Washington County, Indiana: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|County in Indiana, United States}} |
{{short description|County in Indiana, United States}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date= |
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}} |
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{{Infobox U.S. county |
{{Infobox U.S. county |
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| county = Washington County |
| county = Washington County |
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| census yr = 2020 |
| census yr = 2020 |
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| pop = 28182 |
| pop = 28182 |
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| pop_est_as_of = 2023 |
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| population_est = 28205 {{gain}} |
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| density_sq_mi = auto |
| density_sq_mi = auto |
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| web = www.washingtoncounty.in.gov |
| web = www.washingtoncounty.in.gov |
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| ex image cap = Washington County courthouse in Salem |
| ex image cap = Washington County courthouse in Salem |
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| footnotes = Indiana county number 88 |
| footnotes = Indiana county number 88 |
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| time zone |
| time zone = Eastern |
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| named for = [[George Washington]] |
| named for = [[George Washington]] }} |
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}} |
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| ⚫ | '''Washington County''' is a [[County (United States)|county]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Indiana]]. As of the [[2020 United States Census]], the population was 28,182.<ref>{{ |
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| ⚫ | '''Washington County''' is a [[County (United States)|county]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Indiana]]. As of the [[2020 United States Census]], the population was 28,182.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Washington County, Indiana |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Washington_County,_Indiana?g=050XX00US18175 |access-date=June 7, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> The [[county seat]] (and the county's only incorporated city) is [[Salem, Indiana|Salem]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find a County |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2011 |publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> Washington County is part of the [[Louisville metropolitan area]]. |
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Washington County is part of the [[Louisville metropolitan area]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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In 1787, the fledgling United States defined the [[Northwest Territory]], which included the area of present-day Indiana. In 1800, Congress separated [[Ohio]] from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the [[Indiana Territory]].<ref name=GAC/> President [[Thomas Jefferson]] chose [[William Henry Harrison]] as the territory's first governor, and [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] was established as the territorial capital.<ref>{{ |
In 1787, the fledgling United States defined the [[Northwest Territory]], which included the area of present-day Indiana. In 1800, Congress separated [[Ohio]] from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the [[Indiana Territory]].<ref name=GAC/> President [[Thomas Jefferson]] chose [[William Henry Harrison]] as the territory's first governor, and [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] was established as the territorial capital.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brill, Marlene Targ |title=Indiana |publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7614-2020-0 |page=35}}</ref> After the [[Michigan Territory]] was separated and the [[Illinois Territory]] was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.<ref name="GAC">{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2008 |title=Government at Crossroads: An Indiana chronology |url=http://www.heraldbulletin.com/news/local_news/government-at-crossroads-an-indiana-chronology/article_3a07aa44-1cd4-5028-82e7-96b907121b31.html?mode=jqm |access-date=July 22, 2009 |website=[[The Herald Bulletin]]}}</ref> |
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In 1790, [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox County]] was laid out. In 1801, [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark County]] was established, and in 1808 [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison County]] was laid out, including the territory of the future [[Washington County, Pennsylvania|Washington County]]. |
In 1790, [[Knox County, Indiana|Knox County]] was laid out. In 1801, [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark County]] was established, and in 1808 [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison County]] was laid out, including the territory of the future [[Washington County, Pennsylvania|Washington County]]. |
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Starting in 1794, [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] titles to Indiana lands were extinguished by usurpation, purchase, or war and treaty. The United States acquired land from the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] in the [[Treaty of Grouseland]] (1805), by which a large portion of the southern [[Indiana Territory]] became property of the government. This included the future Washington County. As early as 1802, a man named Frederick Royce lived among the Ox Indians at a place known as the Lick, two miles east of Salem and is probably the first white man to inhabit this county. He was a hunter-trader and salt manufacturer. In 1803, Thomas Hopper settled in this county near [[Hardinsburg, Indiana|Hardinsburg]]. Washington County was created by act of the Territorial legislature dated |
Starting in 1794, [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] titles to Indiana lands were extinguished by usurpation, purchase, or war and treaty. The United States acquired land from the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] in the [[Treaty of Grouseland]] (1805), by which a large portion of the southern [[Indiana Territory]] became property of the government. This included the future Washington County. As early as 1802, a man named Frederick Royce lived among the Ox Indians at a place known as the Lick, two miles east of Salem and is probably the first white man to inhabit this county. He was a hunter-trader and salt manufacturer. In 1803, Thomas Hopper settled in this county near [[Hardinsburg, Indiana|Hardinsburg]]. Washington County was created by act of the Territorial legislature dated December 21, 1813, taking territory from Harrison and Clark counties. Interim commissioners were named and directed to determine the proper choice of the seat of government. Accordingly, they began deliberating in January 1814, and by February 2 had selected an uninhabited site near the center, naming it 'Salem'.<ref>Stevens (1916). pp. 78, 81</ref> In the territorial act creating the county, it was named for [[U.S. President]] [[George Washington]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Witt Clinton Goodrich & Charles Richard Tuttle |url=https://archive.org/details/anillustratedhi02tuttgoog |title=An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana |publisher=R. S. Peale & Co. |year=1875 |location=Indiana |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anillustratedhi02tuttgoog/page/n587 575]}}</ref> who had died fourteen years earlier. |
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On |
On September 1, 1814, the original boundary of Washington County was increased, by act of the Territorial legislature, but on December 26, 1815, much of this added territory was partitioned off to create [[Orange County, Indiana|Orange]] and [[Jackson County, Indiana|Jackson]] counties.<ref>Stevens (1916). p. 79</ref> In December 1816 the Indiana Territory was admitted to the Union as a state. On January 12, 1820, the state partitioned a further portion of Washington County to create [[Scott County, Indiana|Scott County]].<ref>Stevens (1916). p. 80</ref> In 1842, and again in 1873, the border between Scott and Washington counties was adjusted. |
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In 1808, the first Black settlers arrived in the area along with white [[Quakers]]. In 1815 they established the [[Blue River Friends Hicksite Meeting House and Cemetery|Blue River Meeting House]] northeast of Salem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Historic Blue River Quaker Settlement in Salem Indiana |url=https://www.blueriverfriends.org/index.php/salem-indiana-quaker-settlement/about-blue-river-quakers-settlement |access-date=April 28, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Thornbrough |first=Emma Lou |title=The Negro in Indiana: A Study of a Minority |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau |year=1957 |location=Indianapolis}}</ref> By 1850, 252 Black people had settled in the county, mainly living in [[Posey Township, Washington County, Indiana|Posey]] and [[Washington Township, Washington County, Indiana|Washington]] townships.<ref name=":2" /> The passing into law in 1851 of a new [[Constitution of Indiana|state constitution]], in which, [[Constitution of Indiana#Article 13 revisions|Article 13]] excluded further settlement of Black and mixed-race persons was indicative of increasing hostility towards this population and saw a decline in Black residents of the county to 187 by 1860.<ref name=":2" /> In Posey Township, the population of 90 Black people in 1850 had decreased to zero by 1860.<ref name=":2" /> |
In 1808, the first Black settlers arrived in the area along with white [[Quakers]]. In 1815 they established the [[Blue River Friends Hicksite Meeting House and Cemetery|Blue River Meeting House]] northeast of Salem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Historic Blue River Quaker Settlement in Salem Indiana |url=https://www.blueriverfriends.org/index.php/salem-indiana-quaker-settlement/about-blue-river-quakers-settlement |access-date=April 28, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Thornbrough |first=Emma Lou |title=The Negro in Indiana: A Study of a Minority |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau |year=1957 |location=Indianapolis}}</ref> By 1850, 252 Black people had settled in the county, mainly living in [[Posey Township, Washington County, Indiana|Posey]] and [[Washington Township, Washington County, Indiana|Washington]] townships.<ref name=":2" /> The passing into law in 1851 of a new [[Constitution of Indiana|state constitution]], in which, [[Constitution of Indiana#Article 13 revisions|Article 13]] excluded further settlement of Black and mixed-race persons was indicative of increasing hostility towards this population and saw a decline in Black residents of the county to 187 by 1860.<ref name=":2" /> In Posey Township, the population of 90 Black people in 1850 had decreased to zero by 1860.<ref name=":2" /> |
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[[Whitecapping]], the process by which rural citizens used threats or extralegal violence to force Black people out of the region, continued in Washington County during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. In December 1864, John Williams, a prosperous Black farmer in the county, was shot dead in the doorway of his home.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trueblood |first=Lillie D. |date=1934 |title=The Story of John Williams, Colored |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27786657 |journal=Indiana Magazine of History |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=149–152 |
[[Whitecapping]], the process by which rural citizens used threats or extralegal violence to force Black people out of the region, continued in Washington County during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. In December 1864, John Williams, a prosperous Black farmer in the county, was shot dead in the doorway of his home.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trueblood |first=Lillie D. |date=1934 |title=The Story of John Williams, Colored |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27786657 |journal=Indiana Magazine of History |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=149–152 |issn=0019-6673 |jstor=27786657}}</ref> In 1867, Alexander White, an elderly man, was stabbed to death in Salem after repeatedly ignoring the threats of white attendees to quit coming to their church.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 24, 1867 |title=Cold Blooded Murder in Salem |url=https://newspapers.library.in.gov/?a=d&d=DWE18670924.1.4&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- |access-date=April 28, 2022 |work=Terre Haute Daily Express}}</ref><ref>Stevens (1916). p. 435</ref> These lynchings convinced people the county was not safe and contributed to a continual exodus of Black people from the county.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 3, 1957 |title='Pigeon Roost Massacre' Historical Event Told About Family of Mrs. Lewis, DAR Regent |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29073942/ |work=[[The Victoria Advocate]] |location=Victoria, Texas |page=46 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=No Negroes were allowed to live in Washington County, but Beezon Baynes brought in a family and established them in a small house on the farm. However, the people in the community forced him to get rid of the family—so he sent them on to Canada.}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Campney |first=Brent M.S. |title=Hostile Heartland: Racism, Repression, and Resistance in the Midwest |publisher=University of Illinois |year=2019 |isbn=978-0252042492 |location=Urbana}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Loewen |first=James W. |title=Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism |publisher=New Press |year=2005 |isbn=9781565848870 |location=New York}}</ref> In 1870, 18 Black people remained in the county, and by 1880 only three remained.<ref name=":2" /> |
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Salem, the county seat, had become a [[sundown town]] by 1898 at the latest.<ref>{{ |
Salem, the county seat, had become a [[sundown town]] by 1898 at the latest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 24, 1903 |title=Singular Isolation |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29072301/ |work=[[Palladium-Item|The Evening Item]] |location=Richmond, Indiana |page=6 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=She had seen many Indians in the pioneer days, but until she reached this city had never seen any person of African descent, as negroes are not allowed to live in Washington county.}}</ref> By the 20th century the entire county was officially sundown.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 24, 1903 |title=Removal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29072301/the-richmond-item/ |access-date=April 28, 2022 |work=Richmond Item |pages=10}}</ref> A county history from 1916 declared that, "Washington County has for several decades boasted that no colored man or woman lived within her borders."<ref name=":2" /><ref>Stevens (1916). p. 282</ref> Sundown signs existed in the county, with one located near [[Canton, Indiana|Canton]], east of Salem.<ref name=":0" /> Law enforcement would not allow Black people to stop in Salem, and would escort them to the county line.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=History & Social Justice: Salem, Indiana |url=https://justice.tougaloo.edu/sundowntown/salem-in/ |access-date=April 28, 2022}}</ref> Washington County remained sundown until 1990 at the latest, when 15 Black people were recorded living in Salem on that year's census.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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The low rolling hills of Washington County were tree-covered before settlement, but have been largely cleared and devoted to agriculture, although drainage areas are still wooded.<ref> |
The low rolling hills of Washington County were tree-covered before settlement, but have been largely cleared and devoted to agriculture, although drainage areas are still wooded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Washington County · Indiana |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Washington+County,+IN/@38.6191927,-86.086167,41127m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x886eac42d0b24b9d:0x79e6e469b1e5e9ba!8m2!3d38.6744747!4d-86.1751759 |website=Washington County · Indiana}}</ref> The north portion of the county is drained by the [[Muscatatuck River]], which forms the eastern portion of the county's north border. The [[White River (Indiana)|East Fork of the White River]] joins the Muscatatuck near the center of the county's north line. The south part of the county is drained by the [[Blue River (Indiana)|Blue River]], which rises in the county and flows southwestward into Harrison County on its way to the [[Ohio River]]. The highest point on the terrain ({{convert|1,050|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} ASL) is an isolated rise {{convert|2|mi|km|spell=in}} NNW from [[New Philadelphia, Indiana|New Philadelphia]] in the eastern part.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Washington County High Point - Peakbagger.com |url=https://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=6545 |website=peakbagger.com}}</ref> |
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According to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of {{convert|516.60|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|513.72|sqmi}} (or 99.44%) is land and {{convert|2.87|sqmi}} (or 0.56%) is water.<ref name=DC/> |
According to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of {{convert|516.60|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|513.72|sqmi}} (or 99.44%) is land and {{convert|2.87|sqmi}} (or 0.56%) is water.<ref name=DC/> |
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|units=imperial |
|units=imperial |
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|source=The Weather Channel<ref name=WX>{{ |
|source=The Weather Channel<ref name="WX">{{Cite web |title=Monthly Averages for Salem IN |url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIN0591 |access-date=January 27, 2011 |publisher=The Weather Channel}}</ref>}} |
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In recent years, average temperatures in Salem have ranged from a low of {{convert|21|°F}} in January to a high of {{convert|87|°F}} in July, although a record low of {{convert|-32|°F}} was recorded in February 1951 and a record high of {{convert|105|°F}} was recorded in July 1954. Average monthly precipitation ranged from {{convert|2.87|in}} in October to {{convert|4.86|in}} in May.<ref name=WX/> |
In recent years, average temperatures in Salem have ranged from a low of {{convert|21|°F}} in January to a high of {{convert|87|°F}} in July, although a record low of {{convert|-32|°F}} was recorded in February 1951 and a record high of {{convert|105|°F}} was recorded in July 1954. Average monthly precipitation ranged from {{convert|2.87|in}} in October to {{convert|4.86|in}} in May.<ref name=WX/> |
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Five people were reported killed in Washington County during the [[tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2012]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/lmk/tornado_climatology_washingtonin| |
Five people were reported killed in Washington County during the [[tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2012]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tornado Climatology of Washington County, Indiana |url=https://www.weather.gov/lmk/tornado_climatology_washingtonin |access-date=January 25, 2018 |publisher=National Weather Service}}</ref> Four were found dead in a home on [[New Pekin, Indiana#"Old" Pekin|Old Pekin]] Road according to Washington County officials.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} The fifth, a 15-month-old from the same family, had been found in a field, and died later in hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 5, 2012 |title=US Tornadoes: Toddler Found in Field Dies After Coming off Life Support |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/05/us-tornadoes-toddler-field-dies |access-date=March 5, 2012 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> |
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==Government== |
==Government== |
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{{PresHead|place=Washington County, Indiana|whig=no|source1=<ref>{{ |
{{PresHead|place=Washington County, Indiana|whig=no|source1=<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leip |first=David |title=Atlas of US Presidential Elections |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS |website=uselectionatlas.org}}</ref>}} |
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<!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP/Whig vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} --> |
<!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP/Whig vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} --> |
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{{PresRow|2024|Republican|9,739|2,764|220|Indiana}} |
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{{PresRow|2020|Republican|9,114|2,784|241|Indiana}} |
{{PresRow|2020|Republican|9,114|2,784|241|Indiana}} |
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{{PresRow|2016|Republican|8,209|2,636|537|Indiana}} |
{{PresRow|2016|Republican|8,209|2,636|537|Indiana}} |
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The county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by the [[Constitution of Indiana]], and by the [[Indiana Code]]. |
The county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by the [[Constitution of Indiana]], and by the [[Indiana Code]]. |
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'''County Council:''' The legislative branch of the county government; controls spending and revenue collection in the county. Representatives are elected to four-year terms from county districts. They set salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes, and service taxes.<ref name |
'''County Council:''' The legislative branch of the county government; controls spending and revenue collection in the county. Representatives are elected to four-year terms from county districts. They set salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes, and service taxes.<ref name="inc3623">{{Cite web |last=Indiana Code |author-link=Indiana Code |title=Title 36, Article 2, Section 3 |url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title36/ar2/ch3.html |access-date=September 16, 2008 |publisher=IN.gov}}</ref><ref name="inc2102">{{Cite web |last=Indiana Code |title=Title 2, Article 10, Section 2 |url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title3/ar10/ch2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227171739/http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title3/ar10/ch2.pdf |archive-date=December 27, 2004 |access-date=September 16, 2008 |publisher=IN.gov}}</ref> |
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'''Board of Commissioners:''' The executive body of the county; commissioners are elected county-wide, to staggered four-year terms. One commissioner serves as president. The commissioners execute the acts legislated by the council, collect revenue, and manage the county government.<ref name=inc3623/><ref name=inc2102/> |
'''Board of Commissioners:''' The executive body of the county; commissioners are elected county-wide, to staggered four-year terms. One commissioner serves as president. The commissioners execute the acts legislated by the council, collect revenue, and manage the county government.<ref name=inc3623/><ref name=inc2102/> |
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'''Court:''' There are two judges in Washington County. The Judge of the Circuit Court is the Hon. |
'''Court:''' There are two judges in Washington County. The Judge of the Circuit Court is the Hon. Larry Medlock (R). The Judge of the Superior Court is the Hon. Dustin Houchin. (R). Case distribution is determined by local court rules. Each judge serves a six-year term. |
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'''County Officials:''' The county has other elected offices, including [[sheriff]], [[coroner]], [[auditor]], [[treasurer]], [[recorder of deeds|recorder]], [[surveying|surveyor]], and circuit [[court clerk]]. These officers are elected to four-year terms. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare [[political party|party]] affiliations and to be residents of the county.<ref name=inc2102/> |
'''County Officials:''' The county has other elected offices, including [[sheriff]], [[coroner]], [[auditor]], [[treasurer]], [[recorder of deeds|recorder]], [[surveying|surveyor]], and circuit [[court clerk]]. These officers are elected to four-year terms. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare [[political party|party]] affiliations and to be residents of the county.<ref name=inc2102/> |
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Washington County is part of [[Indiana's 9th congressional district]] and is represented in [[United States Congress|Congress]] by Republican [[ |
Washington County is part of [[Indiana's 9th congressional district]] and is represented in [[United States Congress|Congress]] by Republican [[Erin Houchin]]. |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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|2010= 28262 |
|2010= 28262 |
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|2020= 28182 |
|2020= 28182 |
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|estyear=2023 |
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|estimate=28205 |
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|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2023">{{Cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html |access-date=April 2, 2024 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> |
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|align-fn=center |
|align-fn=center |
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|footnote=US Decennial Census<ref>{{ |
|footnote=US Decennial Census<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Decennial Census |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |access-date=July 10, 2014 |publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref><br/>1790-1960<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Census Browser |url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu |access-date=July 10, 2014 |publisher=University of Virginia Library}}</ref> 1900-1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/in190090.txt |access-date=July 10, 2014 |publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref><br/>1990-2000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2010 |access-date=July 10, 2014 |publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref> 2010<ref name="QF">{{Cite web |title=Washington County QuickFacts |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18/18175.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607092122/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18/18175.html |archive-date=June 7, 2011 |access-date=September 25, 2011 |publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref> |
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==2010 census== |
==2010 census== |
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As of the [[2010 United States Census]], there were 28,262 people, 10,850 households, and 7,799 families in the county.<ref name=DP>{{ |
As of the [[2010 United States Census]], there were 28,262 people, 10,850 households, and 7,799 families in the county.<ref name="DP">{{Cite web |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US18175 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213015624/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US18175 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2015 |publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref> The population density was {{convert|55.0|PD/sqmi}}. There were 12,220 housing units at an average density of {{convert|23.8|/sqmi}}.<ref name="DC">{{Cite web |title=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US18175 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212202537/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US18175 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2015 |publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref> The racial makeup of the county was 98.1% white, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.2% black or African American, 0.3% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.1% of the population.<ref name=DP/> In terms of ancestry, 25.2% were [[Germans|German]], 14.3% were [[Americans|American]], 13.7% were [[Irish people|Irish]], and 9.6% were [[English people|English]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selected Social Characteristics in the US – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0400000US18%7c0500000US18175 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214003542/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0400000US18%7C0500000US18175 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2015 |publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref> |
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Of the 10,850 households, 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 28.1% were non-families, and 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.02. The median age was 39.2 years.<ref name=DP/> |
Of the 10,850 households, 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 28.1% were non-families, and 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.02. The median age was 39.2 years.<ref name=DP/> |
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The median income for a household in the county was $47,697 and the median income for a family was $45,500. Males had a median income of $38,100 versus $28,092 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,278. About 12.2% of families and 16.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 24.7% of those under age 18 and 14.9% of those age 65 or over.<ref>{{ |
The median income for a household in the county was $47,697 and the median income for a family was $45,500. Males had a median income of $38,100 versus $28,092 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,278. About 12.2% of families and 16.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 24.7% of those under age 18 and 14.9% of those age 65 or over.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selected Economic Characteristics – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0400000US18%7c0500000US18175 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214002737/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0400000US18%7C0500000US18175 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2015 |publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref> |
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==Education== |
==Education== |
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The county is served by 3 school districts:<ref>{{ |
The county is served by 3 school districts:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Education |first=Indiana Department of |year=2009 |title=Indiana Public Superintendent Directory 2009 |url=http://www.doe.in.gov/publications/pdf_directory/Indiana_Public_School_Super_Dir_2009.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531021500/http://www.doe.in.gov/publications/pdf_directory/Indiana_Public_School_Super_Dir_2009.pdf |archive-date=May 31, 2009 |access-date=May 28, 2009}}</ref> |
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* Salem Community Schools |
* Salem Community Schools |
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* East Washington School Corporation |
* East Washington School Corporation |
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| Line 284: | Line 287: | ||
* West Washington School Corporation. |
* West Washington School Corporation. |
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East Washington School Corporation (Superintendent:Steve Darnell<ref>{{ |
East Washington School Corporation (Superintendent:Steve Darnell<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corporation |first=East Washington School |year=2009 |title=Central Office |url=http://www.ewsc.k12.in.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=66 |access-date=May 28, 2009}}</ref>) includes:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corporation |first=East Washington School |year=2009 |title=Welcome to the EWSC |url=http://www.ewsc.k12.in.us/ |access-date=May 28, 2009}}</ref> |
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* East Washington Elementary School |
* East Washington Elementary School |
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* East Washington Middle School |
* East Washington Middle School |
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* Eastern High School |
* Eastern High School |
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Salem Community Schools (Superintendent:Dr. D. Lynn Reed) includes:<ref>{{ |
Salem Community Schools (Superintendent:Dr. D. Lynn Reed) includes:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schools |first=Salem Community |year=2009 |title=:: Salem Community Schools :: |url=http://www.salemschools.com/ |access-date=May 28, 2009}}</ref>) |
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* Salem High School |
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* Salem High School |
* Salem High School |
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* Salem Middle School |
* Salem Middle School |
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* Bradie Shrum Elementary School |
* Bradie Shrum Elementary School |
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West Washington School Corporation (Superintendent:Gerald Jackson) includes:<ref>{{ |
West Washington School Corporation (Superintendent:Gerald Jackson) includes:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corporation |first=West Washington School |title=West Washington School |url=http://www.wwcs.k12.in.us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308104939/http://www.wwcs.k12.in.us/ |archive-date=March 8, 2008 |access-date=May 28, 2009}}</ref>) |
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* West Washington Elementary School |
* West Washington Elementary School |
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* [[West Washington Junior-Senior High School|West Washington Junior/Senior High School]] |
* [[West Washington Junior-Senior High School|West Washington Junior/Senior High School]] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[List of sundown towns in the United States]] |
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* [[Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area]] |
* [[Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area]] |
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* [[Louisville/Jefferson County–Elizabethtown–Bardstown, KY-IN Combined Statistical Area]] |
* [[Louisville/Jefferson County–Elizabethtown–Bardstown, KY-IN Combined Statistical Area]] |
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| Line 313: | Line 316: | ||
* ''History of Washington County 1884'' (1884). |
* ''History of Washington County 1884'' (1884). |
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* Indiana Historical Commission. ''Indiana History Bulletin'' (August 1924). Wm. B. Burford |
* Indiana Historical Commission. ''Indiana History Bulletin'' (August 1924). Wm. B. Burford |
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* B. F. Bowen & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana. ''Centennial History of Washington County, Indiana: Its People, Industries and Institution'' (1916). Warder W. Stevens [https://books.google.com/books?id=rk80AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77] |
* B. F. Bowen & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana. ''Centennial History of Washington County, Indiana: Its People, Industries and Institution'' (1916). Warder W. Stevens [https://books.google.com/books?id=rk80AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 Centennial History of Washington County, Indiana: Its People, Industries and Institutions : with Biographical Sketches of Representative Citizens and Genealogical Records of Many of the Old Families] |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Latest revision as of 10:55, 16 November 2024
Washington County | |
|---|---|
 Washington County courthouse in Salem | |
 Seal | |
 Location within the U.S. state of Indiana | |
 Indiana's location within the U.S. | |
| Coordinates: 38°36′N 86°07′W / 38.6°N 86.11°W | |
| Country |  United States |
| State |  Indiana |
| Founded | 1814 |
| Named for | George Washington |
| Seat | Salem |
| Largest city | Salem |
| Area | |
• Total | 516.60 sq mi (1,338.0 km2) |
| • Land | 513.72 sq mi (1,330.5 km2) |
| • Water | 2.87 sq mi (7.4 km2) 0.56% |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 28,182 |
• Estimate (2023) | 28,205  |
| • Density | 55/sq mi (21/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Congressional district | 9th |
| Website | www |
| Indiana county number 88 | |
Washington County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 28,182.[1] The county seat (and the county's only incorporated city) is Salem.[2] Washington County is part of the Louisville metropolitan area.
History
[edit]In 1787, the fledgling United States defined the Northwest Territory, which included the area of present-day Indiana. In 1800, Congress separated Ohio from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the Indiana Territory.[3] President Thomas Jefferson chose William Henry Harrison as the territory's first governor, and Vincennes was established as the territorial capital.[4] After the Michigan Territory was separated and the Illinois Territory was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.[3]
In 1790, Knox County was laid out. In 1801, Clark County was established, and in 1808 Harrison County was laid out, including the territory of the future Washington County.
Starting in 1794, Native American titles to Indiana lands were extinguished by usurpation, purchase, or war and treaty. The United States acquired land from the Native Americans in the Treaty of Grouseland (1805), by which a large portion of the southern Indiana Territory became property of the government. This included the future Washington County. As early as 1802, a man named Frederick Royce lived among the Ox Indians at a place known as the Lick, two miles east of Salem and is probably the first white man to inhabit this county. He was a hunter-trader and salt manufacturer. In 1803, Thomas Hopper settled in this county near Hardinsburg. Washington County was created by act of the Territorial legislature dated December 21, 1813, taking territory from Harrison and Clark counties. Interim commissioners were named and directed to determine the proper choice of the seat of government. Accordingly, they began deliberating in January 1814, and by February 2 had selected an uninhabited site near the center, naming it 'Salem'.[5] In the territorial act creating the county, it was named for U.S. President George Washington,[6] who had died fourteen years earlier.
On September 1, 1814, the original boundary of Washington County was increased, by act of the Territorial legislature, but on December 26, 1815, much of this added territory was partitioned off to create Orange and Jackson counties.[7] In December 1816 the Indiana Territory was admitted to the Union as a state. On January 12, 1820, the state partitioned a further portion of Washington County to create Scott County.[8] In 1842, and again in 1873, the border between Scott and Washington counties was adjusted.
In 1808, the first Black settlers arrived in the area along with white Quakers. In 1815 they established the Blue River Meeting House northeast of Salem.[9][10] By 1850, 252 Black people had settled in the county, mainly living in Posey and Washington townships.[10] The passing into law in 1851 of a new state constitution, in which, Article 13 excluded further settlement of Black and mixed-race persons was indicative of increasing hostility towards this population and saw a decline in Black residents of the county to 187 by 1860.[10] In Posey Township, the population of 90 Black people in 1850 had decreased to zero by 1860.[10]
Whitecapping, the process by which rural citizens used threats or extralegal violence to force Black people out of the region, continued in Washington County during the Civil War. In December 1864, John Williams, a prosperous Black farmer in the county, was shot dead in the doorway of his home.[10][11] In 1867, Alexander White, an elderly man, was stabbed to death in Salem after repeatedly ignoring the threats of white attendees to quit coming to their church.[10][12][13] These lynchings convinced people the county was not safe and contributed to a continual exodus of Black people from the county.[14][10][15][16] In 1870, 18 Black people remained in the county, and by 1880 only three remained.[10]
Salem, the county seat, had become a sundown town by 1898 at the latest.[17] By the 20th century the entire county was officially sundown.[18] A county history from 1916 declared that, "Washington County has for several decades boasted that no colored man or woman lived within her borders."[10][19] Sundown signs existed in the county, with one located near Canton, east of Salem.[16] Law enforcement would not allow Black people to stop in Salem, and would escort them to the county line.[20] Washington County remained sundown until 1990 at the latest, when 15 Black people were recorded living in Salem on that year's census.[20][16]
Geography
[edit]The low rolling hills of Washington County were tree-covered before settlement, but have been largely cleared and devoted to agriculture, although drainage areas are still wooded.[21] The north portion of the county is drained by the Muscatatuck River, which forms the eastern portion of the county's north border. The East Fork of the White River joins the Muscatatuck near the center of the county's north line. The south part of the county is drained by the Blue River, which rises in the county and flows southwestward into Harrison County on its way to the Ohio River. The highest point on the terrain (1,050 feet (320 meters) ASL) is an isolated rise two miles (3.2 km) NNW from New Philadelphia in the eastern part.[22]
According to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of 516.60 square miles (1,338.0 km2), of which 513.72 square miles (1,330.5 km2) (or 99.44%) is land and 2.87 square miles (7.4 km2) (or 0.56%) is water.[23]
Adjacent counties
[edit]- Jackson County − north
- Scott County − northeast
- Clark County − east
- Floyd County − southeast
- Harrison County − south
- Crawford County − southwest
- Orange County − west
- Lawrence County − northwest
Communities
[edit]City
[edit]Towns
[edit]Unincorporated communities
[edit]- Bartle
- Beck's Mill
- Blue River
- Brimstone Corners
- Bunker Hill
- Canton
- Claysville
- Daisy Hill
- Fairview
- Farabee
- Fayetteville
- Fredericksburg
- Georgetown
- Gooseport
- Haleysbury
- Harristown
- Highland
- Hitchcock
- Kossuth
- Martinsburg
- McKinley
- Millport
- Mount Carmel
- New Liberty
- New Philadelphia
- New Salem
- Old Pekin
- Organ Springs
- Plattsburg
- Prowsville
- Pumpkin Center
- Rosebud
- Rush Creek Valley
- Shorts Corner
- Smedley
- South Boston
Townships
[edit]Transit
[edit]Major highways
[edit]
Climate and weather
[edit]| Salem, Indiana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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In recent years, average temperatures in Salem have ranged from a low of 21 °F (−6 °C) in January to a high of 87 °F (31 °C) in July, although a record low of −32 °F (−36 °C) was recorded in February 1951 and a record high of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded in July 1954. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.87 inches (73 mm) in October to 4.86 inches (123 mm) in May.[24]
Five people were reported killed in Washington County during the tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2012.[25] Four were found dead in a home on Old Pekin Road according to Washington County officials.[citation needed] The fifth, a 15-month-old from the same family, had been found in a field, and died later in hospital.[26]
Government
[edit]| Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party(ies) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
| 2024 | 9,739 | 76.55% | 2,764 | 21.72% | 220 | 1.73% |
| 2020 | 9,114 | 75.08% | 2,784 | 22.93% | 241 | 1.99% |
| 2016 | 8,209 | 72.12% | 2,636 | 23.16% | 537 | 4.72% |
| 2012 | 6,533 | 60.85% | 3,909 | 36.41% | 295 | 2.75% |
| 2008 | 6,519 | 57.43% | 4,562 | 40.19% | 271 | 2.39% |
| 2004 | 6,915 | 63.56% | 3,879 | 35.65% | 86 | 0.79% |
| 2000 | 5,868 | 59.87% | 3,675 | 37.50% | 258 | 2.63% |
| 1996 | 4,066 | 44.14% | 3,819 | 41.46% | 1,326 | 14.40% |
| 1992 | 4,043 | 40.20% | 4,092 | 40.69% | 1,922 | 19.11% |
| 1988 | 4,998 | 59.39% | 3,370 | 40.04% | 48 | 0.57% |
| 1984 | 5,874 | 62.62% | 3,334 | 35.54% | 172 | 1.83% |
| 1980 | 5,234 | 56.30% | 3,663 | 39.40% | 400 | 4.30% |
| 1976 | 3,794 | 45.61% | 4,409 | 53.01% | 115 | 1.38% |
| 1972 | 4,758 | 60.06% | 3,086 | 38.95% | 78 | 0.98% |
| 1968 | 3,891 | 48.61% | 2,936 | 36.68% | 1,177 | 14.71% |
| 1964 | 3,598 | 41.97% | 4,943 | 57.66% | 32 | 0.37% |
| 1960 | 5,057 | 56.74% | 3,821 | 42.87% | 35 | 0.39% |
| 1956 | 4,864 | 55.66% | 3,849 | 44.04% | 26 | 0.30% |
| 1952 | 4,849 | 55.45% | 3,844 | 43.96% | 52 | 0.59% |
| 1948 | 3,660 | 47.18% | 4,033 | 51.99% | 64 | 0.83% |
| 1944 | 4,033 | 50.32% | 3,940 | 49.16% | 42 | 0.52% |
| 1940 | 4,216 | 48.37% | 4,471 | 51.30% | 29 | 0.33% |
| 1936 | 3,690 | 43.50% | 4,766 | 56.19% | 26 | 0.31% |
| 1932 | 3,316 | 40.53% | 4,809 | 58.78% | 56 | 0.68% |
| 1928 | 3,835 | 51.96% | 3,518 | 47.66% | 28 | 0.38% |
| 1924 | 3,479 | 46.37% | 3,942 | 52.55% | 81 | 1.08% |
| 1920 | 3,708 | 46.86% | 4,157 | 52.53% | 48 | 0.61% |
| 1916 | 1,871 | 42.80% | 2,414 | 55.23% | 86 | 1.97% |
| 1912 | 712 | 17.00% | 2,233 | 53.31% | 1,244 | 29.70% |
| 1908 | 1,976 | 42.58% | 2,573 | 55.44% | 92 | 1.98% |
| 1904 | 2,094 | 45.35% | 2,364 | 51.20% | 159 | 3.44% |
| 1900 | 2,152 | 43.71% | 2,723 | 55.31% | 48 | 0.98% |
| 1896 | 2,214 | 45.52% | 2,613 | 53.72% | 37 | 0.76% |
| 1892 | 1,833 | 41.30% | 2,322 | 52.32% | 283 | 6.38% |
| 1888 | 1,847 | 43.38% | 2,389 | 56.11% | 22 | 0.52% |
The county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by the Constitution of Indiana, and by the Indiana Code.
County Council: The legislative branch of the county government; controls spending and revenue collection in the county. Representatives are elected to four-year terms from county districts. They set salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes, and service taxes.[28][29]
Board of Commissioners: The executive body of the county; commissioners are elected county-wide, to staggered four-year terms. One commissioner serves as president. The commissioners execute the acts legislated by the council, collect revenue, and manage the county government.[28][29]
Court: There are two judges in Washington County. The Judge of the Circuit Court is the Hon. Larry Medlock (R). The Judge of the Superior Court is the Hon. Dustin Houchin. (R). Case distribution is determined by local court rules. Each judge serves a six-year term.
County Officials: The county has other elected offices, including sheriff, coroner, auditor, treasurer, recorder, surveyor, and circuit court clerk. These officers are elected to four-year terms. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare party affiliations and to be residents of the county.[29]
| Washington County Sheriff's Department | |
|---|---|
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Operations jurisdiction | Washington, Indiana, United States |
| Legal jurisdiction | As per operations jurisdiction |
| General nature | |
| Operational structure | |
| Agency executive |
|
Washington County is part of Indiana's 9th congressional district and is represented in Congress by Republican Erin Houchin.
Demographics
[edit]| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1820 | 9,039 | — | |
| 1830 | 13,064 | 44.5% | |
| 1840 | 15,269 | 16.9% | |
| 1850 | 17,040 | 11.6% | |
| 1860 | 17,909 | 5.1% | |
| 1870 | 18,495 | 3.3% | |
| 1880 | 18,955 | 2.5% | |
| 1890 | 18,619 | −1.8% | |
| 1900 | 19,409 | 4.2% | |
| 1910 | 17,445 | −10.1% | |
| 1920 | 16,645 | −4.6% | |
| 1930 | 16,285 | −2.2% | |
| 1940 | 17,008 | 4.4% | |
| 1950 | 16,520 | −2.9% | |
| 1960 | 17,819 | 7.9% | |
| 1970 | 19,278 | 8.2% | |
| 1980 | 21,932 | 13.8% | |
| 1990 | 23,717 | 8.1% | |
| 2000 | 27,223 | 14.8% | |
| 2010 | 28,262 | 3.8% | |
| 2020 | 28,182 | −0.3% | |
| 2023 (est.) | 28,205 | [30] | 0.1% |
| US Decennial Census[31] 1790-1960[32] 1900-1990[33] 1990-2000[34] 2010[35] | |||
2010 census
[edit]As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 28,262 people, 10,850 households, and 7,799 families in the county.[36] The population density was 55.0 inhabitants per square mile (21.2/km2). There were 12,220 housing units at an average density of 23.8 per square mile (9.2/km2).[23] The racial makeup of the county was 98.1% white, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.2% black or African American, 0.3% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.1% of the population.[36] In terms of ancestry, 25.2% were German, 14.3% were American, 13.7% were Irish, and 9.6% were English.[37]
Of the 10,850 households, 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 28.1% were non-families, and 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.02. The median age was 39.2 years.[36]
The median income for a household in the county was $47,697 and the median income for a family was $45,500. Males had a median income of $38,100 versus $28,092 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,278. About 12.2% of families and 16.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.7% of those under age 18 and 14.9% of those age 65 or over.[38]
Education
[edit]The county is served by 3 school districts:[39]
- Salem Community Schools
- East Washington School Corporation
- South Central Area Special Ed
- West Washington School Corporation.
East Washington School Corporation (Superintendent:Steve Darnell[40]) includes:[41]
- East Washington Elementary School
- East Washington Middle School
- Eastern High School
Salem Community Schools (Superintendent:Dr. D. Lynn Reed) includes:[42])
- Salem High School
- Salem Middle School
- Bradie Shrum Elementary School
West Washington School Corporation (Superintendent:Gerald Jackson) includes:[43])
- West Washington Elementary School
- West Washington Junior/Senior High School
See also
[edit]- List of sundown towns in the United States
- Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area
- Louisville/Jefferson County–Elizabethtown–Bardstown, KY-IN Combined Statistical Area
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Indiana
References
[edit]- Specific
- ^ "Washington County, Indiana". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ a b "Government at Crossroads: An Indiana chronology". The Herald Bulletin. January 5, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
- ^ Brill, Marlene Targ (2005). Indiana. Marshall Cavendish. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7614-2020-0.
- ^ Stevens (1916). pp. 78, 81
- ^ De Witt Clinton Goodrich & Charles Richard Tuttle (1875). An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana. Indiana: R. S. Peale & Co. pp. 575.
- ^ Stevens (1916). p. 79
- ^ Stevens (1916). p. 80
- ^ "The Historic Blue River Quaker Settlement in Salem Indiana". Retrieved April 28, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Thornbrough, Emma Lou (1957). The Negro in Indiana: A Study of a Minority. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau.
- ^ Trueblood, Lillie D. (1934). "The Story of John Williams, Colored". Indiana Magazine of History. 30 (2): 149–152. ISSN 0019-6673. JSTOR 27786657.
- ^ "Cold Blooded Murder in Salem". Terre Haute Daily Express. September 24, 1867. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
- ^ Stevens (1916). p. 435
- ^ "'Pigeon Roost Massacre' Historical Event Told About Family of Mrs. Lewis, DAR Regent". The Victoria Advocate. Victoria, Texas. November 3, 1957. p. 46 – via Newspapers.com.
No Negroes were allowed to live in Washington County, but Beezon Baynes brought in a family and established them in a small house on the farm. However, the people in the community forced him to get rid of the family—so he sent them on to Canada.
- ^ Campney, Brent M.S. (2019). Hostile Heartland: Racism, Repression, and Resistance in the Midwest. Urbana: University of Illinois. ISBN 978-0252042492.
- ^ a b c Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New York: New Press. ISBN 9781565848870.
- ^ "Singular Isolation". The Evening Item. Richmond, Indiana. October 24, 1903. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
She had seen many Indians in the pioneer days, but until she reached this city had never seen any person of African descent, as negroes are not allowed to live in Washington county.
- ^ "Removal". Richmond Item. October 24, 1903. p. 10. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
- ^ Stevens (1916). p. 282
- ^ a b "History & Social Justice: Salem, Indiana". Retrieved April 28, 2022.
- ^ "Washington County · Indiana". Washington County · Indiana.
- ^ "Washington County High Point - Peakbagger.com". peakbagger.com.
- ^ a b "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
- ^ a b "Monthly Averages for Salem IN". The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
- ^ "Tornado Climatology of Washington County, Indiana". National Weather Service. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
- ^ "US Tornadoes: Toddler Found in Field Dies After Coming off Life Support". The Guardian. London. March 5, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
- ^ Leip, David. "Atlas of US Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org.
- ^ a b Indiana Code. "Title 36, Article 2, Section 3". IN.gov. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ a b c Indiana Code. "Title 2, Article 10, Section 2" (PDF). IN.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 27, 2004. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
- ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
- ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
- ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
- ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
- ^ "Washington County QuickFacts". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
- ^ "Selected Social Characteristics in the US – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
- ^ "Selected Economic Characteristics – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
- ^ Education, Indiana Department of (2009). "Indiana Public Superintendent Directory 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 31, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
- ^ Corporation, East Washington School (2009). "Central Office". Retrieved May 28, 2009.
- ^ Corporation, East Washington School (2009). "Welcome to the EWSC". Retrieved May 28, 2009.
- ^ Schools, Salem Community (2009). ":: Salem Community Schools ::". Retrieved May 28, 2009.
- ^ Corporation, West Washington School. "West Washington School". Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
- General
- American Legion Pekin Post 203, The. History of Pekin, Indiana (1959). The American Legion Pekin Post 203
- Everton Publishers, Inc, The. Handy book for Genealogists (1971). Everton Publishers, Inc.
- History of Washington County 1884 (1884).
- Indiana Historical Commission. Indiana History Bulletin (August 1924). Wm. B. Burford
- B. F. Bowen & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana. Centennial History of Washington County, Indiana: Its People, Industries and Institution (1916). Warder W. Stevens Centennial History of Washington County, Indiana: Its People, Industries and Institutions : with Biographical Sketches of Representative Citizens and Genealogical Records of Many of the Old Families
External links
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38°36′N 86°07′W / 38.60°N 86.11°W
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