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Coordinates: 37°47′37″N 40°47′35″E / 37.79361°N 40.79306°E / 37.79361; 40.79306
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'''Tushhan''' (alternatively spelled as '''Tushan''' or '''Tušḫan''') was a Neo-Assyrian provincial capital in the upper [[Tigris]] region. It was rebuilt by the ruler [[Ashurnasirpal II]] (883–859 BC) and survived until the end of the Neo-Assyrian period around 611 BC.
'''Tushhan''' (alternatively spelled as '''Tushan''' or '''Tušḫan''') was a Neo-Assyrian provincial capital in the upper [[Tigris]] region. It was rebuilt by the ruler [[Ashurnasirpal II]] (883–859 BC) and survived until the end of the Neo-Assyrian period around 611 BC.


It is generally thought to be located at the site of the archaeological site '''Ziyaret Tepe''' ({{lang-ku|Tepa Barava}}), [[Diyarbakır Province]], [[Turkey]] though [[Üçtepe Höyük]] has also been proposed.<ref name="Dönmez2018" >[https://www.academia.edu/37486032/_An_Overview_on_the_Excavations_at_%C3%9C%C3%A7tepe_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Ancient_Tu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABan_The_1988_1992_Excavations_Seasons_Proceedings_of_the_61e_Rencontre_Assyriologique_Internationale_Geneva_and_Bern_22_26_June_2015_Eds_P_Attinger_A_Cavigneaux_C_Mittermayer_M_Novak_Leuven_2018_139_146]Şevket Dönmez, "An Overview on the Excavations at Üçtepe Höyük (Ancient Tušḫan). The 1988-1992 Excavations Seasons", Proceedings of the 61e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Geneva and Bern, 22-26 June 2015 (Eds. P. Attinger/A. Cavigneaux/C. Mittermayer/M. Novak). Leuven, pp. 139-146, 2018</ref><ref name="Taylor1865" >[https://archive.org/details/jstor-3698077]Taylor, J. G., "Travels in Kurdistan, with Notices of the Sources of the Eastern and Western Tigris, and Ancient Ruins in their Neighbourhood", Journal of Royal Geographical Society 35, pp. 21-58, 1865</ref>
It is generally thought to be located at the site of the archaeological site '''Ziyaret Tepe''' ({{langx|ku-Latn|Tepa Barava}}), [[Diyarbakır Province]], [[Turkey]] though [[Üçtepe Höyük]] has also been proposed.<ref name="Dönmez2018" >[https://www.academia.edu/37486032/_An_Overview_on_the_Excavations_at_%C3%9C%C3%A7tepe_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Ancient_Tu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABan_The_1988_1992_Excavations_Seasons_Proceedings_of_the_61e_Rencontre_Assyriologique_Internationale_Geneva_and_Bern_22_26_June_2015_Eds_P_Attinger_A_Cavigneaux_C_Mittermayer_M_Novak_Leuven_2018_139_146]Şevket Dönmez, "An Overview on the Excavations at Üçtepe Höyük (Ancient Tušḫan). The 1988-1992 Excavations Seasons", Proceedings of the 61e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Geneva and Bern, 22-26 June 2015 (Eds. P. Attinger/A. Cavigneaux/C. Mittermayer/M. Novak). Leuven, pp. 139-146, 2018</ref><ref name="Taylor1865" >[https://archive.org/details/jstor-3698077]Taylor, J. G., "Travels in Kurdistan, with Notices of the Sources of the Eastern and Western Tigris, and Ancient Ruins in their Neighbourhood", Journal of Royal Geographical Society 35, pp. 21-58, 1865</ref>


==History of Tušḫan==
==History of Tušḫan==
Line 48: Line 48:


==Archaeology==
==Archaeology==
The site covers an area of 32 hectares, composed of a 3 hectare upper mound and a 29 hectare lower town extending to the eastern, southern, and western sides. The site has been damaged by iron irrigation piping supporting cotton farming area and the lower town degraded by wheat farming. The southeastern part of the main mound is covered by a modern shrine and grave area used by locals.<ref>Erarslan, Alev, "Local Settlement Transitions in Southeastern Anatolia during the Late Third and Early Second Millennium BC", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 268-292, 2009</ref>
The site covers an area of 32 hectares, composed of a 3 hectare upper mound and a 29 hectare lower town extending to the eastern, southern, and western sides. In the Neo-Assyrian period the site had a 4 meter wide fortification wall with a fortified gate. The site has been damaged by iron irrigation piping supporting cotton farming area and the lower town degraded by wheat farming. The southeastern part of the main mound is covered by a modern shrine and grave area used by locals.<ref>Erarslan, Alev, "Local Settlement Transitions in Southeastern Anatolia during the Late Third and Early Second Millennium BC", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 268-292, 2009</ref>


The site was identified in the 1990s for rescue archaeology as it was expected to be inundated by the [[Ilısu Dam]] which was scheduled for completion in 2016 but has only recently reached operational levels. Work at the location began with 3 years of surface survey and remote sensing in 1997
The site was identified in the 1990s for rescue archaeology as it was expected to be inundated by the [[Ilısu Dam]] which was scheduled for completion in 2016 but has only recently reached operational levels. Work at the location began with 3 years of surface survey and remote sensing in 1997. Work included magnetometry, resistivity analysis, and a limited use of ground penetrating radar.
<ref>Timothy Matney, The First Season of Excavation at Ziyaret Tepe in the Diyarbakir Province, Anatolica, vol. 24, pp. 7-30, 1998</ref><ref>Timothy Matney and Lewis Somers, The Second Season of Excavation at Ziyaret Tepe in the Diyarbakir Province, Anatolica, vol. 25, pp. 203-219, 1999</ref><ref>Timothy Matney and A. Bauer, The Third Season of Archaeological Survey at Ziyaret Tepe in Diyarbakir Province, Anatolica, vol. 26, pp. 119-128, 2000</ref>
<ref>Timothy Matney, The First Season of Excavation at Ziyaret Tepe in the Diyarbakir Province, Anatolica, vol. 24, pp. 7-30, 1998</ref><ref>Timothy Matney and Lewis Somers, The Second Season of Excavation at Ziyaret Tepe in the Diyarbakir Province, Anatolica, vol. 25, pp. 203-219, 1999</ref><ref>Timothy Matney and A. Bauer, The Third Season of Archaeological Survey at Ziyaret Tepe in Diyarbakir Province, Anatolica, vol. 26, pp. 119-128, 2000</ref>


From 2000 until 2014 the site was being excavated by a team directed by Timothy Matney of the [[University of Akron]] and John Macginnis of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research at Cambridge University. A Neo-Assyrian period monumental bulding was found on the main mound, termed a palace by the excavators. It was destroyed by fire c. 800 BC though later occupation occurred in the area. The number of bronze vessels found led the excavators to name it the Bronze Palace. Under the floor were found five cremation burials with grave goods including bronze vessels, stone bowls, ivory and a stamp seal.<ref>Timothy Matney et al.,Archaeological Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe: 2000 and 2001, Anatolica, vol. 28, pp. 47-89, 2002</ref><ref>Timothy Matney et al.,Archaeological Investigations at Ziyaret Tepe: 2002, Anatolica, vol. 29, pp. 175-221, 2003</ref><ref>Timothy Matney and L. Rainville, Archaeological Investigations at Ziyaret Tepe: 2003 and 2004, Anatolica, vol. 31, pp. 19-68, 2005</ref><ref>Timothy, Matney et al., Report on Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe, 2006 Season, Anatolica, vol. 33, pp. 23-73, 2007</ref><ref>Timothy, Matney et al., Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe 2007-2008, Anatolica, vol. 35, pp. 37-84, 2009</ref>
From 2000 until 2014 the site was being excavated by a team directed by Timothy Matney of the [[University of Akron]] and John Macginnis of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research at Cambridge University. A Neo-Assyrian period monumental building was found on the main mound, termed a palace by the excavators. It was destroyed by fire c. 800 BC though later occupation occurred in the area. The number of bronze vessels found led the excavators to name it the Bronze Palace. Under the floor were found five cremation burials with grave goods including bronze vessels, stone bowls, ivory and a stamp seal. Small finds at the site included various military paraphernalia of that period including armor scales, and bronze and iron arrowheads and spearheads. In the Lower Town barrack, high status residences, and an administrative building were found.<ref>Timothy Matney et al.,Archaeological Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe: 2000 and 2001, Anatolica, vol. 28, pp. 47-89, 2002</ref><ref>Timothy Matney et al.,Archaeological Investigations at Ziyaret Tepe: 2002, Anatolica, vol. 29, pp. 175-221, 2003</ref><ref>Timothy Matney and L. Rainville, Archaeological Investigations at Ziyaret Tepe: 2003 and 2004, Anatolica, vol. 31, pp. 19-68, 2005</ref><ref>Timothy, Matney et al., Report on Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe, 2006 Season, Anatolica, vol. 33, pp. 23-73, 2007</ref><ref>Timothy, Matney et al., Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe 2007-2008, Anatolica, vol. 35, pp. 37-84, 2009</ref>
<ref>Timothy, Matney et al., Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe, Diyarbakir Province, Turkey, 2009-2010 Seasons, Anatolica, vol. 37, pp. 67-114, 2011</ref>
<ref>Timothy, Matney et al., Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe, Diyarbakir Province, Turkey, 2009-2010 Seasons, Anatolica, vol. 37, pp. 67-114, 2011</ref>
<ref>Matney, Timothy ; Greenfield, Tina ; Köroʇlu, Kemalettin ; MacGinnis, John ; Proctor, Lucas ; Rosenzweig, Melissa ; Wicke, Dirk. / Excavations at ziyaret tepe, diyarbakir province, Turkey, 2011-2014 seasons. In: Anatolica. 2015 ; Vol. 41. pp. 125-176.</ref>
<ref>Matney, Timothy ; Greenfield, Tina ; Köroʇlu, Kemalettin ; MacGinnis, John ; Proctor, Lucas ; Rosenzweig, Melissa ; Wicke, Dirk. / Excavations at ziyaret tepe, diyarbakir province, Turkey, 2011-2014 seasons. In: Anatolica. 2015 ; Vol. 41. pp. 125-176.</ref>
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*[https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/search?simple-value%5B%5D=Ziyaret+Tepe&simple-field%5B%5D=keyword Tablets from Ziyaret Tepe - CDLI]
*[https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/search?simple-value%5B%5D=Ziyaret+Tepe&simple-field%5B%5D=keyword Tablets from Ziyaret Tepe - CDLI]
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/ziyaret-tepe A mound with a story - Cambridge University]
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/ziyaret-tepe A mound with a story - Cambridge University]
*[https://popular-archaeology.com/article/end-of-empire-the-archaeological-excavations-at-ziyaret-tepe/ End of Empire: The Archaeological Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe - Popular Archaeology - Dec 13, 2017]
*[https://popular-archaeology.com/article/archaeologists-unearth-record-of-ancient-assyrias-demise-2/ Archaeologists unearth record of ancient Assyria’s demise - Popular Archaeology - Fri, Jan 19, 2024]
*[https://popular-archaeology.com/article/archaeologists-unearth-record-of-ancient-assyrias-demise-2/ Archaeologists unearth record of ancient Assyria’s demise - Popular Archaeology - Fri, Jan 19, 2024]
*[http://www3.uakron.edu/ziyaret/index.html Ziyaret Tepe Archaeological Project website]
*[http://www3.uakron.edu/ziyaret/index.html Ziyaret Tepe Archaeological Project website]

Latest revision as of 16:25, 16 November 2024

Ziyaret Tepe
Tushhan is located in Turkey
Tushhan
Shown within Turkey
LocationDiyarbakır Province, (Turkey)
Coordinates37°47′37″N 40°47′35″E / 37.79361°N 40.79306°E / 37.79361; 40.79306
Typesettlement
History
Founded3th millennium BC
PeriodsBronze Age, Iron Age
Site notes
Excavation dates1997-2014
ArchaeologistsTimothy Matney, John Macginnis
ConditionRuined
OwnershipPublic
Public accessYes

Tushhan (alternatively spelled as Tushan or Tušḫan) was a Neo-Assyrian provincial capital in the upper Tigris region. It was rebuilt by the ruler Ashurnasirpal II (883–859 BC) and survived until the end of the Neo-Assyrian period around 611 BC.

It is generally thought to be located at the site of the archaeological site Ziyaret Tepe (Kurdish: Tepa Barava), Diyarbakır Province, Turkey though Üçtepe Höyük has also been proposed.[1][2]

History of Tušḫan

[edit]

In the Middle Iron Age the second tier provincial capitol was built/rebuilt by Neo-Assyrian ruler Ashurnasirpal II. From one of his texts:

"... Moving on from the land Nirbu I approached the city Tusha. I took Tusha in hand for renovation. I cleared away its old wall delineated its area, reached its foundation pit, (and) built (and) completed in a splendid fashion a new wall from top to bottom. A palace for my royal residence I found inside. I made doors (and) hung (them) in its doorways. This palace I built (and completed from top to bottom. I made an image of myself in white limestone (and) wrote thereon praise of the extraordinary power and heroic deeds which I had been accomplishing in the lands Nairi. I erected (it) in the city Tusha. I inscribed my monumental inscription (and deposited (it) in its wall. I brought back the enfeebled Assyrians who, because of hunger (and) famine, had gone up to other lands to the land Subru. I settled them in the city Tusha. ..."[3]

Site History

[edit]

The site of Ziyaret Tepe was occupied as early as the Early Bronze Age. Most of the urban development uncovered to date is from the Middle Iron Age, when the city was rebuilt after its collapse at the end of the Late Bronze Age. In Neo-Assyrian times it is thought to have been known as Tushhan, until circa 612 BC to 605 BC, when that empire fell. The site was also occupied in a much smaller scale in the Hellenistic, Roman, Medieval and Ottoman periods.

Archaeology

[edit]

The site covers an area of 32 hectares, composed of a 3 hectare upper mound and a 29 hectare lower town extending to the eastern, southern, and western sides. In the Neo-Assyrian period the site had a 4 meter wide fortification wall with a fortified gate. The site has been damaged by iron irrigation piping supporting cotton farming area and the lower town degraded by wheat farming. The southeastern part of the main mound is covered by a modern shrine and grave area used by locals.[4]

The site was identified in the 1990s for rescue archaeology as it was expected to be inundated by the Ilısu Dam which was scheduled for completion in 2016 but has only recently reached operational levels. Work at the location began with 3 years of surface survey and remote sensing in 1997. Work included magnetometry, resistivity analysis, and a limited use of ground penetrating radar. [5][6][7]

From 2000 until 2014 the site was being excavated by a team directed by Timothy Matney of the University of Akron and John Macginnis of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research at Cambridge University. A Neo-Assyrian period monumental building was found on the main mound, termed a palace by the excavators. It was destroyed by fire c. 800 BC though later occupation occurred in the area. The number of bronze vessels found led the excavators to name it the Bronze Palace. Under the floor were found five cremation burials with grave goods including bronze vessels, stone bowls, ivory and a stamp seal. Small finds at the site included various military paraphernalia of that period including armor scales, and bronze and iron arrowheads and spearheads. In the Lower Town barrack, high status residences, and an administrative building were found.[8][9][10][11][12] [13] [14]

Thirty five late Neo-Assyrian period cuneiform clay tablets, mostly fragmentary, were found at the site, along with clay sealings and hundreds of clay tokens.[15][16][17] One tablet, thought to be from the final days, read:

"Concerning the horses, Assyrian and Aramean scribes, cohort commanders, officials, coppersmiths, blacksmiths, those who clean the tools and equipment, carpenters, bow-makers, arrow-makers, weavers, tailors and repairers, to whom should I turn? […] Not one of them is there. How can I command? […] The lists are not at my disposal. According to what can they collect them? Death will come out of it. No one [will escape]. I am done!"[15]

One damaged Neo-Assyrian period cuneiform tablet originally contained a list of 169 names of which 59 were still legible. For some of the names the original language, Akkadian etc, could be identified but for the rest this was not the case. The epigrapher speculated that the unknown language might be Shubrian, a little known language of that region.[18][19]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ [1]Şevket Dönmez, "An Overview on the Excavations at Üçtepe Höyük (Ancient Tušḫan). The 1988-1992 Excavations Seasons", Proceedings of the 61e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Geneva and Bern, 22-26 June 2015 (Eds. P. Attinger/A. Cavigneaux/C. Mittermayer/M. Novak). Leuven, pp. 139-146, 2018
  2. ^ [2]Taylor, J. G., "Travels in Kurdistan, with Notices of the Sources of the Eastern and Western Tigris, and Ancient Ruins in their Neighbourhood", Journal of Royal Geographical Society 35, pp. 21-58, 1865
  3. ^ Grayson, A. Kirk, "Ashurnasirpal II: A.0.101", Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114-859 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 189-393, 1996
  4. ^ Erarslan, Alev, "Local Settlement Transitions in Southeastern Anatolia during the Late Third and Early Second Millennium BC", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 268-292, 2009
  5. ^ Timothy Matney, The First Season of Excavation at Ziyaret Tepe in the Diyarbakir Province, Anatolica, vol. 24, pp. 7-30, 1998
  6. ^ Timothy Matney and Lewis Somers, The Second Season of Excavation at Ziyaret Tepe in the Diyarbakir Province, Anatolica, vol. 25, pp. 203-219, 1999
  7. ^ Timothy Matney and A. Bauer, The Third Season of Archaeological Survey at Ziyaret Tepe in Diyarbakir Province, Anatolica, vol. 26, pp. 119-128, 2000
  8. ^ Timothy Matney et al.,Archaeological Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe: 2000 and 2001, Anatolica, vol. 28, pp. 47-89, 2002
  9. ^ Timothy Matney et al.,Archaeological Investigations at Ziyaret Tepe: 2002, Anatolica, vol. 29, pp. 175-221, 2003
  10. ^ Timothy Matney and L. Rainville, Archaeological Investigations at Ziyaret Tepe: 2003 and 2004, Anatolica, vol. 31, pp. 19-68, 2005
  11. ^ Timothy, Matney et al., Report on Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe, 2006 Season, Anatolica, vol. 33, pp. 23-73, 2007
  12. ^ Timothy, Matney et al., Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe 2007-2008, Anatolica, vol. 35, pp. 37-84, 2009
  13. ^ Timothy, Matney et al., Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe, Diyarbakir Province, Turkey, 2009-2010 Seasons, Anatolica, vol. 37, pp. 67-114, 2011
  14. ^ Matney, Timothy ; Greenfield, Tina ; Köroʇlu, Kemalettin ; MacGinnis, John ; Proctor, Lucas ; Rosenzweig, Melissa ; Wicke, Dirk. / Excavations at ziyaret tepe, diyarbakir province, Turkey, 2011-2014 seasons. In: Anatolica. 2015 ; Vol. 41. pp. 125-176.
  15. ^ a b S. Parpola, "Cuneiform Texts From Ziyaret Tepe (Ancient Tushan) 2002-2003", State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, vol. 16, 2006
  16. ^ [3]John Macginnis, M. Willis Monroe, "Recent Texts from Ziyaret Tepe", State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, 20, pp. 47-56, 2015
  17. ^ MacGinnis, John, et al., "Artefacts of cognition: the use of clay tokens in a Neo-Assyrian provincial administration", Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24.2, pp. 289-306, 2014
  18. ^ Archaeologists discover lost language - University of Cambridge
  19. ^ John MacGinnis, "Evidence for a Peripheral Language in a Neo-Assyrian Tablet from the Governor’s Palace in Tušhan", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 13-20, April 2012

Further reading

[edit]
  • Bartl, P. V., "The Middle Bronze Age on the Upper Tigris: New Evidence from the Excavations at Gricano and Ziyaret Tepe", in: Marro, C. – Özfırat, A. (eds.) Mountains and Valleys: A Symposium on Highland/Lowland Interaction in the Bronze Age Settlement Systems of Eastern Anatolia, Transcaucasia and Northwestern Iran. 9.–13. August 2004, Van, Turkey, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iranund Turan 37, pp. 53–62, 2005
  • Matney, T. – Roaf, M. – McGinnis, J. – McDonald, H., "Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe, 2001", in: Tuna, N. –Öztürk, J. – Velibeyog ̆lu, J. (eds.), Salvage Project of the Archaeological Heritage of the Ilısu and Carchemish Dam Reservoirs Activities in 2001, Ankara, pp. 387–423, 2004
  • Timothy Matney el al, "Ziyaret Tepe Exploring the Anatolian frontier of the Assyrian Empire", Cornucopia Books, September 2017 ISBN 978-09565948-9-1
  • Timothy Matney and Ann Donkin, "Mapping the Past: An Archaeogeophysical Case Study from Southeastern Turkey", Near Eastern Archaeology, vol. 69, pp. 12–26, 2006
  • Timothy, Matney et al., "Eighteen years on the frontiers of Assyria: the Ziyaret Tepe Archaeological Project", EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2020 ISBN 978-88-5511-145-4 eISBN 978-88-5511-146-1
  • MacGinnis, J.D.A. & T. Matney, "Ziyaret Tepe: digging the frontier of the Assyrian empire", Current World Archaeology 37, pp. 30–40, 2009
  • Matney, T., J.D.A. MacGinnis, D. Wicke & K. Köroğlu, "Uncovering a provincial capital of the Assyrian Empire: The Ziyaret Tepe Archaeological Expedition 1997–2100", in Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 12 April–16 April 2010, the British Museum and UCL, London, vol. 3: Field work & Recent Research and Posters, eds. R.J. Mathews & J. Curtis. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 313–24, 2012
  • Wicke, D., "Operation A/N (The ‘Bronze Palace’)", Anatolica 35, pp. 38–49, 2009
  • Wicke, D. & T. Greenield, "The ‘Bronze Palace’ at Ziyaret Tepe. Preliminary remarks on the architecture and faunal analysis", in Assyrian Provincial Palaces, eds. D. Kertai & P.A. Miglus. (Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient 15.) Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag, pp. 63–82, 2013
[edit]
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