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Three Pure Ones
Three Pure Ones
	The Three Pure Ones
Chinese	三清
Hanyu Pinyin
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Hanyu Pinyin	Sānqīng

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The Three Pure Ones, also translated as the Three Pure Pellucid Ones, the Three Pristine Ones, the Three Divine Teachers, the Three Clarities, or the Three Purities, are the three highest gods in the Taoist pantheon. They are regarded as pure manifestations of the Tao^[1] and the origin of all sentient beings, along with the "lords of the Three Life Principles", or qi.^[2] They were also gods who were "associated with the sky, the earth and the underworld."^[1]

They were thought to be able to control and have power over time in various ways.^[2] They were sometimes seen as literally the "Past, Present, and Future".^[1]

In Taoism

From the Taoist classic Tao Te Ching, it was held that "The Tao produced One; One produced Two; Two produced Three; Three produced All things." It is generally agreed by Taoist scholars that Tao produced One means Wuji produced Taiji, and One produced Two means Taiji produced Yin and Yang [or Liangyi (兩儀) in scholastic terms]. However, the subject of how Two produced Three has remained a popular debate among Taoist scholars. Most scholars believe that it refers to the Interaction between Yin and Yang, with the presence of Chi, or life force.^[3]

In religious Taoism, the theory of how Tao produces One, Two, and Three is also explained. In Tao produces One—Wuji produces Taiji, which represents the Great Tao, embodied by Hundun (Chinese: 混沌無極元始天王; pinyin: Hùndùn Wújí Yuánshǐ Tiānwáng, "Heavenly King of the Never-ending Primordial Beginning") at a time of pre-Creation, manifesting into the first of the Taoist Trinity, Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn. Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn oversees the earliest phase of Creation of the Universe, and is henceforth known as Dàobǎo (道寶) "Treasure of the Tao". In One produces Two—Taiji produces Yin Yang, Yuanshi Tianzun manifests into Lingbao Tianzun who separated the Yang from the Yin, the clear from the murky, and classified the elements into their rightful groups. Therefore, he is also known as Jīngbǎo (經寶) "Treasure of the Law/Scripture". While Jīng in popular understanding means "scriptures", in this context it also mean "passing through" [the phase of Creation] and the Laws of Nature of how things are meant to be. In the final phase of Creation, Daode Tianzun is manifested from Língbăo Tiānzūn to bring civilization and preach the Law to all living beings. Therefore, He is also known as Shībǎo (師寶) "Treasure of the Master".

Each of the Three Pure Ones represents both a primordial deity and a heaven. Yuanshi Tianzun rules the first heaven, Yu-Qing, which is found in the Jade Mountain. The entrance to this heaven is named the Golden Door. "He is the source of all truth, as the sun is the source of all light". Lingbao Tianzun rules over the heaven of Shang-Qing. Daode Tianzun rules over the heaven of Tai-Qing. The Three Pure Ones are often depicted as throned elders.

Schools of Taoist thought developed around each of these deities. Taoist Alchemy was a large part of these schools, as each of the Three Pure Ones represented one of the three essential fields of the body: jing, qi and shen. The congregation of all three Pure Ones resulted in the return to Tao.

The first Pure One is universal or heavenly chi. The second Pure One is human plane chi, and the third Pure One is earth chi. Heavenly chi includes the chi or energy of all the planets, stars and constellations as well as the energy of God (the force of creation and universal love). Human plane chi is the energy that exists on the surface of our planet and sustains human life, and the earth force includes all of the forces inside the planet as well as the five elemental forces.

As the Three Pure Ones are manifestations of Primordial Celestial Energy, they are formless. But to illustrate their role in Creation, they are often portrayed as elderly deities robed in the three basic colours from which all colours originated: Red, Blue and Yellow (or Green) depending on personal interpretation of colour origins by additive or subtractive means. Each of them holds onto a divine object associated with their task. Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn is usually depicted holding the Pearl of Creation, signifying his role in recreating the Universe. The Ruyi held by Lingbao Tianzun represents authority: the second phase of Creation where the Yang was separated from the Yin and the Law of Things was ordered in place. Lingbao Tianzun then took his seat on the left of Yuanshi Tianzun. Later, when all was complete, Daode Tianzun took his place on the right, with the fan symbolizing the completion of Creation, and the act of fanning representing the spreading of Tao to all Mankind.

Syncretic beliefs

Some scholars believe depictions and theology of the Three Pure Ones from the Tang dynasty and after were influenced by Church of the East conception about the Trinity because of the heavy Christian-Taoist contact and mutual influence^[4] of the time.^[2]

Also, some believe that another Taoist trinity of gods evolved into the Pure Ones.^[5]

Beliefs in the Jade Emperor were taken from other Chinese religious traditions and he was seen as their assistant who managed all of creation.^[1]

Yuanshi Tianzun

Yuanshi Tianzun (Chinese: 元始天尊; pinyin: Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn, "Lord of Primordial Beginning" or the "Primal Celestial One"^[2]) is also known as the "Jade Pure One" (Chinese: 玉清; pinyin: Yùqīng) or "Honoured Lord of the Origin".

Lingbao Tianzun

Lingbao Tianzun (靈寶天尊, "Lord of the Numinous Treasure") is also known as the "Supreme Pure One" (Chinese: 上清; pinyin: Shàngqīng), "The Universally Honoured One of Divinities and Treasures", or the "Precious Celestial One".^[2]

In terms of worldview, the emergence of the Shàngqīng revelations signifies a major expansion of Taoism. Where the celestial masters had added the pure gods of the Tao to the popular pantheon, Shàngqīng enlarged this to include an entirely new layer of existence between the original, creative force of the Tao, represented by the deity "yuan shi tian wang" (heavenly king of primordial beginning), and created world as we know it. This celestial layer consisted of several different regions, located both in the far reaches of the world and in the stars, and imagined along the lines of the ancient paradises Penglai and Kunlun. It was populated by various divine figures: pure gods of the Tao who were emanations of original cosmic qi; immortals who had attained celestial status through effort and the proper elixir...^[6]

Lingbao Tianzun is associated with yin and yang and was responsible as the custodian of the sacred book. Lingbao Tianzun also calculates time and divides it into different epochs.

Daode Tianzun

Daode Tianzun (道德天尊, "Lord of the Way and its Virtue", "Honoured Lord of the Tao and the Virtue", or "[T]he Way-and-Its-Power Celestial One"^[2]), also known as the "Grand Pure One" (Chinese: 太清; pinyin: Tàiqīng) or the "Highest Elder Lord" (太上老君, Taishang Laojun).

It is believed that Daode Tianzun manifested himself in the form of Laozi. Daode Tianzun is also the treasurer of spirits, known as the Lord of Man who is the founder of Taoism. He is the most eminent, aged ruler, which is why he is the only Pure One depicted with pure white hair and beard.

There seem to have been a number of stages in the process of Laozi's eventual deification. First, the legendary figure began as a teacher and writer whose image eventually blended with that of the Yellow Emperor when Laozi came to be identified as a confidant of royalty. Traditional accounts, such as the life-story summarized earlier, transformed him into a cultural hero whose mother conceived him virginally. By the mid-second century C.E., Laozi had become the deity who delivered to Zhang Daoling the revelation of a new religious faith, giving rise to the Celestial Master's school. His image was still not complete. Next, perhaps also around the second or third century CE, Laozi seems to have been identified as a creator god who also enters the world to rescue humanity from tribulation. Laozi was now capable of incarnating himself, almost like Buddhist bodhisattvas. Not long thereafter he joined the triad of the Three Pure Ones, and finally Laozi emerged as the chief divine person. We have here one of the more interesting examples of apotheosis, or deification, in the history of religion.^{[citation needed]}

According to Daozang, Daode Tianzun had manifested many various incarnations to teach living beings, and Laozi is one of his incarnations.

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dell, Christopher (2012). Mythology: The Complete Guide to our Imagined Worlds. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-500-51615-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f World Religions: Eastern Traditions. Edited by Willard Gurdon Oxtoby (2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 393. ISBN 0-19-541521-3. OCLC 46661540.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Yang, Chaoping (December 1, 2007). 道德經第四十二章‧「道生一，一生二，二生三，三生萬物。」 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-08-13.
^ Chua, Amy (2007). Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-385-51284-8. OCLC 123079516.
^ World Religions: Eastern Traditions. Edited by Willard Gurdon Oxtoby (2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 392. ISBN 0-19-541521-3. OCLC 46661540.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Kohn, Livia (2001). Daoism and Chinese Culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Three Times Press. p. 89.

Sources

Barrow, Terrence; Williams, Charles Alfred Speed (2006). Chinese Symbolism and Art Motifs. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing. p. 372.
Ching, Julie (2000). The Religious Thought of Chu Hsi. Oxford: Oxford University Press US. pp. 168–169.
Fowler, Jeaneane (2005). An introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism. Brighton; Portland: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 202–205.
Dobbins, Frank Stockton; Williams, Samuel Wells; Halls, Isaac Hollister (1883). Errors Chains. California: Standard Publishing House. p. 224.
"Yu Di". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Microsoft. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28.
"Yuan Shi". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Microsoft. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07.
Morgan, Harry T. (1972). Chinese Symbols and Superstitions. Detroit: Gale Research Company. p. 148.
Werner, E. T. C. (2003). Myths and Legends of China. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 124–126.
Whiting, Roger (1991). Religions for Today. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. p. 14.
"The Taoist Deities". Yang Style Tai Chi. 25 May 2001. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
Yudelove, Eric (1997). 100 Days to Better Health, Good Sex and Long Life. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 114.

External links

Media related to Three Pure Ones at Wikimedia Commons

[:0-1] Dell, Christopher (2012). Mythology: The Complete Guide to our Imagined Worlds. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-500-51615-7.

[:10027-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f World Religions: Eastern Traditions. Edited by Willard Gurdon Oxtoby (2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 393. ISBN 0-19-541521-3. OCLC 46661540.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[3] Yang, Chaoping (December 1, 2007). 道德經第四十二章‧「道生一，一生二，二生三，三生萬物。」 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-08-13.

[4] Chua, Amy (2007). Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-385-51284-8. OCLC 123079516.

[:100273-5] World Religions: Eastern Traditions. Edited by Willard Gurdon Oxtoby (2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 392. ISBN 0-19-541521-3. OCLC 46661540.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[6] Kohn, Livia (2001). Daoism and Chinese Culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Three Times Press. p. 89.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Highest Immortals in the Taoist pantheon}}
+{{Short description|Highest Divinities in the Taoist pantheon}}
+{{Copy edit|date=March 2024}}
-{{Chinese
+{{Infobox Chinese
 |pic=Taoist Triad.jpg|piccap=The Three Pure Ones
 |c=三清
@@ Line 10: / Line 11: @@
 {{Taoism|state=autocollapse}}
-The '''Three Pure Ones''' ({{zh|c=三清|p=Sānqīng}}), also translated as the '''Three Pure Pellucid Ones''', the '''Three Pristine Ones''', the '''Three Divine Teachers''', the '''Three Clarities''', or the '''Three Purities''', are the three highest gods in the [[Taoist]] pantheon. They are regarded as pure manifestations of the [[Tao]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dell |first=Christopher |title=Mythology: The Complete Guide to our Imagined Worlds |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-500-51615-7 |location=New York |pages=341}}</ref> and the origin of all sentient beings, along with the "lords of the Three Life Principles or 'Breaths' (''[[qi]]'')".<ref name=":10027">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46661540 |title=World Religions: Eastern Traditions |date= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |others=Edited by Willard Gurdon Oxtoby |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-541521-3 |edition=2nd |location=Don Mills, Ontario |pages=393 |oclc=46661540}}</ref> They were also gods who were "associated with the sky, the earth and the underworld."<ref name=":0" />
+The '''Three Pure Ones''', also translated as the '''Three Pure Pellucid Ones''', the '''Three Pristine Ones''', the '''Three Divine Teachers''', the '''Three Clarities''', or the '''Three Purities''', are the three highest gods in the [[Taoist]] pantheon. They are regarded as pure manifestations of the [[Tao]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dell |first=Christopher |title=Mythology: The Complete Guide to our Imagined Worlds |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-500-51615-7 |location=New York |pages=341}}</ref> and the origin of all sentient beings, along with the "lords of the Three Life Principles", or [[qi]].<ref name=":10027">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46661540 |title=World Religions: Eastern Traditions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |others=Edited by Willard Gurdon Oxtoby |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-541521-3 |edition=2nd |location=Don Mills, Ontario |pages=393 |oclc=46661540}}</ref> They were also gods who were "associated with the sky, the earth and the underworld."<ref name=":0" />
 They were thought to be able to control and have power over [[time]] in various ways.<ref name=":10027" /> They were sometimes seen as literally the "Past, Present, and Future".<ref name=":0" />
-==The "Three" in Taoism==
+==In Taoism==
-From the Taoist classic ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'', it was held that "The Tao produced One; One produced Two; Two produced Three; Three produced All things." It is generally agreed by Taoist scholars that Tao produced One means [[Wuji (philosophy)|Wuji]] produced [[Taiji (philosophy)|Taiji]], and One produced Two means Taiji produced [[Yin and yang|Yin and Yang]] [or Liangyi ({{lang|zh|兩儀}}) in scholastic term]. However, the subject of how Two produced Three has remained a popular debate among Taoist scholars. Most scholars believe that it refers to the Interaction between Yin and Yang, with the presence of [[qi|Chi]], or life force.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chaoping0216.wordpress.com/2007/12/01/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%93%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%A7%E3%80%8C%E9%81%93%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%8C%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%8C/ |author=Yang, Chaoping |date=December 1, 2007 |script-title=zh:道德經第四十二章‧「道生一，一生二，二生三，三生萬物。」|language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813105245/http://chaoping0216.wordpress.com/2007/12/01/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%93%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%A7%E3%80%8C%E9%81%93%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%8C%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%8C/ |archive-date=2011-08-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+From the Taoist classic ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'', it was held that "The Tao produced One; One produced Two; Two produced Three; Three produced All things." It is generally agreed by Taoist scholars that Tao produced One means [[Wuji (philosophy)|Wuji]] produced [[Taiji (philosophy)|Taiji]], and One produced Two means Taiji produced [[Yin and yang|Yin and Yang]] [or Liangyi ({{lang|zh|兩儀}}) in scholastic terms]. However, the subject of how Two produced Three has remained a popular debate among Taoist scholars. Most scholars believe that it refers to the Interaction between Yin and Yang, with the presence of [[qi|Chi]], or life force.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chaoping0216.wordpress.com/2007/12/01/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%93%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%A7%E3%80%8C%E9%81%93%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%8C%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%8C/ |author=Yang, Chaoping |date=December 1, 2007 |script-title=zh:道德經第四十二章‧「道生一，一生二，二生三，三生萬物。」|language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813105245/http://chaoping0216.wordpress.com/2007/12/01/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%93%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%A7%E3%80%8C%E9%81%93%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%8C%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%8C/ |archive-date=2011-08-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-In religious Taoism, the theory of how Tao produces One, Two, and Three is also explained. In Tao produces One—Wuji produces Taiji, it represents the Great Tao, embodied by [[Hundun]] ({{zh|c=混沌無極元始天王|p=Hùndùn Wújí Yuánshǐ Tiānwáng}}, "Heavenly King of the Never-ending Primordial Beginning") at a time of pre-Creation , manifesting into the first of the Taoist Trinity, [[Yuanshi Tianzun|Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn]]. Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn oversees the earliest phase of Creation of the Universe, and is henceforth known as Dàobǎo ({{lang|zh|道寶}}) "Treasure of the Tao". In One produces Two—Taiji produces Yin Yang, [[Yuanshi Tianzun]] manifests into [[Lingbao Tianzun]] who separated the Yang from the Yin, the clear from the murky, and classified the elements into their rightful groups. Therefore, he is also known as Jīngbǎo ({{lang|zh|經寶}}) "Treasure of the Law/Scripture". While Jīng in popular understanding means "scriptures", in this context it also mean "passing through" [the phase of Creation] and the [[physical law|Laws of Nature]] of how things are meant to be. In the final phase of Creation, [[Daode Tianzun]] is manifested from Língbăo Tiānzūn to bring civilization and preach the Law to all living beings. Therefore, He is also known as Shībǎo ({{lang|zh|師寶}}) "Treasure of the Master".
+In religious Taoism, the theory of how Tao produces One, Two, and Three is also explained. In Tao produces One—Wuji produces Taiji, which represents the Great Tao, embodied by [[Hundun]] ({{zh|c=混沌無極元始天王|p=Hùndùn Wújí Yuánshǐ Tiānwáng}}, "Heavenly King of the Never-ending Primordial Beginning") at a time of pre-Creation, manifesting into the first of the Taoist Trinity, [[Yuanshi Tianzun|Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn]]. Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn oversees the earliest phase of Creation of the Universe, and is henceforth known as Dàobǎo ({{lang|zh|道寶}}) "Treasure of the Tao". In One produces Two—Taiji produces Yin Yang, [[Yuanshi Tianzun]] manifests into [[Lingbao Tianzun]] who separated the Yang from the Yin, the clear from the murky, and classified the elements into their rightful groups. Therefore, he is also known as Jīngbǎo ({{lang|zh|經寶}}) "Treasure of the Law/Scripture". While Jīng in popular understanding means "scriptures", in this context it also mean "passing through" [the phase of Creation] and the [[physical law|Laws of Nature]] of how things are meant to be. In the final phase of Creation, [[Daode Tianzun]] is manifested from Língbăo Tiānzūn to bring civilization and preach the Law to all living beings. Therefore, He is also known as Shībǎo ({{lang|zh|師寶}}) "Treasure of the Master".
-Each of the Three Pure Ones represents both a deity and a heaven. Yuanshi Tianzun rules the first heaven, Yu-Qing, which is found in the Jade Mountain. The entrance to this heaven is named the Golden Door. "He is the source of all truth, as the sun is the source of all light". Lingbao Tianzun rules over the heaven of Shang-Qing. Daode Tianzun rules over the heaven of Tai-Qing. The Three Pure Ones are often depicted as throned elders.
+Each of the Three Pure Ones represents both a [[primordial deity]] and a [[heaven]]. Yuanshi Tianzun rules the first heaven, Yu-Qing, which is found in the Jade Mountain. The entrance to this heaven is named the Golden Door. "He is the source of all truth, as the sun is the source of all light". Lingbao Tianzun rules over the heaven of Shang-Qing. Daode Tianzun rules over the heaven of Tai-Qing. The Three Pure Ones are often depicted as throned elders.
 Schools of Taoist thought developed around each of these deities. Taoist Alchemy was a large part of these schools, as each of the Three Pure Ones represented one of the three essential fields of the body: [[Jing (Chinese medicine)|jing]], [[qi]] and [[Shen (Chinese religion)|shen]]. The congregation of all three Pure Ones resulted in the return to Tao.
@@ Line 28: / Line 29: @@
 == Syncretic beliefs ==
-Some scholars believe depictions and theology of the Three Pure Ones from the [[Tang dynasty|Tang Dynasty]] and after were influenced by [[Church of the East in China|Church of the East]] conception about the [[Trinity]] because of the heavy Christian-Taoist contact and mutual influence<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chua |first=Amy |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123079516 |title=Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-385-51284-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=71 |oclc=123079516}}</ref> of the time.<ref name=":10027" />
+Some scholars believe depictions and theology of the Three Pure Ones from the [[Tang dynasty]] and after were influenced by [[Church of the East in China|Church of the East]] conception about the [[Trinity]] because of the heavy Christian-Taoist contact and mutual influence<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chua |first=Amy |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123079516 |title=Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall |publisher=Doubleday |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-385-51284-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=71 |oclc=123079516}}</ref> of the time.<ref name=":10027" />
-Also, some believe that another [[Taoism#Religious Daoism|Taoist trinity]] of gods evolved into the Pure Ones.<ref name=":100273">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46661540 |title=World Religions: Eastern Traditions |date= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |others=Edited by Willard Gurdon Oxtoby |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-541521-3 |edition=2nd |location=Don Mills, Ontario |pages=392 |oclc=46661540}}</ref>
+Also, some believe that another [[Taoism#Religious Taoism|Taoist trinity]] of gods evolved into the Pure Ones.<ref name=":100273">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46661540 |title=World Religions: Eastern Traditions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |others=Edited by Willard Gurdon Oxtoby |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-541521-3 |edition=2nd |location=Don Mills, Ontario |pages=392 |oclc=46661540}}</ref>
 Beliefs in the Jade Emperor were taken from other Chinese religious traditions and he was seen as their assistant who managed all of creation.<ref name=":0" />
@@ Line 61: / Line 62: @@
 * [[Ahura#Younger Avesta|Ahuric triad]]
 * [[Chinese folk religion]]
-* [[Daode Tianzun]]
-* [[Lingbao Tianzun]]
 * [[Jade Emperor]]
 * [[Quanzhen Taoism]]
@@ Line 69: / Line 68: @@
 * [[Taoism]]
 * [[Taoist Canon]]
-* [[Yuanshi Tianzun]]
 * [[Zhengyi Taoism]]
@@ Line 82: / Line 80: @@
 * {{cite book |last=Fowler |first=Jeaneane |title = An introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |location=Brighton; Portland |year=2005 |pages=202–205 }}
 * {{cite book |last1 = Dobbins |first1 = Frank Stockton |last2 = Williams |first2 = Samuel Wells |last3 = Halls |first3 = Isaac Hollister |title = Errors Chains |publisher=Standard Publishing House |location=California |year=1883 |page=224 }}
-* {{cite web |title = Yu Di |publisher=Microsoft |work=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia |year=2008 |url = http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582279/Yu_Di.html |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090428155732/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582279/Yu_Di.html |archive-date=2009-04-28 }}
+* {{cite encyclopedia |title = Yu Di |publisher=Microsoft |encyclopedia=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia |year=2008 |url = http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582279/Yu_Di.html |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090428155732/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582279/Yu_Di.html |archive-date=2009-04-28 }}
-* {{cite web |title = Yuan Shi |work=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Microsoft |year=2008 |url= http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582280/Yuan_Shi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081007221940/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582280/Yuan_Shi.html |archive-date=2008-10-07 }}
+* {{cite encyclopedia |title = Yuan Shi |encyclopedia=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Microsoft |year=2008 |url= http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582280/Yuan_Shi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081007221940/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582280/Yuan_Shi.html |archive-date=2008-10-07 }}
 * {{cite book |last = Morgan |first = Harry T. |title = Chinese Symbols and Superstitions |publisher=Gale Research Company |location=Detroit |year=1972 |page=148 }}
 * {{cite book |last = Werner |first = E. T. C. |title = Myths and Legends of China |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2003 |pages=124–126 }}

v t e Chinese mythology
Overview topics	Creation myth Godly world concepts Astrology Dragons Shenmo fiction Gods and immortals Tian Pangu Ghosts Chinese folk religion
Major personages	Gods and immortals Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors Eight Immortals Youchao Shennong Yellow Emperor Yan Emperor Chiyou Chang'e Hou Yi Kuafu
Mythological creatures	Four Symbols Black Tortoise Azure Dragon White Tiger Vermilion Bird Yellow Dragon Four Holy Beasts Qilin Fenghuang Yinglong Spirit turtle Bixi Huli jing (Fox spirit) Chinese guardian lions Pixiu (Bixie) Nian Horses Hundun Xiezhi Wuzhiqi Yeren Fox spirit Four Perils (Four Evildoers) Peng (mythology) Nine-headed Bird Tianma Nine-tailed fox more...
Places	Buzhou Diyu Eight Pillars Gate of the Ghosts Fusang Jade Mountain Kunlun Mountain Longmen Moving Sands Penglai Red River Weak River Youdu
Items	Gu Peaches of Immortality Xirang
Literary works	Classic of Mountains and Seas Shi Yi Ji Bowuzhi Liexian Zhuan Shenxian Zhuan Shenyi Jing The Peach Blossom Spring The Four Journeys Investiture of the Gods The Sorcerer's Revolt Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio Journey to the West In Search of the Supernatural What the Master Would Not Discuss Heavenly Questions (Chu Ci) Huainanzi Records of the Grand Historian Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations
Other folk tales	Legend of the White Snake Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl The Magic Lotus Lantern Mulian Rescues His Mother