Jump to content

Pedopenna: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Category:Prehistoric paravians
mNo edit summary
Tags: nowiki added Visual edit
 
(39 intermediate revisions by 30 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| image = Pedopenna.png
| image_caption = Reconstruction as an anchiornithid
| name = ''Pedopenna''
| name = ''Pedopenna''
| fossil_range = [[Middle Jurassic|Middle]] or [[Late Jurassic]], {{fossilrange|164|earliest=168|latest=160}}
| fossil_range = [[Late Jurassic]], {{fossilrange|164|earliest=168|latest=160}}
⚫
| image =
| image_caption =
| display_parents = 3
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Pedopenna
| genus = Pedopenna
| species = daohugouensis
| species = daohugouensis
| parent_authority = [[Xu Xing (paleontologist)|Xu]] & [[Zhang Fucheng|Zhang]], 2005
| parent_authority = [[Xu Xing (paleontologist)|Xu]] & [[Zhang Fucheng|Zhang]], 2005
| authority = Xu & Zhang, 2005
| authority = Xu & Zhang, 2005
}}
}}
⚫
'''''Pedopenna''''' (meaning "foot feather") is a [[genus]] of small, feathered, [[maniraptora]]n [[dinosaur]] from the [[Daohugou Beds]] in [[China]]. It is possibly older than ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'', though the age of the [[Daohugou Beds]] where it was found is debated. A majority of studies suggest that beds probably date from between the late [[Middle Jurassic]] (168 million years ago) and early [[Late Jurassic]] Period (164-152 million years ago).<ref name="Liuetal2006">{{cite journal |author1=Liu Y. |author2=Liu Y. |author3=Ji S. |author4=Yang Z. | year = 2006 | title = U-Pb zircon age for the Daohugou Biota at Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia and comments on related issues | url = | journal = Chinese Science Bulletin | volume = 51 | issue = 21| pages = 2634–2644 | doi = 10.1007/s11434-006-2165-2 }}</ref>


⚫
'''''Pedopenna''''' (meaning "foot feather") is a [[genus]] of small, feathered, [[maniraptora]]n [[dinosaur]] from the [[Daohugou Beds]] in [[China]]. It is possibly older than ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'', though the age of the [[Daohugou Beds]] where it was found is debated. A majority of studies suggest that beds probably date from between the late [[Middle Jurassic]] (168 million years ago) and early [[Late Jurassic]] Period (164-152 million years ago).<ref name="Liuetal2006">{{cite journal |author1=Liu Y. |author2=Liu Y. |author3=Ji S. |author4=Yang Z. | year = 2006 | title = U-Pb zircon age for the Daohugou Biota at Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia and comments on related issues | journal = Chinese Science Bulletin | volume = 51 | issue = 21| pages = 2634–2644 | doi = 10.1007/s11434-006-2165-2 |bibcode=2006ChSBu..51.2634L |s2cid=96442710 }}</ref>
⚫
The name ''Pedopenna'' refers to the long pennaceous feathers on the metatarsus; ''daohugouensis'' refers to the locality of Daohugou, where the [[holotype]] was found.<ref name=description>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00114-004-0604-y |author1=Xu, X. |author2=Zhang, F. |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2005 | title = A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus | url = | journal = Naturwissenschaften | volume = 92 | issue = 4| pages = 173–177 | pmid = 15685441 | bibcode=2005NW.....92..173X}}</ref> ''Pedopenna daohugouensis'' probably measured 1&nbsp;meter (3&nbsp;ft) or less in length, but since this species is only known from the hind legs, the actual length is difficult to estimate. ''Pedopenna'' was originally classified as a [[Paraves|paravian]], the group of [[maniraptora]]n dinosaurs that includes both [[Deinonychosauria|deinonychosaurs]] and [[Avialae|avialans]] (the lineage including modern birds), but some scientists have classified it as a true avialan more closely related to modern birds than to deinonychosaurs.<ref name=hone2010>{{cite journal | author = Hone D.W.E., Tischlinger H., Xu X., Zhang F. | editor1-last = Farke | year = 2010 | editor1-first = Andrew Allen | title = The extent of the preserved feathers on the four-winged dinosaur ''Microraptor gui'' under ultraviolet light | url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009223 | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 2| page = e9223 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0009223 |bibcode = 2010PLoSO...5.9223H | pmid=20169153 | pmc=2821398}}</ref>

⚫
The name ''Pedopenna'' refers to the long [[pennaceous]] feathers on the metatarsus; ''daohugouensis'' refers to the locality of Daohugou, where the [[holotype]] was found.<ref name=description>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00114-004-0604-y |author1=Xu, X. |author2=Zhang, F. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2005 | title = A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus | journal = Naturwissenschaften | volume = 92 | issue = 4| pages = 173–177 | pmid = 15685441 | bibcode=2005NW.....92..173X|s2cid=789908 }}</ref> ''Pedopenna daohugouensis'' probably measured 1&nbsp;meter (3&nbsp;ft) or less in length, but since this species is only known from the hind legs, the actual length is difficult to estimate. ''Pedopenna'' was originally classified as a [[Paraves|paravian]], the group of [[maniraptora]]n dinosaurs that includes both [[Deinonychosauria|deinonychosaurs]] and [[Avialae|avialans]] (the lineage including modern birds), but some scientists have classified it as a true avialan more closely related to modern birds than to deinonychosaurs.<ref name=hone2010>{{cite journal | author = Hone D.W.E. | author2 = Tischlinger H. | author3 = Xu X. | author4 = Zhang F. | editor1-last = Farke | year = 2010 | editor1-first = Andrew Allen | title = The extent of the preserved feathers on the four-winged dinosaur ''Microraptor gui'' under ultraviolet light | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 2| page = e9223 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0009223 |bibcode = 2010PLoSO...5.9223H | pmid=20169153 | pmc=2821398| doi-access = free }}</ref> More recently, it has been recovered as a [[Scansoriopterygidae|scansoriopterygid]].<ref>Hartman, Scott; Mortimer, Mickey; Wahl, William R.; Lomax, Dean R.; Lippincott, Jessica; Lovelace, David M. (2019). "A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight". PeerJ. 7: e7247. doi:10.7717/peerj.7247. PMC 6626525. {{PMID|31333906}}.</ref> Lately it was placed to the family [[Anchiornithidae]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Lefèvre |first=Ulysse |title=Feather Evolution in Pennaraptora |date=2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_7 |work=The Evolution of Feathers: From Their Origin to the Present |pages=103–118 |editor-last=Foth |editor-first=Christian |access-date=2023-07-12 |series=Fascinating Life Sciences |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_7 |isbn=978-3-030-27223-4 |last2=Cau |first2=Andrea |last3=Hu |first3=Dongyu |last4=Godefroit |first4=Pascal |editor2-last=Rauhut |editor2-first=Oliver W. M.}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
The feet of ''Pedopenna'' resembled those of the related [[troodontid]]s and [[dromaeosaurid]]s (which together form the group [[Deinonychosauria]]), though were overall more primitive. In particular, the second toe of ''Pedopenna'' was not as specialized as in deinonychosaurs. While ''Pedopenna'' did have an enlarged claw and slightly shortened second toe, it was not as highly developed as the strongly curved, sickle-like claws of its relatives.<ref name=description/>
The feet of ''Pedopenna'' resembled those of the related [[troodontid]]s and [[dromaeosaurid]]s (which together form the group [[Deinonychosauria]]), though were overall more primitive. In particular, the second toe of ''Pedopenna'' was not as specialized as in deinonychosaurs. While ''Pedopenna'' did have an enlarged claw and slightly shortened second toe, it was not as highly developed as the strongly curved, sickle-like claws of its relatives.<ref name=description/>


[[Xu Xing (paleontologist)|Xu Xing]] and [[Zhang Fucheng]], who interpreted the [[Daohugou Beds|Daohugou]] fossil beds where ''Pedopenna'' was found as mid to late [[Jurassic]] in age, used the presence of such a primitive member of the avian lineage, in combination with many primitive members of closely related lineages there, to support the idea that birds originated in [[Asia]].<ref name=description/>
[[Xu Xing (paleontologist)|Xu Xing]] and [[Zhang Fucheng]], who interpreted the [[Daohugou Beds|Daohugou]] fossil beds where ''Pedopenna'' was found as mid to late [[Jurassic]] in age, used the presence of such a primitive member of the avian lineage, in combination with many primitive members of closely related lineages there, to support the idea that Avialae originated in [[Asia]].<ref name=description/>


===Feathers===
===Feathers===
The bird-like characteristics of ''Pedopenna'' are further evidence of the dinosaur-bird evolutionary relationship. Apart from having a very bird-like skeletal structure in its legs, ''Pedopenna'' was remarkable due to the presence of long [[pennaceous feather]]s on the [[metatarsus]] (foot). Some deinonychosaurs are also known to have these 'hind wings', but those of ''Pedopenna'' differ from those of animals like ''[[Microraptor]]''. ''Pedopenna'' hind wings were smaller and more rounded in shape. The longest [[feather]]s were slightly shorter than the metatarsus, at about 55&nbsp;mm (2&nbsp;in) long. Additionally, the feathers of ''Pedopenna'' were symmetrical, unlike the asymmetrical feathers of some [[deinonychosaur]]s and birds. Since asymmetrical feathers are typical of animals adapted to flying, it is likely that ''Pedopenna'' represents an early stage in the development of these structures. While many of the feather impressions in the fossil are weak, it is clear that each possessed a rachis and [[barb (feather)|barbs]], and while the exact number of foot feathers is uncertain, they are more numerous than in the hind-wings of ''Microraptor''. ''Pedopenna'' also shows evidence of shorter feathers overlying the long foot feathers, evidence for the presence of [[covert (feather)|covert]]s as seen in modern birds. Since the feathers show fewer aerodynamic adaptations than the similar hind wings of ''Microraptor'', and appear to be less stiff, suggests that if they did have some kind of aerodynamic function, it was much weaker than in deinonychosaurs and birds.
The bird-like characteristics of ''Pedopenna'' are further evidence of the dinosaur-bird evolutionary relationship. Apart from having a very bird-like skeletal structure in its legs, ''Pedopenna'' was remarkable due to the presence of long [[pennaceous feather]]s on the [[metatarsus]] (foot). Some [[Deinonychosauria|deinonychosaurs]] are also known to have these 'hind wings', but those of ''Pedopenna'' differ from those of deinonychosaurs like ''[[Microraptor]]''. ''Pedopenna'' hind wings were smaller and more rounded in shape. The longest [[feather]]s were slightly shorter than the metatarsus, at about 55&nbsp;mm (2&nbsp;in) long. Additionally, the feathers of ''Pedopenna'' were symmetrical, unlike the asymmetrical feathers of some deinonychosaurs and birds. Since asymmetrical feathers are typical of animals adapted to flying, it is likely that ''Pedopenna'' represents an early stage in the development of these structures. While many of the feather impressions in the fossil are weak, it is clear that each possessed a [[rachis]] and [[barb (feather)|barbs]], and while the exact number of foot feathers is uncertain, they are more numerous than in the hind-wings of ''Microraptor''. ''Pedopenna'' also shows evidence of shorter feathers overlying the long foot feathers, evidence for the presence of [[covert (feather)|covert]]s as seen in modern birds. Since the feathers show fewer aerodynamic adaptations than the similar hind wings of ''Microraptor'', and appear to be less stiff, suggests that if they did have some kind of aerodynamic function, it was much weaker than in deinonychosaurs and birds.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}


Xu and Zhang, in their 2005 description of ''Pedopenna'', suggested that the feathers could be ornamental, or even vestigial. It is possible that a hind wing was present in the ancestors of deinonychosaurs and birds, and later lost in the bird lineage, with ''Pedopenna'' representing an intermediate stage where the hind wings are being reduced from a functional gliding apparatus to a display or insulatory function.<ref name=description/>
Xu and Zhang, in their 2005 description of ''Pedopenna'', suggested that the feathers could be ornamental, or even vestigial. It is possible that a hind wing was present in the ancestors of deinonychosaurs and birds, and later lost in the bird lineage, with ''Pedopenna'' representing an intermediate stage where the hind wings are being reduced from a functional gliding apparatus to a display or insulatory function.<ref name=description/> This theory may be confirmed by the discovery of ''[[Serikornis]]'' in 2017, an anchiornithid with soft, symmetrical feathers and filaments on parts of the body that were similar to ''Pedopenna''<nowiki/>'s.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
{{Maniraptora|P.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q220431}}


[[Category:Prehistoric paravians]]
[[Category:Anchiornithidae]]
[[Category:Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia]]
[[Category:Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2005]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2005]]

Latest revision as of 20:57, 16 November 2024

Pedopenna
Temporal range: Late Jurassic, 164 Ma
↓
Reconstruction as an anchiornithid
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Clade: Paraves
Family: †Anchiornithidae
Genus: †Pedopenna
Xu & Zhang, 2005
Species:
†P. daohugouensis
Binomial name
†Pedopenna daohugouensis
Xu & Zhang, 2005

Pedopenna (meaning "foot feather") is a genus of small, feathered, maniraptoran dinosaur from the Daohugou Beds in China. It is possibly older than Archaeopteryx, though the age of the Daohugou Beds where it was found is debated. A majority of studies suggest that beds probably date from between the late Middle Jurassic (168 million years ago) and early Late Jurassic Period (164-152 million years ago).[1]

The name Pedopenna refers to the long pennaceous feathers on the metatarsus; daohugouensis refers to the locality of Daohugou, where the holotype was found.[2] Pedopenna daohugouensis probably measured 1 meter (3 ft) or less in length, but since this species is only known from the hind legs, the actual length is difficult to estimate. Pedopenna was originally classified as a paravian, the group of maniraptoran dinosaurs that includes both deinonychosaurs and avialans (the lineage including modern birds), but some scientists have classified it as a true avialan more closely related to modern birds than to deinonychosaurs.[3] More recently, it has been recovered as a scansoriopterygid.[4] Lately it was placed to the family Anchiornithidae.[5]

Description

[edit]

The feet of Pedopenna resembled those of the related troodontids and dromaeosaurids (which together form the group Deinonychosauria), though were overall more primitive. In particular, the second toe of Pedopenna was not as specialized as in deinonychosaurs. While Pedopenna did have an enlarged claw and slightly shortened second toe, it was not as highly developed as the strongly curved, sickle-like claws of its relatives.[2]

Xu Xing and Zhang Fucheng, who interpreted the Daohugou fossil beds where Pedopenna was found as mid to late Jurassic in age, used the presence of such a primitive member of the avian lineage, in combination with many primitive members of closely related lineages there, to support the idea that Avialae originated in Asia.[2]

Feathers

[edit]

The bird-like characteristics of Pedopenna are further evidence of the dinosaur-bird evolutionary relationship. Apart from having a very bird-like skeletal structure in its legs, Pedopenna was remarkable due to the presence of long pennaceous feathers on the metatarsus (foot). Some deinonychosaurs are also known to have these 'hind wings', but those of Pedopenna differ from those of deinonychosaurs like Microraptor. Pedopenna hind wings were smaller and more rounded in shape. The longest feathers were slightly shorter than the metatarsus, at about 55 mm (2 in) long. Additionally, the feathers of Pedopenna were symmetrical, unlike the asymmetrical feathers of some deinonychosaurs and birds. Since asymmetrical feathers are typical of animals adapted to flying, it is likely that Pedopenna represents an early stage in the development of these structures. While many of the feather impressions in the fossil are weak, it is clear that each possessed a rachis and barbs, and while the exact number of foot feathers is uncertain, they are more numerous than in the hind-wings of Microraptor. Pedopenna also shows evidence of shorter feathers overlying the long foot feathers, evidence for the presence of coverts as seen in modern birds. Since the feathers show fewer aerodynamic adaptations than the similar hind wings of Microraptor, and appear to be less stiff, suggests that if they did have some kind of aerodynamic function, it was much weaker than in deinonychosaurs and birds.[citation needed]

Xu and Zhang, in their 2005 description of Pedopenna, suggested that the feathers could be ornamental, or even vestigial. It is possible that a hind wing was present in the ancestors of deinonychosaurs and birds, and later lost in the bird lineage, with Pedopenna representing an intermediate stage where the hind wings are being reduced from a functional gliding apparatus to a display or insulatory function.[2] This theory may be confirmed by the discovery of Serikornis in 2017, an anchiornithid with soft, symmetrical feathers and filaments on parts of the body that were similar to Pedopenna's.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Liu Y.; Liu Y.; Ji S.; Yang Z. (2006). "U-Pb zircon age for the Daohugou Biota at Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia and comments on related issues". Chinese Science Bulletin. 51 (21): 2634–2644. Bibcode:2006ChSBu..51.2634L. doi:10.1007/s11434-006-2165-2. S2CID 96442710.
  2. ^ a b c d Xu, X. & Zhang, F. (2005). "A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 173–177. Bibcode:2005NW.....92..173X. doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0604-y. PMID 15685441. S2CID 789908.
  3. ^ Hone D.W.E.; Tischlinger H.; Xu X.; Zhang F. (2010). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.). "The extent of the preserved feathers on the four-winged dinosaur Microraptor gui under ultraviolet light". PLOS ONE. 5 (2): e9223. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9223H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009223. PMC 2821398. PMID 20169153.
  4. ^ Hartman, Scott; Mortimer, Mickey; Wahl, William R.; Lomax, Dean R.; Lippincott, Jessica; Lovelace, David M. (2019). "A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight". PeerJ. 7: e7247. doi:10.7717/peerj.7247. PMC 6626525. PMID 31333906.
  5. ^ Lefèvre, Ulysse; Cau, Andrea; Hu, Dongyu; Godefroit, Pascal (2020), Foth, Christian; Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (eds.), "Feather Evolution in Pennaraptora", The Evolution of Feathers: From Their Origin to the Present, Fascinating Life Sciences, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 103–118, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_7, ISBN 978-3-030-27223-4, retrieved 2023-07-12
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pedopenna&oldid=1257826992"