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Regarding the reduction on the local water table, the company's Supplementary Environmental Impact Statement stated that "maximum impacts in excess of 300 metres are predicted".  Beyond the mine boundary, Adani's groundwater model predicted water table levels to drop "typically between 20 and 50m" and "up to around 4m in the vicinity of the [Carmichael] river".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supplementary EIS Documents |url=http://www.adanimining.com/seis-pdfdocs-details/50/154|archive-url = https://archive.today/20151020162014/http://www.adanimining.com/seis-pdfdocs-details/50/154|url-status = dead|archive-date = 20 October 2015 |website=www.adanimining.com |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> During a hearing in the QLD Land Court, Adani's representatives defended predictions drawn from drilling data, despite allegations of this being insufficient to determine risks of collapses underground that could impact groundwater systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Groundwater dominates discussion at Adani court case |url=http://www.frasercoastchronicle.com.au/news/groundwater-dominates-discussion-adani-court-case/2601119/ |access-date=10 September 2015 |archive-date=7 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807094449/http://www.frasercoastchronicle.com.au/news/groundwater-dominates-discussion-adani-court-case/2601119/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+=== Endangered species ===
-The subcontract for the construction of a {{cvt|189|km}} railway line to the mine was signed in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carmichael Coal Mine and Rail Project {{!}} State Development, Infrastructure, Local Government and Planning|url=https://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/coordinator-general/assessments-and-approvals/coordinated-projects/completed-projects/carmichael-coal-mine-and-rail-project|access-date=2021-10-10|website=www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-22|title=Martinus wins another Carmichael rail contract with Adani Australia|url=https://im-mining.com/2020/04/22/martinus-wins-another-carmichael-rail-contract-adani-australia/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=International Mining|language=en-GB}}</ref> The company claimed to have approximately 2000 employees in  November 2020<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zakharia|first=Nickolas|date=2020-11-26|title=Carmichael coal production 'one step closer': Bravus|url=https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/carmichael-coal-production-one-step-closer-bravus/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Australian Mining|language=en-AU}}</ref> and approximately 2600 employees in June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 25, 2021|title=Adani Group strikes coal at Australia's Charmichael project|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/adani-group-strikes-coal-at-australias-charmichael-project/articleshow/83828952.cms|access-date=2021-06-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
+The mine site area is home to a number of species, including the [[yakka skink]], [[ornamental snake]], and the [[Livistona australis|waxy cabbage palm]]. The mine site is home to the largest known community of [[black throated finch]]es,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environment – Queensland's Galilee Basin |url=http://galileebasin.org/the-issues/environment/ |access-date=10 September 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041440/http://galileebasin.org/the-issues/environment/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the operation of the mine is subject to a ''Black-Throated Finch Management Plan''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-31|title=Black-Throated Finch Management Plan approved|url=https://www.des.qld.gov.au/our-department/news-media/mediareleases/2019/2019-05-31-black-throated-finch-mp-approved|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Department of Environment and Science, Queensland|language=en-AU|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609233706/https://www.des.qld.gov.au/our-department/news-media/mediareleases/2019/2019-05-31-black-throated-finch-mp-approved|url-status=live}}</ref>
-== Financial issues ==
+The finches' population is in decline, and the southern subspecies is threatened, having vanished from 80% of its former range.<ref name="recoveryplan">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/f164f090-6c72-4e29-a91b-0037b82f4250/files/p-cincta.pdf |title=National recovery plan for the Black-throated finch southern subspecies (''Poephila cincta cincta'') |access-date=25 February 2019 |work=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts – website |publisher=Australian Government: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |archive-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303154328/http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/f164f090-6c72-4e29-a91b-0037b82f4250/files/p-cincta.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Adani Australia produced a management plan for the finch,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-24|title=Adani carves out conservation area for endangered finch|url=https://inqld.com.au/business/2020/06/24/adani-carves-out-conservation-area-for-endangered-black-throated-finch/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=InQueensland|language=en|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727233233/https://inqld.com.au/business/2020/06/24/adani-carves-out-conservation-area-for-endangered-black-throated-finch/|url-status=live}}</ref> proposing to gradually clear land around the mine and force the finches to move away.<ref>{{cite web |title=Black-throated Finch Management Plan C |url=https://www.adaniaustralia.com/-/media/ADI0027_Black-throated-Finch_v11_WEB.pdf |date=November 2018 |access-date=25 February 2019 |publisher=Adani Mining |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105111910/https://www.adaniaustralia.com/-/media/ADI0027_Black-throated-Finch_v11_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The plan was heavily criticised by some ecologists, who highlighted the plan to graze cattle on protected land and noted the land was tagged to be used for other projects.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smee |first1=Ben |title=Adani: 2,000 hectares of black-throated finch habitat removed from conservation plans |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/22/adani-2000-hectares-black-throated-finch-habitat-removed-from-conservation-plans |access-date=25 February 2019 |work=Guardian Online |date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224115200/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/22/adani-2000-hectares-black-throated-finch-habitat-removed-from-conservation-plans |url-status=live }}</ref> There was also a lack of transparency and consultation with experts in the field.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rebgetz |first1=Louisa |title=Adani mine 'spinning the roulette wheel' on survival of black-throated finch, researchers say |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-14/adani-carmichael-mine-threats-to-black-throated-finch/8707086 |access-date=25 February 2019 |work=ABC News |date=14 July 2017 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421162019/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-14/adani-carmichael-mine-threats-to-black-throated-finch/8707086 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In 2015, a number of major international banks publicly ruled out financing the coal mine, railway line or shipping terminal. This included more than half of the top 20 coal financing banks globally,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/business/eleven-international-banks-rule-out-funding-adanis-galilee-coal-project/story-fnihsps3-1227297521886 |title=Eleven International Banks Rule Out Funding Adani's Coal Project |date=2015 |via=Courier Mail}}</ref> such as Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase, Goldman Sachs, Deutsche Bank, Royal Bank of Scotland, HSBC, Barclays, Credit Agricole and Société Générale. [[Standard Chartered]] provided financing to the project, but Adani ended the bank's advisory contract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Standard Chartered backs off Adani coal mining project |date=11 August 2015 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-resources/standard-chartered-backs-off-adani-coal-mining-project-20150810-giw4ft.html |access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref>
+===Environmental activism: Stop Adani===
+The mine drawn criticism for its environmental impacts on the [[Great Barrier Reef]], water usage, and [[carbon emissions]].<ref name="lcmia">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/28/largest-coal-mine-in-australia-federal-government-gives-carmichael-go-ahead |title=Largest coal mine in Australia: federal government gives Carmichael go-ahead |author=Oliver Milman |access-date=2 August 2014 |date=28 July 2014 |work=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=Guardian News and Media |archive-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729120833/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/28/largest-coal-mine-in-australia-federal-government-gives-carmichael-go-ahead |url-status=live }}</ref> Since approval for the mine was given by the government in 2014, campaigners have opposed the project with hundreds of rallies and other actions targeting 145 companies, as part of a campaign known as [[Stop Adani]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gulliver |first=Robyn |date=2022-10-11 |title=Australian Campaign Case Study: Stop Adani, 2012 - 2022 |url=https://commonslibrary.org/australian-campaign-case-study-stop-adani-2012-2022/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110031949/https://commonslibrary.org/australian-campaign-case-study-stop-adani-2012-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=How a 3 year campaign moved Westpac to rule out new coal basins | website=Stop Adani | date=1 August 2018 | url=https://www.stopadani.com/how_a_3_year_campaign_moved_westpac | access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=An incredible moment for the #StopAdani campaign. | via=Free Online Library | date=2017 |author=[[Australian Conservation Foundation]] | url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/An+incredible+moment+for+the+%23StopAdani+campaign-a0510482303 | access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-28|title=Big four banks distance themselves from Adani coalmine as Westpac rules out loan|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/apr/28/big-four-banks-all-refuse-to-fund-adani-coalmine-after-westpac-rules-out-loan|access-date=2021-07-10|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en}}</ref>
+== Financial issues ==
+In 2015, a number of major international banks publicly ruled out financing the coal mine, railway line or shipping terminal. This included more than half of the top 20 coal financing banks globally,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/business/eleven-international-banks-rule-out-funding-adanis-galilee-coal-project/story-fnihsps3-1227297521886 |title=Eleven International Banks Rule Out Funding Adani's Coal Project |date=2015 |via=Courier Mail}}</ref> such as Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase, Goldman Sachs, Deutsche Bank, Royal Bank of Scotland, HSBC, Barclays, Credit Agricole and Société Générale. [[Standard Chartered]] provided financing to the project, but Adani ended the bank's advisory contract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Standard Chartered backs off Adani coal mining project |date=11 August 2015 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-resources/standard-chartered-backs-off-adani-coal-mining-project-20150810-giw4ft.html |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=13 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813013545/http://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-resources/standard-chartered-backs-off-adani-coal-mining-project-20150810-giw4ft.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Large coal projects in Australia typically engage with one or more of the [[Banking in Australia|‘big four’ Australian banks]] in arranging or providing debt. However, [[National Australia Bank]] announced in September 2015 that it would not fund the project,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-resources/national-australia-bank-rules-out-funding-adanis-carmichael-coal-mine-20150902-gjdsfl.html |title=National Australia Bank rules out funding Adani's Carmichael coal mine |last1=Saunders |first1=Amanda |date=3 September 2015 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=15 August 2017 |last2=Potter |first2=Ben |language=en-US}}</ref> followed by [[Westpac]] in April 2015 and [[Australia & New Zealand Banking Group|ANZ Bank]] in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.afr.com/business/mining/westpac-rules-out-adani-carmichael-coal-loan-20170428-gvuhp8 |title=Westpac has ruled out lending to Adani's Carmichael coal mine after changing lending policies |date=28 April 2017 |work=[[Australian Financial Review]]|access-date=15 August 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/financial-services/anz-effectively-rules-out-funding-adanis-carmichael-coalmine/news-story/59b2a756082a5cd2c61cf9959debff95 |title=ANZ effectively rules out funding Adani's Carmichael coalmine |access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref>
+Large coal projects in Australia typically engage with one or more of the [[Banking in Australia|"big four" Australian banks]] in arranging or providing debt. However, [[National Australia Bank]] announced in September 2015 that it would not fund the project,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-resources/national-australia-bank-rules-out-funding-adanis-carmichael-coal-mine-20150902-gjdsfl.html |title=National Australia Bank rules out funding Adani's Carmichael coal mine |last1=Saunders |first1=Amanda |date=3 September 2015 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=15 August 2017 |last2=Potter |first2=Ben |language=en-US |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803085031/http://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-resources/national-australia-bank-rules-out-funding-adanis-carmichael-coal-mine-20150902-gjdsfl.html |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by [[Westpac]] in April 2015 and [[Australia & New Zealand Banking Group|ANZ Bank]] in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.afr.com/business/mining/westpac-rules-out-adani-carmichael-coal-loan-20170428-gvuhp8 |title=Westpac has ruled out lending to Adani's Carmichael coal mine after changing lending policies |date=28 April 2017 |work=[[Australian Financial Review]] |access-date=15 August 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815135337/http://www.afr.com/business/mining/westpac-rules-out-adani-carmichael-coal-loan-20170428-gvuhp8 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/financial-services/anz-effectively-rules-out-funding-adanis-carmichael-coalmine/news-story/59b2a756082a5cd2c61cf9959debff95 |title=ANZ effectively rules out funding Adani's Carmichael coalmine |access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref>
-Before the mine's construction, some analysts doubted the mine was viable given the price of coal at the time. In November 2014, one analyst predicted that a price of about $100–$110 a tonne was required for the project be financially viable.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Adani steps up Australia coal plans ahead of Modi visit |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/adani-ent-australia-coal-idUSL3N0T126820141112 |newspaper=Reuters |date=12 November 2014 |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018004918/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/12/adani-ent-australia-coal-idUSL3N0T126820141112 |url-status=live }}</ref> The price of coal fluctuated significantly over following years; from US$60/t in 2015, then US$115/t in 2018 and US$170/t in May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bloomberg - Record coal prices|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-09/sky-high-coal-prices-won-t-spur-new-mines-in-a-greener-world|access-date=2021-06-22|website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Australia Coal Price|url=https://ycharts.com/indicators/australia_coal_price|access-date=2021-05-17|website=ycharts.com}}</ref> The company claims that it has agreements in place to sell 10 million tonnes of coal from the mine.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-17|title='It's happening': digging begins at Adani's $2b Carmichael mine|url=https://www.afr.com/companies/energy/it-s-happening-digging-begins-at-adani-s-2b-carmichael-mine-20200917-p55wgd|access-date=2021-06-03|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en}}</ref>{{subscription required|date=October 2021}}
+Before the mine's construction, some analysts doubted the mine was viable given the price of coal at the time. In November 2014, one analyst predicted that a price of about $100–$110 a tonne was required for the project be financially viable.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Adani steps up Australia coal plans ahead of Modi visit |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/adani-ent-australia-coal-idUSL3N0T126820141112 |newspaper=Reuters |date=12 November 2014 |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018004918/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/12/adani-ent-australia-coal-idUSL3N0T126820141112 |url-status=live }}</ref> The price of coal fluctuated significantly over following years; from US$60/t in 2015, then US$115/t in 2018 and US$170/t in May 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bloomberg - Record coal prices|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-09/sky-high-coal-prices-won-t-spur-new-mines-in-a-greener-world|access-date=2021-06-22|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=9 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612043144/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-09/sky-high-coal-prices-won-t-spur-new-mines-in-a-greener-world|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Australia Coal Price|url=https://ycharts.com/indicators/australia_coal_price|access-date=2021-05-17|website=ycharts.com|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517061656/https://ycharts.com/indicators/australia_coal_price|url-status=live}}</ref> The company claims that it has agreements in place to sell 10 million tonnes of coal from the mine.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-17|title='It's happening': digging begins at Adani's $2b Carmichael mine|url=https://www.afr.com/companies/energy/it-s-happening-digging-begins-at-adani-s-2b-carmichael-mine-20200917-p55wgd|access-date=2021-06-03|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en|url-access=subscription|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603012132/https://www.afr.com/companies/energy/it-s-happening-digging-begins-at-adani-s-2b-carmichael-mine-20200917-p55wgd|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Taxpayer funding ==
-In 2014, the Queensland [[Liberal National Party of Queensland|Liberal National Party]] state government proposed reduced taxes for the project in the form of an open-ended [[royalty rate]] "holiday",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hey, big spender: why Campbell Newman loves his election hard-hat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/jan/09/queensland-election-2015-campbell-newman-spending-promises |website=the Guardian |access-date=9 September 2015 |first=Lenore |last=Taylor|date=9 January 2015 }}</ref> and for taxpayers to pay for the sediment dumping facility in the Caley Valley wetlands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gautam Adani says Queensland to co-invest in Australia project, govt defends SBI loan – Firstpost |date=25 November 2014 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/corporate-business/gautam-adani-says-queensland-to-co-invest-in-australia-project-govt-defends-sbi-loan-1997241.html |access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> The Labor opposition criticised the secrecy surrounding the costs and suggested that up to $1.08 billion of public money would be required.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail line deal could cost taxpayers $1&nbsp;billion-plus " Curtis Pitt MP ::: State Member for Mulgrave |url=http://www.curtispitt.com.au/2014/11/19/rail-line-deal-could-cost-taxpayers-1-billion-plus/ |access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref>
+In 2014, the Queensland [[Liberal National Party of Queensland|Liberal National Party]] state government proposed reduced taxes for the project in the form of an open-ended [[royalty rate]] "holiday",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hey, big spender: why Campbell Newman loves his election hard-hat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/jan/09/queensland-election-2015-campbell-newman-spending-promises |website=the Guardian |access-date=9 September 2015 |first=Lenore |last=Taylor |date=9 January 2015 |archive-date=21 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821103636/http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/jan/09/queensland-election-2015-campbell-newman-spending-promises |url-status=live }}</ref> and for taxpayers to pay for the sediment dumping facility in the Caley Valley wetlands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gautam Adani says Queensland to co-invest in Australia project, govt defends SBI loan – Firstpost |date=25 November 2014 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/corporate-business/gautam-adani-says-queensland-to-co-invest-in-australia-project-govt-defends-sbi-loan-1997241.html |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=31 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231170938/http://www.firstpost.com/business/corporate-business/gautam-adani-says-queensland-to-co-invest-in-australia-project-govt-defends-sbi-loan-1997241.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Labor opposition criticised the secrecy surrounding the costs and suggested that up to $1.08 billion of public money would be required.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail line deal could cost taxpayers $1&nbsp;billion-plus " Curtis Pitt MP ::: State Member for Mulgrave |url=http://www.curtispitt.com.au/2014/11/19/rail-line-deal-could-cost-taxpayers-1-billion-plus/ |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=29 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229222743/http://www.curtispitt.com.au/2014/11/19/rail-line-deal-could-cost-taxpayers-1-billion-plus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Following the Queensland [[Australian Labor Party (Queensland Branch)|Labor Party]]'s victory in the 2015 state election, the Labor party vowed to not use state funds for the railway line,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adani underlines commitment to Galilee Basin coal mine plans |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-21/adani-underlines-commitment-to-galilee-basin-coal/6031288 |website=ABC News |date=21 January 2015 |access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Queensland Labor backs Adani's Carmichael coal project |date=July 2015 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-resources/queensland-labor-backs-adanis-carmichael-coal-project-20150701-gi2gju.html |access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> however the party called on the Australian [[Coalition (Australia)|Liberal National government]] to use federal taxpayer money for the railway line.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raggatt|first=Tony|date=5 September 2015|title=State won't say why it wants federal funding for coal project|work=[[Townsville Bulletin]]|url=https://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/news/townsville/state-wont-say-why-it-wants-federal-funding-for-coal-project/news-story/e3de3ce26174cc0663d3374f76756234|url-status=live|access-date=9 September 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707123728/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/feb07/california07/?id=results/california073|archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Creagh">{{Cite web|last=Creagh|first=Ben|date=2018-02-04|title=Federal minister says no funding for Adani rail line|url=https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/govt-minister-says-no-federal-funding-for-adani-rail-line/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Australian Mining|language=en-AU}}</ref> The federal government considered the proposal,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abbott government hints Adani could be considered for rail funding |date=24 August 2015 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/abbott-government-hints-adani-could-be-considered-for-rail-funding-20150824-gj6ci9.html |access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> however in the end it was not successful.
+Following the Queensland [[Australian Labor Party (Queensland Branch)|Labor Party]]'s victory in the 2015 state election, the Labor party vowed to not use state funds for the railway line,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adani underlines commitment to Galilee Basin coal mine plans |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-21/adani-underlines-commitment-to-galilee-basin-coal/6031288 |website=ABC News |date=21 January 2015 |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009142627/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-21/adani-underlines-commitment-to-galilee-basin-coal/6031288 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Queensland Labor backs Adani's Carmichael coal project |date=July 2015 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-resources/queensland-labor-backs-adanis-carmichael-coal-project-20150701-gi2gju.html |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704215513/http://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-resources/queensland-labor-backs-adanis-carmichael-coal-project-20150701-gi2gju.html |url-status=live }}</ref> however the party called on the Australian [[Coalition (Australia)|Liberal National government]] to use federal taxpayer money for the railway line.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raggatt|first=Tony|date=5 September 2015|title=State won't say why it wants federal funding for coal project|work=[[Townsville Bulletin]]|url=https://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/news/townsville/state-wont-say-why-it-wants-federal-funding-for-coal-project/news-story/e3de3ce26174cc0663d3374f76756234|url-status=live|access-date=9 September 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707123728/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/feb07/california07/?id=results/california073|archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Creagh">{{Cite web|last=Creagh|first=Ben|date=2018-02-04|title=Federal minister says no funding for Adani rail line|url=https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/govt-minister-says-no-federal-funding-for-adani-rail-line/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Australian Mining|language=en-AU|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205000/https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/govt-minister-says-no-federal-funding-for-adani-rail-line/|url-status=live}}</ref> The federal government considered the proposal,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abbott government hints Adani could be considered for rail funding |date=24 August 2015 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/abbott-government-hints-adani-could-be-considered-for-rail-funding-20150824-gj6ci9.html |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826195147/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/abbott-government-hints-adani-could-be-considered-for-rail-funding-20150824-gj6ci9.html |url-status=live }}</ref> however in the end it was not successful.
-In October 2020, the Queensland Labor Party government announced that the royalties deal for the  coal mine had been signed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Qld government finalises Adani royalties deal before state election|url=https://www.afr.com/companies/mining/qld-government-finalises-adani-royalties-deal-before-state-election-20201001-p5611o|access-date=2021-04-21|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en}}</ref> The deal includes deferring royalty payments for an unspecified period.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Queensland Government allows Adani to defer coal mining royalties and isn't saying for how long|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-01/adani-carmichael-coal-mine-royalties-deferred-qld-election/12716272|access-date=2021-06-23|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref>
+In October 2020, the Queensland Labor Party government announced that the royalties deal for the  coal mine had been signed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Qld government finalises Adani royalties deal before state election|url=https://www.afr.com/companies/mining/qld-government-finalises-adani-royalties-deal-before-state-election-20201001-p5611o|access-date=2021-04-21|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421055223/https://www.afr.com/companies/mining/qld-government-finalises-adani-royalties-deal-before-state-election-20201001-p5611o|url-status=live}}</ref> The deal includes deferring royalty payments for an unspecified period.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Queensland Government allows Adani to defer coal mining royalties and isn't saying for how long|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-01/adani-carmichael-coal-mine-royalties-deferred-qld-election/12716272|access-date=2021-06-23|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816001347/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-01/adani-carmichael-coal-mine-royalties-deferred-qld-election/12716272|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Indigenous community impacts ==
-=== Native Title court cases ===
+=== Native title court cases ===
-In 2016, a group of Indigenous landholders launched a case in the Queensland Supreme court against the granting of Adani's mining lease, on the basis that they had not been properly consulted. The court ruled against overturning the mining lease.<ref>{{Cite web|title=StackPath|url=https://www.sclqld.org.au/caselaw/QSC/2016/273|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.sclqld.org.au}}</ref> A 2018 appeal upheld the 2016 decision.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burragubba v Minister for Natural Resources and Mines [2018] 2 Qd R 93 {{!}} Queensland Reports Caselaw|url=https://www.queenslandjudgments.com.au/case/id/512665?mview=adani%7C&u=|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.queenslandjudgments.com.au|language=en-US}}</ref>
+In 2016, a group of Indigenous landholders launched a case in the Queensland Supreme court against the granting of Adani's mining lease, on the basis that they had not been properly consulted. The court ruled against overturning the mining lease.<ref>{{Cite web|title=StackPath|url=https://www.sclqld.org.au/caselaw/QSC/2016/273|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.sclqld.org.au|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609231234/https://www.sclqld.org.au/caselaw/QSC/2016/273|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2018 appeal upheld the 2016 decision.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burragubba v Minister for Natural Resources and Mines [2018] 2 Qd R 93 {{!}} Queensland Reports Caselaw|url=https://www.queenslandjudgments.com.au/case/id/512665?mview=adani%7C&u=|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.queenslandjudgments.com.au|language=en-US|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609231235/https://www.queenslandjudgments.com.au/case/id/512665?mview=adani%7C&u=|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Land use agreements ===
-At a 2017 meeting, the majority of [[Wangan people|Wangan and Jagalingou]] (W&J) people present voted to accept the proposed mining rights deal presented by Adani. However, several W&J people have stated that they were paid by Adani to attend, or that their vote against the deal was not counted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adani accused of paying people to stack its meeting on crucial mine deal |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-02/adani-accused-of-paying-people-to-stack-meeting-on-deal/9218246 |website=www.abc.net.au |access-date=17 October 2021 |language=en-AU |date=1 December 2017}}</ref> The resulting [[indigenous land use agreement]] was accepted by 7 of 12 W&J representatives.
+At a 2017 meeting, the majority of [[Wangan people|Wangan and Jagalingou]] (W&J) people present voted to accept the proposed mining rights deal presented by Adani. However, several W&J people have stated that they were paid by Adani to attend, or that their vote against the deal was not counted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adani accused of paying people to stack its meeting on crucial mine deal |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-02/adani-accused-of-paying-people-to-stack-meeting-on-deal/9218246 |website=www.abc.net.au |access-date=17 October 2021 |language=en-AU |date=1 December 2017 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017015303/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-02/adani-accused-of-paying-people-to-stack-meeting-on-deal/9218246 |url-status=live }}</ref> The resulting [[indigenous land use agreement]] was accepted by 7 of 12 W&J representatives.
-A 2019 appeal by the other 5 W&J representatives was dismissed by the Federal Court, with Adani seeking $600,000 in court costs from the W&J representatives.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-12|title=Adani land-use agreement: court dismisses Indigenous group's appeal|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/12/adani-land-use-agreement-court-dismisses-indigenous-groups-appeal|access-date=2021-07-27|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
+A 2019 appeal by the other 5 W&J representatives was dismissed by the Federal Court, with Adani seeking $600,000 in court costs from the W&J representatives.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-12|title=Adani land-use agreement: court dismisses Indigenous group's appeal|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/12/adani-land-use-agreement-court-dismisses-indigenous-groups-appeal|access-date=2021-07-27|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728071737/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/12/adani-land-use-agreement-court-dismisses-indigenous-groups-appeal|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{as of|August 2022}}, members of the Wangan and Jagalingou people continue to occupy a cultural ceremony and camp site near the mine.<ref>Stünzner, Inga [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-28/traditional-owners-use-human-rights-to-occupy-adani-bravus-mine/101371986 Wangan and Jagalingou traditional owners use human rights law to occupy Bravus's Carmichael Coal Mine] ''ABC News'', 28 August, 2022. Retrieved 28 August, 2022.</ref>
+{{as of|August 2022}}, members of the Wangan and Jagalingou people continue to occupy a cultural ceremony and camp site near the mine.<ref>Stünzner, Inga [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-28/traditional-owners-use-human-rights-to-occupy-adani-bravus-mine/101371986 Wangan and Jagalingou traditional owners use human rights law to occupy Bravus's Carmichael Coal Mine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902050635/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-28/traditional-owners-use-human-rights-to-occupy-adani-bravus-mine/101371986 |date=2 September 2022 }} ''ABC News'', 28 August, 2022. Retrieved 28 August, 2022.</ref>
 == Legal issues ==
 === 2015: Federal EPBC approval (initial case) ===
-In January 2015, the ''Mackay Conservation Group'', challenged the July 2013 federal approval of the Carmichael project by [[Greg Hunt]], Environment Minister, under the ''[[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mackay Conservation Group challenges Adani mine in Federal Court |url=http://www.theage.com.au/queensland/mackay-conservation-group-challenges-adani-mine-in-federal-court-20150115-12qwnp.html |newspaper=The Age |date=15 January 2015|access-date = 10 September 2015 |first=Jorge |last=Branco}}</ref> The [[Federal Court of Australia]] case involved three main contentions, that the Minister did not take into account the greenhouse gas emissions, the company's environmental record in India and the "approved conservation advice" for the Yakka Skink and the ornamental snake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT 1999 – SECT 139 Requirements for decisions about threatened species and endangered communities |url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/epabca1999588/s139.html |website=www5.austlii.edu.au |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref>
+In January 2015, the ''Mackay Conservation Group'', challenged the July 2013 federal approval of the Carmichael project by [[Greg Hunt]], Environment Minister, under the ''[[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mackay Conservation Group challenges Adani mine in Federal Court |url=http://www.theage.com.au/queensland/mackay-conservation-group-challenges-adani-mine-in-federal-court-20150115-12qwnp.html |newspaper=The Age |date=15 January 2015 |access-date=10 September 2015 |first=Jorge |last=Branco |archive-date=5 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905070522/http://www.theage.com.au/queensland/mackay-conservation-group-challenges-adani-mine-in-federal-court-20150115-12qwnp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Federal Court of Australia]] case involved three main contentions, that the Minister did not take into account the greenhouse gas emissions, the company's environmental record in India and the "approved conservation advice" for the Yakka Skink and the ornamental snake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT 1999 – SECT 139 Requirements for decisions about threatened species and endangered communities |url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/epabca1999588/s139.html |website=www5.austlii.edu.au |access-date=10 September 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426040354/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/epabca1999588/s139.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The court set aside the approval due to concerns regarding the yakka skink and ornamental snake, effectively overturning the approval.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Court overturns approval of Adani Carmichael coal mine in Queensland |date=5 August 2015 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-resources/federal-court-overturns-approval-of-adani-carmichael-coal-mine-in-queensland-20150805-girtz9.html |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Court intervenes over Adani 'lawfare' |date=19 August 2015 |url=http://www.afr.com/news/federal-court-intervenes-over-adani-lawfare-20150819-gj2w2q |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref>
+The court set aside the approval due to concerns regarding the yakka skink and ornamental snake, effectively overturning the approval.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Court overturns approval of Adani Carmichael coal mine in Queensland |date=5 August 2015 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-resources/federal-court-overturns-approval-of-adani-carmichael-coal-mine-in-queensland-20150805-girtz9.html |access-date=10 September 2015 |archive-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920084630/http://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-resources/federal-court-overturns-approval-of-adani-carmichael-coal-mine-in-queensland-20150805-girtz9.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Court intervenes over Adani 'lawfare' |date=19 August 2015 |url=http://www.afr.com/news/federal-court-intervenes-over-adani-lawfare-20150819-gj2w2q |access-date=10 September 2015 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918171909/http://www.afr.com/news/federal-court-intervenes-over-adani-lawfare-20150819-gj2w2q |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Following this decision, the attorney-general at the time, [[George Brandis]], stated his intention to disallow third parties from challenging the minister's approvals under the [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=18 August 2015—Government acts to protect jobs from vigilante litigants |url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov.au/Mediareleases/Pages/2015/ThirdQuarter/18-August-2015-Government-acts-to-protect-jobs-from-vigilante-litigants.aspx |website=www.attorneygeneral.gov.au |access-date=9 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150823020319/http://www.attorneygeneral.gov.au/Mediareleases/Pages/2015/ThirdQuarter/18-August-2015-Government-acts-to-protect-jobs-from-vigilante-litigants.aspx|archive-date = 23 August 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> This amendment to the Act did not occur. In October 2015, the coal mine was re-approved by the federal environment minister.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lucas|first1=Adam|last2=Froome|first2=Craig|last3=Lake|first3=Katherine|last4=Molyneaux|first4=Lynette|last5=Currell |first5=Matthew|last6=Hepburn|first6=Samantha|title=Greg Hunt approves Adani's Carmichael coal mine, again: experts respond |url=http://theconversation.com/greg-hunt-approves-adanis-carmichael-coal-mine-again-experts-respond-49227 |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref>
+Following this decision, the attorney-general at the time, [[George Brandis]], stated his intention to disallow third parties from challenging the minister's approvals under the [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=18 August 2015—Government acts to protect jobs from vigilante litigants |url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov.au/Mediareleases/Pages/2015/ThirdQuarter/18-August-2015-Government-acts-to-protect-jobs-from-vigilante-litigants.aspx |website=www.attorneygeneral.gov.au |access-date=9 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150823020319/http://www.attorneygeneral.gov.au/Mediareleases/Pages/2015/ThirdQuarter/18-August-2015-Government-acts-to-protect-jobs-from-vigilante-litigants.aspx|archive-date = 23 August 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> This amendment to the Act did not occur. In October 2015, the coal mine was re-approved by the federal environment minister.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lucas|first1=Adam|last2=Froome|first2=Craig|last3=Lake|first3=Katherine|last4=Molyneaux|first4=Lynette|last5=Currell|first5=Matthew|last6=Hepburn|first6=Samantha|title=Greg Hunt approves Adani's Carmichael coal mine, again: experts respond|url=http://theconversation.com/greg-hunt-approves-adanis-carmichael-coal-mine-again-experts-respond-49227|access-date=2021-08-03|website=The Conversation|date=15 October 2015|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803015034/https://theconversation.com/greg-hunt-approves-adanis-carmichael-coal-mine-again-experts-respond-49227|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === 2015-2016: Queensland mining leases and environmental authority ===
-In 2015, the ''Land Services of Coast and Country'' (LSCC) group launched a case in the Queensland Land Court challenging the Queensland coordinator-general's Mining Lease and Environmental Authority approvals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/resources/project/carmichael/carmichael-coal-mine-and-rail-cg-report-may2014.pdf |title=Carmichael Coal Mine and Rail Coordinator General's Report |website=May 2014 |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122816/http://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/resources/project/carmichael/carmichael-coal-mine-and-rail-cg-report-may2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> LSCC contended the approval was flawed regarding the economic, environmental and financial impact of the mine. The court's verdict in December 2015 did not overturn the approval, but placed extra environmental requirements on the mine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani Mining Pty Ltd v Land Services of Coast and Country Inc [2015] QLC 48 {{!}} Queensland Land Court Caselaw|url=https://www.queenslandjudgments.com.au/caselaw/qlc/2015/48|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.queenslandjudgments.com.au|language=en-US}}</ref>
+In 2015, the ''Land Services of Coast and Country'' (LSCC) group launched a case in the Queensland Land Court challenging the Queensland coordinator-general's Mining Lease and Environmental Authority approvals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/resources/project/carmichael/carmichael-coal-mine-and-rail-cg-report-may2014.pdf |title=Carmichael Coal Mine and Rail Coordinator General's Report |website=May 2014 |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122816/http://www.statedevelopment.qld.gov.au/resources/project/carmichael/carmichael-coal-mine-and-rail-cg-report-may2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> LSCC contended the approval was flawed regarding the economic, environmental, and financial impact of the mine. The court's verdict in December 2015 did not overturn the approval, but placed extra environmental requirements on the mine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani Mining Pty Ltd v Land Services of Coast and Country Inc [2015] QLC 48 {{!}} Queensland Land Court Caselaw|url=https://www.queenslandjudgments.com.au/caselaw/qlc/2015/48|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.queenslandjudgments.com.au|language=en-US|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609232409/https://www.queenslandjudgments.com.au/caselaw/qlc/2015/48|url-status=live}}</ref> LSCC applied in 2016 for an appeal in the Supreme Court of Queensland, and this application was unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web|title=StackPath|url=https://archive.sclqld.org.au/qjudgment/2016/QSC16-272.pdf|access-date=2021-06-03|website=archive.sclqld.org.au|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419051203/https://archive.sclqld.org.au/qjudgment/2016/QSC16-272.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The mine's claimed economic benefits are a disputed issue.<ref name="ruralelec">{{cite journal |last1=Molyneaux |first1=L. |last2=Wagner |first2=L. |last3=Foster |first3=J. |date=April 2016 |title=Rural electrification in India: Galilee Basin coal versus decentralised renewable energy micro grids |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=89 |pages=422–436 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.002 |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/65285/1/MPRA_paper_65285.pdf |hdl=10072/99379 |s2cid=109825290 |hdl-access=free |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112065112/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/65285/1/MPRA_paper_65285.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
-LSCC applied in 2016 for an appeal in the Supreme Court of Queensland, and this application was unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web|title=StackPath|url=https://archive.sclqld.org.au/qjudgment/2016/QSC16-272.pdf|access-date=2021-06-03|website=archive.sclqld.org.au}}</ref>
 === 2016-2017: Federal EPBC approval regarding impacts on Great Barrier Reef ===
 The [[Australian Conservation Foundation]] (ACF) made a judicial review challenge under the ''[[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]]'' (''EPBC Act'') in late 2015, arguing that proper procedure was not followed when the Minister did not take into account the impact of emissions on the Great Barrier Reef.
-The ACF appealed the decision in the Federal Court of Australia, which was unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hepburn|first=Samantha|title=Why aren't Australia's environment laws preventing widespread land clearing?|language=en|work=The Conversation|url=https://theconversation.com/why-arent-australias-environment-laws-preventing-widespread-land-clearing-92924|access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref>
+The ACF appealed the decision in the Federal Court of Australia, which was unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hepburn|first=Samantha|title=Why aren't Australia's environment laws preventing widespread land clearing?|language=en|work=The Conversation|url=https://theconversation.com/why-arent-australias-environment-laws-preventing-widespread-land-clearing-92924|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203152207/https://theconversation.com/why-arent-australias-environment-laws-preventing-widespread-land-clearing-92924|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The court ruled in favour of the government, based on the argument that only considering the direct emissions from mining operations (and not the emissions caused by the burning of its coal) is a decision at the minister's discretion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2016/2016fca1042 |title=Australian Conservation Foundation Incorporated v Minister for the Environment [2016] FCA 1042 }}</ref> The case hinged on a ''market substitution defence'', which has been criticised as "the only significant barrier remaining to a successful climate change case".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://theconversation.com/carmichael-mine-jumps-another-legal-hurdle-but-litigants-are-making-headway-69423 |title=Carmichael mine jumps another legal hurdle, but litigants are making headway |last=Bell-James |first=Justine |date=26 November 2016 |work=The Conversation |access-date=2 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
+The court ruled in favour of the government, based on the argument that only considering the direct emissions from mining operations (and not the emissions caused by the burning of its coal) is a decision at the minister's discretion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2016/2016fca1042 |title=Australian Conservation Foundation Incorporated v Minister for the Environment [2016] FCA 1042 |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515005817/http://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2016/2016fca1042 |url-status=live }}</ref> The case hinged on a ''market substitution defence'', which has been criticised as "the only significant barrier remaining to a successful [[climate change]] case".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://theconversation.com/carmichael-mine-jumps-another-legal-hurdle-but-litigants-are-making-headway-69423 |title=Carmichael mine jumps another legal hurdle, but litigants are making headway |last=Bell-James |first=Justine |date=26 November 2016 |work=The Conversation |access-date=2 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527164608/https://theconversation.com/carmichael-mine-jumps-another-legal-hurdle-but-litigants-are-making-headway-69423 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === 2018: Federal EPBC approval- exemption for water usage from the Sutton River ===
-The [[Australian Conservation Foundation]] (ACF), represented by [[Environmental Defenders Office|Environmental Defenders Office Queensland]] (EDO), lodged a judicial review challenge in the [[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] in December 2018 of the Federal Environment Minister's decision to not apply appropriate legislation regarding water.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/adani-faces-new-hurdle-over-huge-water-plan-in-drought-ravaged-queensland-20181204-p50k3s.html |title=Adani faces new hurdle over huge water plan in drought-ravaged Queensland |last=Hasham |first=Nicole |date=4 December 2018 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>
+The [[Australian Conservation Foundation]] (ACF), represented by [[Environmental Defenders Office|Environmental Defenders Office Queensland]] (EDO), lodged a judicial review challenge in the [[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] in December 2018 of the Federal Environment Minister's decision to not apply appropriate legislation regarding water.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/adani-faces-new-hurdle-over-huge-water-plan-in-drought-ravaged-queensland-20181204-p50k3s.html |title=Adani faces new hurdle over huge water plan in drought-ravaged Queensland |last=Hasham |first=Nicole |date=4 December 2018 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204134951/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/adani-faces-new-hurdle-over-huge-water-plan-in-drought-ravaged-queensland-20181204-p50k3s.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The review challenged then-Environment Minister [[Melissa Price (politician)|Melissa Price]]'s decision to waive a full environmental assessment for water use from the [[Suttor River]] in central Queensland. Adani notified the government that the act was a controlled act but the government decided that it was not a controlled activity under the ''EPBC Act'' and that no environmental impact assessment (EIS) was needed for it to proceed.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.edo.org.au/2018/11/13/explainer-what-is-the-water-trigger/ |title=Explainer: What is the 'water trigger'? |work=Environmental Defenders Office Queensland (EDO Qld)|access-date=31 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/04/court-challenge-launched-over-ministers-flawed-decision-on-adani-water-trigger |title=Court challenge launched over minister's 'flawed' decision on Adani water trigger |last=Cox |first=Lisa |date=4 December 2018 |website=the Guardian |language=en|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>
+The review challenged then-Environment Minister [[Melissa Price (politician)|Melissa Price]]'s decision to waive a full environmental assessment for water use from the [[Suttor River]] in central Queensland. Adani notified the government that the act was a controlled act but the government decided that it was not a controlled activity under the ''EPBC Act'' and that no environmental impact assessment (EIS) was needed for it to proceed.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.edo.org.au/2018/11/13/explainer-what-is-the-water-trigger/ |title=Explainer: What is the 'water trigger'? |work=Environmental Defenders Office Queensland (EDO Qld) |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926153035/https://www.edo.org.au/2018/11/13/explainer-what-is-the-water-trigger/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/04/court-challenge-launched-over-ministers-flawed-decision-on-adani-water-trigger |title=Court challenge launched over minister's 'flawed' decision on Adani water trigger |last=Cox |first=Lisa |date=4 December 2018 |website=the Guardian |language=en |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204085422/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/04/court-challenge-launched-over-ministers-flawed-decision-on-adani-water-trigger |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Under amendments to the ''EPBC Act'' known as the [[water trigger]], the Minister must obtain advice from an Independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development<ref>{{cite web | title=Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Amendment (Independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development) Act 2012 | website=Federal Register of Legislation | date=26 October 2012 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2012A00145 | access-date=31 August 2020}}</ref> if an activity is likely to have a significant impact on water resources or impact on a protected ecological communities, species, [[World Heritage Site]]s, [[national heritage site]]s, or protected wetlands.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-04/adani-water-licence-acf-court-challenge/10582602 |title=Adani coal mine water licence faces Federal Court challenge over move to bypass EIS |date=4 December 2018 |work=ABC News|access-date=4 December 2018 |language=en-AU}}</ref> The water trigger was added to the ''EPBC Act'' in 2013 by [[Tony Windsor]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2013-06-20/water-trigger-nsw/4767602 |title=Farmers say water trigger amendment gives confidence |last=Herbert |first=Lisa |date=20 June 2013 |work=ABC Rural|access-date=4 December 2018 |language=en-AU}}</ref>
+Under amendments to the ''EPBC Act'' known as the [[water trigger]], the Minister must obtain advice from an Independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development<ref>{{cite web | title=Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Amendment (Independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development) Act 2012 | website=Federal Register of Legislation | date=26 October 2012 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2012A00145 | access-date=31 August 2020 | archive-date=13 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513153851/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2012A00145 | url-status=live }}</ref> if an activity is likely to have a significant impact on water resources or impact on a protected ecological communities, species, [[World Heritage Site]]s, [[national heritage site]]s, or protected wetlands.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-04/adani-water-licence-acf-court-challenge/10582602 |title=Adani coal mine water licence faces Federal Court challenge over move to bypass EIS |date=4 December 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=4 December 2018 |language=en-AU |archive-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204113253/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-04/adani-water-licence-acf-court-challenge/10582602 |url-status=live }}</ref> The water trigger was added to the ''EPBC Act'' in 2013 by [[Tony Windsor]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2013-06-20/water-trigger-nsw/4767602 |title=Farmers say water trigger amendment gives confidence |last=Herbert |first=Lisa |date=20 June 2013 |work=ABC Rural |access-date=4 December 2018 |language=en-AU |archive-date=22 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122041533/http://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2013-06-20/water-trigger-nsw/4767602 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In June 2019 the application was allowed by consent, meaning the Australian Government would reassess the project’s water use.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-12|title=Adani coalmine: minister loses legal challenge on water pipeline assessment|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/12/adani-coalmine-federal-government-loses-legal-challenge-on-water-assessment|access-date=2021-08-03|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
+In June 2019, the application was allowed by consent, meaning the Australian Government would reassess the project’s water use.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-12|title=Adani coalmine: minister loses legal challenge on water pipeline assessment|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/12/adani-coalmine-federal-government-loses-legal-challenge-on-water-assessment|access-date=2021-08-03|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803015707/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/12/adani-coalmine-federal-government-loses-legal-challenge-on-water-assessment|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === 2020: Federal EPBC approval- exemption for water pipeline project ===
 In March 2020, the Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF) launched a judicial review application regarding the water pipeline for the project (called the ''North Galilee Water Scheme Infrastructure Project''). The application argued that the water pipeline should require assessment under the [[water trigger|EPBC water trigger]].
-The federal court ruled in favour of the AFC in May 2021, thereby requiring the minister to reconsider the environmental impacts associated with the mine's water pipeline before it is approved.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Environmental Law Australia {{!}} Carmichael Coal ("Adani") Mine cases in the Federal Court|url=http://envlaw.com.au/carmichael-coal-mine-federal-court/|access-date=2021-08-03|language=en-AU}}</ref>
+The federal court ruled in favour of the AFC in May 2021, thereby requiring the minister to reconsider the environmental impacts associated with the mine's water pipeline before it is approved.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Environmental Law Australia {{!}} Carmichael Coal ("Adani") Mine cases in the Federal Court|url=http://envlaw.com.au/carmichael-coal-mine-federal-court/|access-date=2021-08-03|language=en-AU|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130042430/http://envlaw.com.au/carmichael-coal-mine-federal-court/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == See also ==