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Chautisa or Chautisha (Odia: ଚଉତିଶା) is a genre of literary composition in Indian literature. It was popular form of writing in medieval Indian poetry. It is a form of constrained writing where each verse begins with consecutive letters of the alphabet, typically starting with the first consonant. The word 'Chautisa' means thirty four, signifying the number of consonants in Odia script.^[1]

History

Chautisa is one of the earliest form of poetry in Odia language.^[2] Numerous Chautisas have been written in medieval Odia literature. The Prachi Samiti (1925–34) collected and published four volumes of medieval poetry and contains hundreds of Chautisas.^[3]^[1] The earliest known Chautisa is the Kesaba koili of Markanda Dasa.^[4]

Baladeba Ratha, Banamali Dasa, Dinakrushna Dasa are some of the most famous poets who wrote Chautisas.

Structure

Typically the poetry starts with the letter କ and ends with କ୍ଷ. Each verse or line of each couplet starts with the same letter.

Kamalalochana Chautisha, Balarama Dasa	Transliteration
କମଳ ଲୋଚନ ଶ୍ରୀହରି । କରେଣ ଶଙ୍ଖ ଚକ୍ରଧାରୀ ।। ଖଗ ଆସନେ ଖଗପତି । ଖଟନ୍ତି ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ସରସ୍ୱତୀ ।। ଗରୁଡ଼ ଆସନେ ମୁରାରି । ଗୋପରେ ରଖିଲେ ବାଛୁରୀ ।।	Kamala lochana srihari; karena sankha chakradhaari. Khaga aasane khagapati; khatanti Laxmi Saraswati. Garuda aasane Murari; gopare rakhile baachuri.

There are some poetic liberties taken by the poets. Such as in place of the letter ଙ/ଞ, words beginning with ନ are used as there are no words that begin with those letters.

Some poets reverse the order of the letters and wrote starting from କ୍ଷ and ends with କ. This is called Olata Chautisa.^[5]

Typically the Chautisas have 34 couplets/stanzas. Other popular variants include:

Chautisa with 2 couplets – each couplet containing 17 consonants.
Chautisa with 3 couplets – two couplets containing 12 consonants and one couplet with 10 consonants.
Chautisa with 6 couplets – E.g. Chitau chautisa by Upendra Bhanja.
Chautisa with 9 couplets – E.g. Hanumanta Janana Chautisa by Damodara Dasa.

References

^ ^a ^b Mansinha, M. (1962). History of Oriya Literature. Sahitya Akademi. Histories of literature. New Delhi. p. 45. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ Mazumdar, B.C. (1921). Typical selections from Oriya literature. Baptist Mission Press. p. xxi. Retrieved 2020-09-07. the chautisa forms appear to be as old as Oriya literature.
^ Datta, A. (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1740. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
^ Mansinha, M. (1962). History of Oriya Literature. Sahitya Akademi. Histories of literature. New Delhi. p. 46. Retrieved 2020-09-07. The poem that is supposed to be the earliest in present Oriya, combines in itself the twin lyrical patterns of a chautisa and a koili. That is the Kesaba koili of Markanda Dasa. It is the most famous of the koili songs in Oriya, in spite of being the most ancient among them.
^ Mohanty, J.B. (1993). Banamali Das. Makers of Indian literature (in German). Sahitya Akademi. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-7201-449-0. Retrieved 2020-09-15.

[Mansinha_1962_p.45-1] Mansinha, M. (1962). History of Oriya Literature. Sahitya Akademi. Histories of literature. New Delhi. p. 45. Retrieved 2020-09-07.

[Mazumdar_1921_p.xxi-2] Mazumdar, B.C. (1921). Typical selections from Oriya literature. Baptist Mission Press. p. xxi. Retrieved 2020-09-07. the chautisa forms appear to be as old as Oriya literature.

[Datta_1988_p._1740-3] Datta, A. (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1740. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0. Retrieved 2020-09-15.

[Mansinha_1962_p.46-4] Mansinha, M. (1962). History of Oriya Literature. Sahitya Akademi. Histories of literature. New Delhi. p. 46. Retrieved 2020-09-07. The poem that is supposed to be the earliest in present Oriya, combines in itself the twin lyrical patterns of a chautisa and a koili. That is the Kesaba koili of Markanda Dasa. It is the most famous of the koili songs in Oriya, in spite of being the most ancient among them.

[Mohanty_1993_p._32-5] Mohanty, J.B. (1993). Banamali Das. Makers of Indian literature (in German). Sahitya Akademi. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-7201-449-0. Retrieved 2020-09-15.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Genre of Indian literature}}
 {{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
-'''Chautisha''' or '''Chautisa''' is a genre of literary composition in [[Indian literature]]. It was popular form of writing in medieval  poetry. It is a form of [[constrained writing]] where each verse begins with consecutive letters of the alphabet, typically starting with the first consonant.The word 'Chautisha' means thirty four, signifying the number of consonants in Odia alphabet. <ref name="Mansinha 1962 p.45 ">{{cite book | last=Mansinha | first=M. | title=History of Oriya Literature | publisher=New Delhi | series=Sahitya Akademi. Histories of literature | year=1962 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwFIAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-09-07 | page=45}}</ref>
+'''Chautisa''' or '''Chautisha''' ({{langx|or|'''ଚଉତିଶା'''}}) is a genre of literary composition in [[Indian literature]]. It was popular form of writing in [[Medieval India|medieval Indian]] poetry. It is a form of [[constrained writing]] where each verse begins with consecutive letters of the alphabet, typically starting with the first [[consonant]]. The word 'Chautisa' means thirty four, signifying the number of consonants in Odia script.<ref name="Mansinha 1962 p.45 ">{{cite book | last=Mansinha | first=M. | title=History of Oriya Literature | publisher=New Delhi | series=Sahitya Akademi. Histories of literature | year=1962 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwFIAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-09-07 | page=45}}</ref>
 ==History==
-{{Transl|or|Chautisha}} is one of the earliest form of poetry in Odia language.<ref name="Mazumdar 1921 p.xxi ">{{cite book | last=Mazumdar | first=B.C. | title=Typical selections from Oriya literature | publisher=Baptist Mission Press | series=Typical selections from Oriya literature | issue=v. 1 | year=1921 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky9IAQAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-09-07 | page=xxi|quote= the chautisa forms appear to be as old as Oriya literature.}}</ref> There have been numerous Chautisas written in mediaval Odia literature. The Prachi Samiti(1925-1934) collected and published four volumes of medieval poetry and it contained hundreds of chautishas.<ref name="Datta 1988 p. 1740">{{cite book | last=Datta | first=A. | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | issue=v. 2 | year=1988 | isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1740 | access-date=2020-09-15 | page=1740}}</ref><ref name="Mansinha 1962 p.45 "/>The earliest known chautisa is the ''Kesaba koili'' of ''Markanda Dasa''.<ref name="Mansinha 1962 p.46 ">{{cite book | last=Mansinha | first=M. | title=History of Oriya Literature | publisher=New Delhi | series=Sahitya Akademi. Histories of literature | year=1962 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwFIAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-09-07 | page=46|quote=The poem that is supposed to be the earliest in present Oriya,combines in itself the twin lyrical patterns of a chautisa and a koili. That is the Kesaoa koili of Markanda Dasa. It is the most famous of the koili songs in Oriya, in spite of being the most ancient among them.}}</ref>
+Chautisa is one of the earliest form of poetry in Odia language.<ref name="Mazumdar 1921 p.xxi ">{{cite book | last=Mazumdar | first=B.C. | title=Typical selections from Oriya literature | publisher=Baptist Mission Press | issue=v. 1 | year=1921 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky9IAQAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-09-07 | page=xxi|quote= the chautisa forms appear to be as old as Oriya literature.}}</ref> Numerous Chautisas have been written in medieval Odia literature. The Prachi Samiti (1925–34) collected and published four volumes of medieval poetry and contains hundreds of Chautisas.<ref name="Datta 1988 p. 1740">{{cite book | last=Datta | first=A. | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | issue=v. 2 | year=1988 | isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1740 | access-date=2020-09-15 | page=1740}}</ref><ref name="Mansinha 1962 p.45 "/> The earliest known Chautisa is the Kesaba koili of Markanda Dasa.<ref name="Mansinha 1962 p.46 ">{{cite book | last=Mansinha | first=M. | title=History of Oriya Literature | publisher=New Delhi | series=Sahitya Akademi. Histories of literature | year=1962 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwFIAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2020-09-07 | page=46|quote=The poem that is supposed to be the earliest in present Oriya, combines in itself the twin lyrical patterns of a chautisa and a koili. That is the Kesaba koili of Markanda Dasa. It is the most famous of the koili songs in Oriya, in spite of being the most ancient among them.}}</ref>
-Markanda Dasa, [[Baladeba Ratha|Baladev Rath]], [[Banamali Dasa|Banamali Das]], [[Dinakrushna Das]] are some of the most famous poets who wrote Chautisa.
+[[Baladeba Ratha]], [[Banamali Dasa]], [[Dinakrushna Dasa]] are some of the most famous poets who wrote Chautisas.
 ==Structure==
-Typically the poetry starts with the letter "କ" and ends with "କ୍ଷ" . Each verse or line of each couplet starts with the same letter.
+Typically the poetry starts with the letter '''କ''' and ends with '''କ୍ଷ'''. Each verse or line of each couplet starts with the same letter.
-{{Rquote|center|
+{| class="wikitable"
-<poem>
+! '''Kamalalochana Chautisha''', [[Balarama Dasa]]
-'''କ'''ମଳ ଲୋଚନ ଶ୍ରୀହରି । '''କ'''ରେଣ ଶଙ୍ଖ ଚକ୍ରଧାରୀ ।।
+! Transliteration
-'''ଖ'''ଗ ଆସନେ ଖଗପତି । '''ଖ'''ଟନ୍ତି ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ସରସ୍ୱତୀ ।।
+|-
-'''ଗ'''ରୁଡ଼ ଆସନେ ମୁରାରି ।'''ଗୋ'''ପରେ ରଖିଲେ ବାଛୁରୀ ।।
+| '''କ'''ମଳ ଲୋଚନ ଶ୍ରୀହରି । '''କ'''ରେଣ ଶଙ୍ଖ ଚକ୍ରଧାରୀ ।।<br>'''ଖ'''ଗ ଆସନେ ଖଗପତି । '''ଖ'''ଟନ୍ତି ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ସରସ୍ୱତୀ ।।<br>'''ଗ'''ରୁଡ଼ ଆସନେ ମୁରାରି । '''ଗୋ'''ପରେ ରଖିଲେ ବାଛୁରୀ ।।
-</poem>
+| '''Ka'''mala lochana srihari; '''ka'''rena sankha chakradhaari.<br>'''Kha'''ga aasane khagapati; '''kha'''tanti Laxmi Saraswati.<br>'''Ga'''ruda aasane Murari; '''go'''pare rakhile baachuri.
-Transliteration
+|}
-<poem>
-'''Ka'''Mala lochana srihari ; '''ka'''rena sankha chakradharee .
-'''Kha'''ga aasane khagapati ; '''Kha'''tanti Laxmi Saraswati.
-'''Ga'''ruda aasane Murari ;'''go'''pare rakhile bachuri .
-</poem>
-| '''Kamalalochana Chautisha''', [[Balaram Das]]}}
-There are some poetic liberties that are taken by the poets . Such as in place of the letter '''ଙ'''/'''ଞ''' and words beginning with '''ନ''' are used because there are no words that begin with those letters.
+There are some poetic liberties taken by the poets. Such as in place of the letter '''ଙ'''/'''ଞ''', words beginning with '''ନ''' are used as there are no words that begin with those letters.
-Some Poets reverse the order of the Letters and wrote starting from  "କ୍ଷ" and ends with "କ" .   This is called ''Olata Chautisa''.<ref name="Mohanty 1993 p. 32">{{cite book | last=Mohanty | first=J.B. | title=Banamali Das | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | series=Makers of Indian literature | year=1993 | isbn=978-81-7201-449-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNi10M-NkOYC&pg=PA32 | language=de | access-date=2020-09-15 | page=32}}</ref>
+Some poets reverse the order of the letters and wrote starting from '''କ୍ଷ''' and ends with '''କ'''. This is called ''Olata Chautisa''.<ref name="Mohanty 1993 p. 32">{{cite book | last=Mohanty | first=J.B. | title=Banamali Das | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | series=Makers of Indian literature | year=1993 | isbn=978-81-7201-449-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNi10M-NkOYC&pg=PA32 | language=de | access-date=2020-09-15 | page=32}}</ref>
-Typically the Chautisas have 34 couplets/stanzas. However there are some popular .
+Typically the Chautisas have 34 couplets/stanzas. Other popular variants include:
-* Chautisa with two couplets - The entire chautisa consists of two couplets with each couplet containing 17 consonants.
+*Chautisa with 2 couplets – each couplet containing 17 consonants.
-* Chautisa with three couplets - The entire chautisa consists of three couplets with two couplets containing 12 consonants and one couplet with 10 consonants.
+*Chautisa with 3 couplets – two couplets containing 12 consonants and one couplet with 10 consonants.
-* Chautisa with six couplets - The entire chautisa consists of six couplets. one such example is ''Chitau chautisa'' by [[Upendra Bhanja]].
+*Chautisa with 6 couplets – E.g. Chitau chautisa by [[Upendra Bhanja]].
-* Chautisa with nine couplets - The entire chautisa consists of nine couplets. one example of this is ''Hanumanta Janana Chautisa'' by Damodara Dasa.
+*Chautisa with 9 couplets – E.g. Hanumanta Janana Chautisa by Damodara Dasa.
 ==References==
@@ Line 42: / Line 39: @@
 [[Category:Odia literature]]
 [[Category:Indian literature]]
-[[Category:Odia-language poems]]
+[[Category:Poems in Odia]]
 [[Category:Literary genres]]
 [[Category:Medieval Indian literature]]
+[[Category:Odissi music repertoire]]