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Coordinates: 37°39′7″N 43°47′53″E / 37.65194°N 43.79806°E / 37.65194; 43.79806
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{{Short description|A village in the district and province of Hakkari in southeast Turkey}}
⚫
[[File:Qudshanis-Hakkari Mar Shimon house.jpg|thumb|250px|Residence of the Patriarch of the Church of the East in Qodshanis]]
{{Infobox Turkey place
⚫
[[File:The cradle of mankind; life in eastern Kurdistan (1922) (14760204091).jpg|thumb|A sketch of the interior of the Patriarchal Church of Mar Shalita, from Wigram's ''The Cradle of Mankind: Life in Eastern Kurdistan''. The church is still somewhat intact (although abandoned) to this day.]]
| name = Qudshanis
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| type = Village
| province = Hakkâri
| district = Hakkâri
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik />
| population_total = 30
| coordinates = {{Coord|37|39|7|N|43|47|53|E|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Qudshanis'''<ref name=":Wigram&Wigram">{{cite book |last1=Wigram |first1=William Ainger |url=https://archive.org/details/cradleofmankindl00wigrrich/page/n14/mode/1up |title=The Cradle of Mankind: Life in Eastern Kurdistan |last2=Wigram |first2=Edgar T. A. |date=1922 |publisher=A. & C. Black, Ltd. |location=London |page=264 |author-link1=William Ainger Wigram}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilmshurst |first1=David |title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318&ndash;1913 |date=2000 |publisher=Peeters |location=University of Virginia |isbn=9782877235037}}</ref> (also: ''Kuçanis''<ref name=nisanyan>[https://www.nisanyanyeradlari.com/?y=Ku%C3%A7anis&ul=All&o=c&s=1 Konak], Nişanyan Yeradları, [[Sevan Nişanyan]].</ref> or ''Kochanes'',<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463211448-018/html|doi = 10.31826/9781463211448-018|chapter = Chapter Xvi. Kochanes|title = Christians Under the Crescent in Asia|year = 2006|pages = 176–187|publisher = Gorgias Press|isbn = 9781463211448}}</ref> officially ''Konak'',<ref name=nisanyan/> {{langx|ku-Latn|Koçanis}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2021 |title=Hakkari'ye bağlı köylerin Kürtçe, Türkçe ve eski isimleri |url=https://www.yuksekovahaber.com.tr/haber/hakkariye-bagli-koylerin-kurtce-turkce-ve-eski-isimleri-241558.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215184817/https://www.yuksekovahaber.com.tr/haber/hakkariye-bagli-koylerin-kurtce-turkce-ve-eski-isimleri-241558.htm |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=16 July 2024 |language=tr}}</ref> {{langx|syr|ܩܘܕܫܢܝܣ|translit=Qūdšānīs}} , {{IPA|syr|quˈt͡ʃɑ.nɪs}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Maclean|first=Arthur John|author-link1=Arthur Maclean|date=1901|title=Dictionary of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac|url=https://archive.org/details/adictionarydial00unkngoog/page/n9/mode/1up|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=272a}}</ref>), is a small village in the [[Hakkâri District]] of [[Hakkâri Province]], [[Turkey]]. The village is populated by [[Kurds]] of the Pinyanişî tribe and population was 30 in 2023.<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2023, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr |access-date=10 May 2024|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=tr|format=XLS}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey |year=1989 |editor-last=Peter Alfred |editor-first=Andrews |pages=214 |editor-last2=Benninghaus |editor-first2=Rüdiger}}</ref>


⚫
It was significant in the history of the [[Church of the East]] (whose continuation is at the head of what since 1976 has adopted the name of [[Assyrian Church of the East]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|location=London and New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2003|isbn=9781134430192|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Joseph|first=John|year=2000|title=The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East|location=Leiden|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=9789004116412|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79wj2hj4wKUC}}</ref>) in that it was the seat of [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East|a line of patriarchs]] for many centuries until mid-1915, when [[Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin]] along with the rest of the Assyrians of Hakkari were forced to flee as part of the [[Sayfo]].<ref name=":Wigram&Wigram" /><ref name=":Verheij">{{cite web|title=Patriarchal Church of the "Church of the East", Hakkari|last=Verheij|first=Jelle|year=2005|url=http://www.jelleverheij.net/monuments/patriarchal-church-of-the-church-of-the-east.html|website=History and historical geography of Turkey and the late Ottoman Empire & Ottoman-Armenian-Kurdish relations before the First World War|access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>
'''Qudshanis'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maclean |first1=Arthur John |author-link1=Arthur Maclean |last2=Browne |first2=William Henry |author-link2=William Henry Brown (journalist)|date=1892 |title=The Catholicos of the East and His People |url=https://archive.org/details/TheCatholicosOfTheEastAndHisPeople/page/n33/mode/1up |location=London |publisher= [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]] |page=11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Perkins|first=Justin |author-link1=Justin Perkins |date=1843 |title=A Residence of Eight Years in Persia, among the Nestorian Christians with Notices of the Muhammedans |url=https://archive.org/details/residenceofeight00perk/page/n49/mode/1up |location=Andover, Massachusetts |publisher=Allen, Morrill & Wardwell |page=18 }}
</ref><ref name=":Wigram&Wigram">{{cite book |last1=Wigram |first1=William Ainger |author-link1=William Ainger Wigram |last2=Wigram |first2=Edgar T. A. |date=1922 |title=The Cradle of Mankind: Life in Eastern Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/cradleofmankindl00wigrrich/page/n14/mode/1up |location=London |publisher=A. & C. Black, Ltd. |page=264 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilmshurst |first1=David |title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318&ndash;1913 |date=2000 |publisher=Peeters |location=University of Virginia |isbn=9782877235037}}</ref> or '''Kochanes'''<ref>https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463211448-018/html</ref> ({{lang-syr|ܩܘܕܫܢܝܣ}} {{transl|syr|Qūdšānīs}}, {{IPA-syr|quˈt͡ʃɑ.nɪs}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Maclean|first=Arthur John|author-link1=Arthur Maclean|date=1901|title=Dictionary of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac|url=https://archive.org/details/adictionarydial00unkngoog/page/n9/mode/1up|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=272a}}</ref> {{lang-ku|Qoçanis|script=Latn}}, {{lang-tr|Konak}} or Koçanis<ref>https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/egetid/issue/50768/661583</ref>), is a small village in [[Hakkâri Province]], [[Turkey]]. The village is situated about 20&nbsp;km northeast of the provincial capital [[Hakkâri]] in the southeastern corner of Turkey, near the borders of Iran and Iraq, in the Upper [[Barwari]] region. In 2018, the population was 19.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hakkari Merkez Konak Köyü Nüfusu: 19 |agency=Türkiye Nüfusu İl ilçe Mahalle Köy Nüfusları |url=http://www.nufusune.com/15254-hakkari-merkez-konak-koy-nufusu |access-date=24 December 2019 |language=tr}}</ref>

⚫
It was significant in the history of the [[Church of the East]] (whose continuation is at the head of what since 1976 has adopted the name of [[Assyrian Church of the East]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|location=London and New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2003|isbn=9781134430192|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Joseph|first=John|year=2000|title=The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East|location=Leiden|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=9789004116412|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79wj2hj4wKUC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2008/20080307a.pdf|title=Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq|last=Aprim|first=Frederick A.|date=7 March 2008|website=Fredaprim.com|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>) in that it was the seat of [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East|a line of patriarchs]] for many centuries up until the early 20th century.<ref name=":Wigram&Wigram" /><ref name=":Verheij">{{cite web|title=Patriarchal Church of the "Church of the East", Hakkari|last=Verheij|first=Jelle|year=2005|url=http://www.jelleverheij.net/monuments/patriarchal-church-of-the-church-of-the-east.html|website=History and historical geography of Turkey and the late Ottoman Empire & Ottoman-Armenian-Kurdish relations before the First World War|access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> One of the only buildings still standing is the Patriarchal Church of Mar Shalita.
{{mapframe|frame=yes|type=point|id=Q1012987}}


==History==
==History==
{{multiple image |align=right |width=250px |direction=vertical
⚫
The name of the village means "sacred".{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} The village was founded in 1672 by [[Chaldean Catholics]] from the city of Amida who, upon settling here, broke off with the Catholic church and founded a new branch of the [[Church of the East]] in 1692, ruled by the Shimun line. From that point on the village functioned as the ''de facto'' capital of the Assyrian tribes in the region. The government of the Hakkari mountains was that of a tribal confederation, with Assyrian tribes such as the [[Tyari]] and [[Nochiya tribe|Nochiya]] living in villages across the region, with their own leaders known as ''maliks'' ({{lang-syr|ܡܠܟ}}). The tribes were subservient to the patriarch based in Qodchanis and paid him taxes, which the patriarch then gave to the Ottomans.{{efn|"The wild Christian tribes of Hakkiari, whither no Government of any sort has ever extended, still pay tribute to their Patriarch for transmission to the Sultan; and not taxes through the tax-collector"{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}}} Therefore, the patriarch functioned as a king of sorts for the Assyrians of the mountains, and his See in Qodchanis functioned as the capital of their confederation. The confederation was in effect almost like a vassal state ruled by the Ottoman Empire, and even then the Assyrians were not subservient to the Sultan, but rather the Patriarch. Upon his declaration of war in 1915, the tribes of the region immediately went into open rebellion against the Turks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stafford|first=Ronald Sempill|year=2006|orig-year=1935|title=The Tragedy of the Assyrians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhxfvgAACAAJ&dq=The+Tragedy+of+the+Assyrians|location=Piscataway, New Jersey|publisher=[[Gorgias Press]]|isbn=978-1-59333-413-0}}.</ref> Three years into this war in 1918, they were forced off of their ancestral lands in the [[Assyrian Genocide]].
⚫
|image1=Qudshanis-Hakkari Mar Shimon house.jpg |caption1=Residence of the Patriarch of the Church of the East in Qodshanis
⚫
|image2=Church of Mar Shalitha, Qudshanis, early twentieth century.jpg |caption2=A sketch of the interior of the Patriarchal Church of Mar Shalita, from Wigram's ''The Cradle of Mankind: Life in Eastern Kurdistan''. The church is still somewhat intact (although abandoned) to this day.}}

⚫
The village was founded in 1672 by [[Chaldean Catholics]] from the city of Amida who, upon settling here, broke off with the Catholic church and founded a new branch of the [[Church of the East]] in 1692, ruled by the Shimun line. From that point on the village functioned as the ''de facto'' capital of the Assyrian tribes in the region. The government of the Hakkari mountains was that of a tribal confederation, with Assyrian tribes such as the [[Tyari]] and [[Nochiya tribe|Nochiya]] living in villages across the region, with their own leaders known as ''maliks'' ({{langx|syr|ܡܠܟ}}). The tribes were subservient to the patriarch based in Qodchanis and paid him taxes, which the patriarch then gave to the Ottomans. Therefore, the patriarch functioned as a king of sorts for the Assyrians of the mountains, and his See in Qodchanis functioned as the capital of their confederation. The confederation was in effect almost like a vassal state ruled by the [[Ottoman Empire]], and even then the [[Assyrians]] were not subservient to the Sultan, but rather the Patriarch. Upon his declaration of war in 1915, the tribes of the region immediately went into open rebellion against the Turks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stafford|first=Ronald Sempill|year=2006|orig-year=1935|title=The Tragedy of the Assyrians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhxfvgAACAAJ&q=The+Tragedy+of+the+Assyrians|location=Piscataway, New Jersey|publisher=[[Gorgias Press]]|isbn=978-1-59333-413-0}}.</ref>


In a relatively isolated area, Qodshanis was for many years cut off from the outside world up until 1829, when a German traveller discovered it. Visitors from [[Western world|the West]] began arriving as emissaries.<ref name=":Verheij" /> One of these emissaries, an Englishman known as [[William Ainger Wigram]], described it in his book ''The Cradle of Mankind: Life in Eastern Kurdistan'' (1922):
In a relatively isolated area, Qodshanis was for many years cut off from the outside world up until 1829, when a German traveller discovered it. Visitors from [[Western world|the West]] began arriving as emissaries.<ref name=":Verheij" /> One of these emissaries, an Englishman known as [[William Ainger Wigram]], described it in his book ''The Cradle of Mankind: Life in Eastern Kurdistan'' (1922):


<blockquote>
<blockquote>
''The village of Qudshanis, which is the residence of the Nestorian or [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East|Assyrian Patriarch]], [[Shimun XIX Benyamin|Mar Shimun]], and the headquarters of his [[Assyrian Church of the East|Church]], has a marvellous situation. It lies on a sloping alp of rugged pasture, between two mountain torrents which spring from the towering snow-fields to the west of it; and which descend in gradually deepening gorges, enclosing the tongue-shaped plateau on which the village stands. They meet beneath the point of the tongue at the base of a lofty wedge of rock; and thence the united stream flows on, joined by others on its way, till it falls into the [[Great Zab|Zab]] some two hours below the village. [[Nestorian]] tradition regards the [[Great Zab|Zab]] as the [[Pishon|Pison]]'' [or [[Sefid River|Pishon/Uizhun]]], ''one of the four rivers of Paradise; and the Patriarch will occasionally date his official letters from my cell on the River of the [[Garden of Eden]].''<ref name=":Wigram&Wigram" />
The village of Qudshanis, which is the residence of the Nestorian or [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East|Assyrian Patriarch]], [[Shimun XIX Benyamin|Mar Shimun]], and the headquarters of his [[Assyrian Church of the East|Church]], has a marvellous situation. It lies on a sloping alp of rugged pasture, between two mountain torrents which spring from the towering snow-fields to the west of it; and which descend in gradually deepening gorges, enclosing the tongue-shaped plateau on which the village stands. They meet beneath the point of the tongue at the base of a lofty wedge of rock; and thence the united stream flows on, joined by others on its way, till it falls into the [[Great Zab|Zab]] some two hours below the village. [[Nestorian]] tradition regards the [[Great Zab|Zab]] as the [[Pishon|Pison]]'' [or [[Sefid River|Pishon/Uizhun]]], ''one of the four [[rivers of Paradise]]; and the Patriarch will occasionally date his official letters from my cell on the River of the [[Garden of Eden]].<ref name=":Wigram&Wigram" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of Assyrian villages]]
* [[List of Assyrian villages]]
*[[Assyrian tribes]]
* [[Zagros Mountains]]
** [[Mount Judi]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==

===Citations===
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


===Sources===
===Sources===
* {{cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|location=London and New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2003|isbn=9781134430192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|author1-link=Wilhelm Baum (historian)|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|author2-link=Dietmar W. Winkler|title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|location=London and New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2003|isbn=9781134430192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Joseph|first=John|year=2000|title=The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East|location=Leiden|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=9789004116412|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79wj2hj4wKUC}}
* {{cite book|last=Joseph|first=John|year=2000|title=The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East|location=Leiden|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=9789004116412|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79wj2hj4wKUC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Maclean |first1=Arthur John |author-link1=Arthur Maclean|last2=Browne |first2=William Henry |author-link2=William Henry Brown (journalist)|date=1892 |title=The Catholicos of the East and His People |url=https://archive.org/details/TheCatholicosOfTheEastAndHisPeople/page/n1/mode/1up |location=London |publisher= [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Maclean |first1=Arthur John |author-link1=Arthur Maclean|last2=Browne |first2=William Henry |author-link2=William Henry Brown (journalist)|date=1892 |title=The Catholicos of the East and His People |url=https://archive.org/details/TheCatholicosOfTheEastAndHisPeople/page/n1/mode/1up |location=London |publisher= [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Maclean|first=Arthur John|author-link1=Arthur Maclean|date=1901|title=Dictionary of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac|url=https://archive.org/details/adictionarydial00unkngoog/page/n9/mode/1up|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Maclean|first=Arthur John|author-link1=Arthur Maclean|date=1901|title=Dictionary of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac|url=https://archive.org/details/adictionarydial00unkngoog/page/n9/mode/1up|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Perkins|first=Justin |author-link1=Justin Perkins |date=1843 |title=A Residence of Eight Years in Persia, among the Nestorian Christians with Notices of the Muhammedans |url=https://archive.org/details/residenceofeight00perk/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Andover, Massachusetts |publisher=Allen, Morrill & Wardwell }}
* {{cite book |last=Perkins|first=Justin |author-link1=Justin Perkins |date=1843 |title=A Residence of Eight Years in Persia, among the Nestorian Christians with Notices of the Muhammedans |url=https://archive.org/details/residenceofeight00perk/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Andover, Massachusetts |publisher=Allen, Morrill & Wardwell }}
* {{cite book|last=Stafford|first=Ronald Sempill|year=2006|orig-year=1935|title=The Tragedy of the Assyrians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhxfvgAACAAJ&dq=The+Tragedy+of+the+Assyrians|location=Piscataway, New Jersey|publisher=[[Gorgias Press]]|isbn=978-1-59333-413-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Stafford|first=Ronald Sempill|year=2006|orig-year=1935|title=The Tragedy of the Assyrians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhxfvgAACAAJ&q=The+Tragedy+of+the+Assyrians|location=Piscataway, New Jersey|publisher=[[Gorgias Press]]|isbn=978-1-59333-413-0}}
* {{cite web|title=Patriarchal Church of the "Church of the East", Hakkari|last=Verheij|first=Jelle|year=2005|url=http://www.jelleverheij.net/monuments/patriarchal-church-of-the-church-of-the-east.html|website=History and historical geography of Turkey and the late Ottoman Empire & Ottoman-Armenian-Kurdish relations before the First World War|access-date=5 May 2020}}
* {{cite web|title=Patriarchal Church of the "Church of the East", Hakkari|last=Verheij|first=Jelle|year=2005|url=http://www.jelleverheij.net/monuments/patriarchal-church-of-the-church-of-the-east.html|website=History and historical geography of Turkey and the late Ottoman Empire & Ottoman-Armenian-Kurdish relations before the First World War|access-date=5 May 2020}}
* {{cite book|last=Wigram|first=William Ainger|author-link1=William Ainger Wigram|year=1910|title=An Introduction to the History of the Assyrian Church, or, The Church of the Sassanid Persian Empire, 100&ndash;640 A.D.|location=London|publisher=[[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Wigram|first=William Ainger|author-link1=William Ainger Wigram|year=1910|title=An Introduction to the History of the Assyrian Church, or, The Church of the Sassanid Persian Empire, 100&ndash;640 A.D.|location=London|publisher=[[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]]}}
Line 44: Line 55:
* [http://www.jelleverheij.net/monuments/patriarchal-church-of-the-church-of-the-east.html Jelle Verheij: Patriarchal Church of the "Church of the East", Hakkari]&ndash;Description and pictures of the village and the patriarchal church (2005)
* [http://www.jelleverheij.net/monuments/patriarchal-church-of-the-church-of-the-east.html Jelle Verheij: Patriarchal Church of the "Church of the East", Hakkari]&ndash;Description and pictures of the village and the patriarchal church (2005)


{{Hakkâri District}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Geography|Kurdistan|Turkey}}
{{Portal bar|Geography|Kurdistan|Turkey}}
{{coord|37|38|34.44|N|43|47|21.84|E|region:TR-30_type:city_source:dewiki|display=title}}


[[Category:Villages in Hakkâri Province]]
[[Category:Villages in Hakkâri District]]
[[Category:Assyrian communities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Assyrian communities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Turkey]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Hakkâri Province]]
[[Category:Places of the Assyrian genocide]]
[[Category:Places of the Assyrian genocide]]

Latest revision as of 20:10, 16 November 2024

Qudshanis
Village
Qudshanis is located in Turkey
Qudshanis
Qudshanis
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 37°39′7″N 43°47′53″E / 37.65194°N 43.79806°E / 37.65194; 43.79806
CountryTurkey
ProvinceHakkâri
DistrictHakkâri
Population
 (2023)[1]
30
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)

Qudshanis[2][3] (also: Kuçanis[4] or Kochanes,[5] officially Konak,[4] Kurdish: Koçanis,[6] Syriac: ܩܘܕܫܢܝܣ, romanized: Qūdšānīs , Syriac pronunciation: [quˈt͡ʃɑ.nɪs];[7]), is a small village in the Hakkâri District of Hakkâri Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Pinyanişî tribe and population was 30 in 2023.[1][8]

It was significant in the history of the Church of the East (whose continuation is at the head of what since 1976 has adopted the name of Assyrian Church of the East[9][10]) in that it was the seat of a line of patriarchs for many centuries until mid-1915, when Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin along with the rest of the Assyrians of Hakkari were forced to flee as part of the Sayfo.[2][11]

History

[edit]
Residence of the Patriarch of the Church of the East in Qodshanis
A sketch of the interior of the Patriarchal Church of Mar Shalita, from Wigram's The Cradle of Mankind: Life in Eastern Kurdistan. The church is still somewhat intact (although abandoned) to this day.

The village was founded in 1672 by Chaldean Catholics from the city of Amida who, upon settling here, broke off with the Catholic church and founded a new branch of the Church of the East in 1692, ruled by the Shimun line. From that point on the village functioned as the de facto capital of the Assyrian tribes in the region. The government of the Hakkari mountains was that of a tribal confederation, with Assyrian tribes such as the Tyari and Nochiya living in villages across the region, with their own leaders known as maliks (Syriac: ܡܠܟ). The tribes were subservient to the patriarch based in Qodchanis and paid him taxes, which the patriarch then gave to the Ottomans. Therefore, the patriarch functioned as a king of sorts for the Assyrians of the mountains, and his See in Qodchanis functioned as the capital of their confederation. The confederation was in effect almost like a vassal state ruled by the Ottoman Empire, and even then the Assyrians were not subservient to the Sultan, but rather the Patriarch. Upon his declaration of war in 1915, the tribes of the region immediately went into open rebellion against the Turks.[12]

In a relatively isolated area, Qodshanis was for many years cut off from the outside world up until 1829, when a German traveller discovered it. Visitors from the West began arriving as emissaries.[11] One of these emissaries, an Englishman known as William Ainger Wigram, described it in his book The Cradle of Mankind: Life in Eastern Kurdistan (1922):

The village of Qudshanis, which is the residence of the Nestorian or Assyrian Patriarch, Mar Shimun, and the headquarters of his Church, has a marvellous situation. It lies on a sloping alp of rugged pasture, between two mountain torrents which spring from the towering snow-fields to the west of it; and which descend in gradually deepening gorges, enclosing the tongue-shaped plateau on which the village stands. They meet beneath the point of the tongue at the base of a lofty wedge of rock; and thence the united stream flows on, joined by others on its way, till it falls into the Zab some two hours below the village. Nestorian tradition regards the Zab as the Pison [or Pishon/Uizhun], one of the four rivers of Paradise; and the Patriarch will occasionally date his official letters from my cell on the River of the Garden of Eden.[2]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2023, Favorite Reports" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Wigram, William Ainger; Wigram, Edgar T. A. (1922). The Cradle of Mankind: Life in Eastern Kurdistan. London: A. & C. Black, Ltd. p. 264.
  3. ^ Wilmshurst, David (2000). The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913. University of Virginia: Peeters. ISBN 9782877235037.
  4. ^ a b Konak, Nişanyan Yeradları, Sevan Nişanyan.
  5. ^ "Chapter Xvi. Kochanes". Christians Under the Crescent in Asia. Gorgias Press. 2006. pp. 176–187. doi:10.31826/9781463211448-018. ISBN 9781463211448.
  6. ^ "Hakkari'ye bağlı köylerin Kürtçe, Türkçe ve eski isimleri" (in Turkish). 27 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  7. ^ Maclean, Arthur John (1901). Dictionary of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 272a.
  8. ^ Peter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger, eds. (1989). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. p. 214.
  9. ^ Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History. London and New York: Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 9781134430192.
  10. ^ Joseph, John (2000). The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East. Leiden: Brill. p. 1. ISBN 9789004116412.
  11. ^ a b Verheij, Jelle (2005). "Patriarchal Church of the "Church of the East", Hakkari". History and historical geography of Turkey and the late Ottoman Empire & Ottoman-Armenian-Kurdish relations before the First World War. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  12. ^ Stafford, Ronald Sempill (2006) [1935]. The Tragedy of the Assyrians. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-413-0..

Sources

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