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{{Redirect|War chant|the stallion with the same name|War Chant|other uses|war song}}
{{Redirect|War chant|the stallion with the same name|War Chant|other uses|war song}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Festiwal Polka 1 Fot.Wojtek Korpusik.jpg|thumb|A [[Māori people|Māori]] performer giving a [[Haka]] at a folk festival in Poland]]
{{More citations needed|date=March 2009}}
[[File:Festiwal Polka 1 Fot.Wojtek Korpusik.jpg|thumb|An artist performing a battle cry on a folk festival]]
[[File:MC 09-0081-354 - Flickr - NZ Defence Force.jpg|thumb|[[New Zealand Defence Force|NZDF]] soldiers performing a battle cry]]
[[File:MC 09-0081-354 - Flickr - NZ Defence Force.jpg|thumb|Soldiers performing a battle cry]]
[[File:All Blacks Haka - Dunedin, 14-06-2014.webm|thumb|[[New Zealand national rugby union team|All Blacks]] performing a [[Haka]], 1:39 min]]
[[File:All Blacks Haka - Dunedin, 14-06-2014.webm|thumb|[[New Zealand national rugby union team|All Blacks]] performing a [[Haka]], 1:39 min]]
A '''battle cry''' or '''war cry''' is a yell or chant taken up in [[battle]], usually by members of the same combatant group.
A '''battle cry''' or '''war cry''' is a yell or chant taken up in [[battle]], usually by members of the same combatant group.
Battle cries are not necessarily articulate (e.g. "Eulaliaaaa!", "Alala"..), although they often aim to invoke patriotic or religious sentiment. Their purpose is a combination of arousing aggression and [[esprit de corps]] on one's own side and causing intimidation on the hostile side. Battle cries are a universal form of [[display behaviour]] (i.e., [[threat display]]) aiming at [[competitive advantage]], ideally by overstating one's own aggressive potential to a point where the enemy prefers to avoid confrontation altogether and opts to flee. In order to overstate one's potential for aggression, battle cries need to be as loud as possible, and have historically often been amplified by acoustic devices such as [[Blowing horn|horns]], drums, [[conch]]es, [[carnyx]]es, [[bagpipe]]s, [[bugle (instrument)|bugle]]s, etc. (see also [[martial music]]).
Battle cries are not necessarily articulate (e.g. "Eulaliaaaa!", "Alala"..), although they often aim to invoke patriotic or religious sentiment. Their purpose is a combination of arousing aggression and [[esprit de corps]] on one's own side and causing intimidation on the hostile side. Battle cries are a universal form of [[display behaviour]] (i.e., [[threat display]]) aiming at [[competitive advantage]], ideally by overstating one's own aggressive potential to a point where the enemy prefers to avoid confrontation altogether and opts to flee. In order to overstate one's potential for aggression, battle cries need to be as loud as possible, and have historically often been amplified by acoustic devices such as [[Blowing horn|horns]], [[war drum|drums]], [[conch]]es, [[carnyx]]es, [[bagpipe]]s, [[bugle (instrument)|bugle]]s, etc. (see also [[martial music]]).


Battle cries are closely related to other behavioral patterns of [[human aggression]], such as [[war dance]]s and taunting, performed during the "warming up" phase preceding the escalation of physical violence. From the [[Middle Ages]], many cries appeared on [[speech scroll]]s in [[Heraldic flag|standards]] or [[coat of arms]] as slogans (see [[slogan (heraldry)]]) and were adopted as [[motto]]es, an example being the motto "[[Dieu et mon droit]]" ("God and my right") of the English kings. It is said that this was [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]'s rallying cry during the [[Battle of Crécy]]. The word "[[slogan]]" originally derives from ''sluagh-gairm'' or ''sluagh-ghairm'' (''sluagh'' = "people", "army", and ''gairm'' = "call", "proclamation"), the [[Scottish Gaelic]] word for "gathering-cry" and in times of war for "battle-cry". The Gaelic word was borrowed into English as ''slughorn'', ''sluggorne'', "slogum", and ''slogan''.
Battle cries are closely related to other behavioral patterns of [[human aggression]], such as [[war dance]]s and taunting, performed during the "warming up" phase preceding the escalation of physical violence. From the [[Middle Ages]], many cries appeared on [[speech scroll]]s in [[Heraldic flag|standards]] or [[coat of arms]] as slogans (see [[slogan (heraldry)]]) and were adopted as [[motto]]es, an example being the motto "[[Dieu et mon droit]]" ("God and my right") of the English kings. It is said that this was [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]'s rallying cry during the [[Battle of Crécy]]. The word "[[slogan]]" originally derives from ''sluagh-gairm'' or ''sluagh-ghairm'' (''sluagh'' = "people", "army", and ''gairm'' = "call", "proclamation"), the [[Scottish Gaelic]] word for "gathering-cry" and in times of war for "battle-cry". The Gaelic word was borrowed into English as ''slughorn'', ''sluggorne'', "slogum", and ''slogan''.
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===Antiquity===
===Antiquity===
* The war cry is an aspect of epic battle in [[Homer]]: in the ''[[Iliad]]'', [[Diomedes]] is conventionally called "Diomedes of the loud war cry." [[Hellenes]] and [[Akkadians]] alike uttered the [[onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] cry ''"[[alala]]"'' in battle.<ref>[[Walter Burkert|Burkert, Walter]], 1992. ''The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influences on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age'', p 39f.</ref>
* The war cry is an aspect of epic battle in [[Homer]]: in the ''[[Iliad]]'', [[Diomedes]] is conventionally called "Diomedes of the loud war cry." [[Hellenes]] and [[Akkadians]] alike uttered the [[onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] cry ''"[[alala]]"'' in battle.<ref>[[Walter Burkert|Burkert, Walter]], 1992. ''The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influences on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age'', p 39f.</ref>
* The troops of ancient [[Athens]], during the [[Greco-Persian Wars|Medic Wars]] and the [[Peloponnesian War]] were noted for going into battle shouting "''Alala!"'' or ''"Alale!''", which was supposed to emulate the cry of the owl, the bird of their patron goddess [[Athena]].<ref>Per Hesiod, Penguin Edition of Works and Days</ref>
* The troops of ancient [[Ancient Athens|Athens]], during the [[Greco-Persian Wars|Medic Wars]] and the [[Peloponnesian War]] were noted for going into battle shouting "''Alala!"'' or ''"Alale!''", which was supposed to emulate the cry of the owl, the bird of their patron goddess [[Athena]].<ref>Per Hesiod, Penguin Edition of Works and Days</ref>
* The [[Western Huns]] attacked with terrifying battle cries.<ref>T.J. Craughwell, 2008, ''The Vikings, Vandals, Huns, Mongols, Goths, and Tartars who Razed the Old World and Formed the New'', Fair Winds Press, p. 41, {{ISBN|978-1-59233-303-5}}</ref>
* The [[Western Huns]] attacked with terrifying battle cries.<ref>T.J. Craughwell, 2008, ''The Vikings, Vandals, Huns, Mongols, Goths, and Tartars who Razed the Old World and Formed the New'', Fair Winds Press, p. 41, {{ISBN|978-1-59233-303-5}}</ref>
* One of the common [[Hindu]] war cries was "Har Har Mahadev" meaning, "''Hail to [[Rudra|Mahadev]] !"''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krazylyrics.in/2016/09/21/har-har-mahadev-meaning-english/|title=Har Har Mahadev Meaning – English Translations and Meaning of Hindi songs – KrazyLyrics|date=21 September 2016}}</ref>
* One of the common [[Hindu]] war cry was "[[Hara Hara Mahadeva]]" meaning, "''Hail to Mahadeva!" ([[Shiva]]).''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_NZAAAAMAAJ&q=hara+hara+Mahadeva+shiva+war+cry |title=Kakatiya Journal of English Studies |date=1999 |publisher=Department of English, Kakatiya University. |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref>
* Another common war cry in [[India]] was "Jai Bhavani" meaning, "''Hail goddess [[Bhavani]]!”''
* A common war cry used in ancient [[Tamilakam]] was "Vetrivel, Veeravel", meaning, "Victorious Vel, Courageous Vel." [[Vel]] is the holy spear of [[Murugan]],the Hindu war deity, At present The Battle cry "Vetrivel, Veeravel" is being used in 191 Field Regiment of [[Indian Army]] based in [[Madukkarai]], [[Coimbatore]].<ref>Kalki R. Krishnamurthy's ''Ponniyin Selvan: The first floods'', Macmillan India Limited, 2000, p. 300{{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/-vetrivel-veeravel-slogan-entrance-madukkarai-army-battalion-complex-row-1828528-2021-07-15 Department of Defence's Public Relations Officer's statement on Veeravel vetrivel warcry.</ref>
* A common war cry used in ancient [[Tamilakam]] was "Vetrivel, Veeravel", meaning, "Victorious vel, courageous vel." [[Vel]] is the spear of [[Murugan]], the regional form of [[Kartikeya]], the Hindu war deity. In the contemporary period, the battle cry "Vetrivel, Veeravel" is being used in the 191 Field Regiment of the [[Indian Army]] based in [[Madukkarai]], [[Coimbatore]].<ref>Kalki R. Krishnamurthy's ''Ponniyin Selvan: The first floods'', Macmillan India Limited, 2000, p. 300{{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title='Vetrivel Veeravel' slogan at entrance of Madukkarai Army battalion complex creates row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vetrivel-veeravel-slogan-entrance-madukkarai-army-battalion-complex-row-1828528-2021-07-15 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>


===Middle Ages===
===Middle Ages===
{{Heraldic achievement}}
{{Heraldic achievement}}
* During the Scottish wars of independence, Scottish soldiers used [[Alba gu bràth]] as a battle-cry, a phrase that means 'Scotland for ever' (literally, 'Scotland until judgement'.) This was depicted in the film '[[Braveheart]]' during which Mel Gibson, playing William Wallace, shouts the phrase to rally his soldiers just before a battle commenced.
* During the Scottish wars of independence, Scottish soldiers used [[Alba gu bràth]] as a battle-cry, a phrase that means 'Scotland for ever' (literally, 'Scotland until judgement'.) This was depicted in the film ''[[Braveheart]]'' during which [[Mel Gibson]], playing [[William Wallace]], shouts the phrase to rally his soldiers just before a battle commenced.
Estonian old battle cry: "Tharapita" - Taara (Estonian God) is Great! It is recorded in the Chronicle of Hendrik of Latvia Livimaa.. Estonians also used it in the 1918-1921 war against the Germans and Russians


* Each Turkic tribe and tribal union had its distinct [[tamga]] (seal), totemic ''[[ongon]]'' bird, and distinct ''uran'' (battle cry) (hence the Slavic ''urah'' "battle cry").<ref>Shipova E.N., 1976, ''Dictionary of Türkisms in Russian Language'', Alma-Ata, "Science", p. 349</ref><ref>Dal V.I., ''Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language'', vol. 4, p. 507, Diamant, Sankt Peterburg, 1998 (reprint of 1882 edition by M.O.Wolf Publisher), (''In Russian'')</ref> While tamgas and ''ongons'' could be distinct down to individuals, the hue of horses and ''uran'' battle cries belonged to each tribe, were passed down from generation to generation, and some modern battle cries were recorded in antiquity. On split of the tribe, their unique distinction passed to a new political entity, endowing different modern states with the same ''uran'' battle cries of the split tribes, for example [[Kipchak people|Kipchak]] battle cry among [[Kazakhs]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kirgizes]], [[Turkmens]], and [[Uzbeks]]. Some larger tribes' ''uran'' battle cries:
* Each Turkic tribe and tribal union had its distinct [[tamga]] (seal), totemic ''[[ongon]]'' bird, and distinct ''uran'' (battle cry) (hence the Slavic ''urah'' "battle cry").<ref>Shipova E.N., 1976, ''Dictionary of Türkisms in Russian Language'', Alma-Ata, "Science", p. 349</ref><ref>Dal V.I., ''Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language'', vol. 4, p. 507, Diamant, Sankt Peterburg, 1998 (reprint of 1882 edition by M.O.Wolf Publisher), (''In Russian'')</ref> While tamgas and ''ongons'' could be distinct down to individuals, the hue of horses and ''uran'' battle cries belonged to each tribe, were passed down from generation to generation, and some modern battle cries were recorded in antiquity. On split of the tribe, their unique distinction passed to a new political entity, endowing different modern states with the same ''uran'' battle cries of the split tribes, for example [[Kipchak people|Kipchak]] battle cry among [[Kazakhs]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kirgizes]], [[Turkmens]], and [[Uzbeks]]. Some larger tribes' ''uran'' battle cries:
** Kipchak – "ay-bas" ("''lunar head''").<ref>Zuev Yu. , 2002, ''Early Türks: Essays of history and ideology'', Almaty, Daik-Press, p. 76, {{ISBN?}}</ref>
** Kipchak – "ay-bas" ("''lunar head''").<ref>Zuev Yu. , 2002, ''Early Türks: Essays of history and ideology'', Almaty, Daik-Press, p. 76, {{ISBN?}}</ref>
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* [[Montjoie Saint Denis!]]: battle cry of the [[Kings of France]] since the 12th century.
* [[Montjoie Saint Denis!]]: battle cry of the [[Kings of France]] since the 12th century.
* [[santiago!|Santiago y cierra, España!]] was a war cry of Spanish troops during the [[Reconquista]], and of the [[Spanish Empire]].
* [[santiago!|Santiago y cierra, España!]] was a war cry of Spanish troops during the [[Reconquista]], and of the [[Spanish Empire]].
* On 14 August 1431, the whole [[Holy Roman Empire]] army (of the [[Hussite Wars|4th anti-Hussite crusade]]) was defeated by the [[Hussites]] in the [[Battle of Domažlice]]. Attacking imperial units started to retreat after hearing [[Ktož jsú boží bojovníci]] ("''Ye Who Are Warriors of God''") choral and were annihilated shortly after.
* On 14 August 1431, the whole [[Army of the Holy Roman Empire]] (of the [[Hussite Wars|4th anti-Hussite crusade]]) was defeated by the [[Hussites]] in the [[Battle of Domažlice]]. Attacking imperial units started to retreat after hearing [[Ktož jsú boží bojovníci]] ("''Ye Who Are Warriors of God''") choral and were annihilated shortly after.
* ''[[Allahu Akbar|Allāhu akbar]]'' (الله أكبر, "[[God in Islam|God]] is [the] greatest") and ''Allāhu allāh'' (الله الله, "God! God!") were used by Muslim armies throughout history. ''Al-naṣr aw al-shahāda'' (النصر أو الشهادة, "Victory or martyrdom") was also a common battle cry; the [[At-Tawbah]] 9:52 says that God has promised to the righteous Muslim warrior one of these two glorious ideals.{{Original research inline|date=August 2020}}
* ''[[Allahu Akbar|Allāhu Akbar]]'' (الله أكبر, "[[God in Islam|God]] is [the] Greatest") and ''Allāhu Allāh'' (الله الله, "God! God!") were used by Muslim armies throughout history. ''Al-naṣr aw al-shahāda'' (النصر أو الشهادة, "Victory or martyrdom") was also a common battle cry; the [[At-Tawbah]] 9:52 says that God has promised to the righteous Muslim warrior one of these two glorious ideals.{{Original research inline|date=August 2020}}
* ''Óðinn á yðr alla'' (''Odin owns you all'') – A reference to Odin's self sacrifice at Yggdrasil. Attributed to [[Eric the Victorious]].
* ''Óðinn á yðr alla'' (''[[Odin]] owns you all'') – A reference to Odin's self sacrifice at Yggdrasil. Attributed to [[Eric the Victorious]].


===Pre-modern===
===Pre-modern===
* When suppressing peasants' rebellions in Germany and Scandinavia around 1500, such as in the [[Battle of Hemmingstedt]], the Dutch mercenaries of the [[Schwarze Garde|Black Guard]] yelled ''Wahr di buer, die garde kumt'' ("Beware, peasants, the guards are coming"). When the peasants counterattacked, they responded with ''Wahr di, Garr, de Buer de kumt'' ("Beware, Guard, of the farmer, [who is] coming").
* When suppressing peasants' rebellions in Germany and Scandinavia around 1500, such as in the [[Battle of Hemmingstedt]], the Dutch mercenaries of the [[Schwarze Garde|Black Guard]] yelled ''Wahr di buer, die garde kumt'' ("Beware, peasants, the guards are coming"). When the peasants counterattacked, they responded with ''Wahr di, Garr, de Buer de kumt'' ("Beware, Guard, of the peasant, [who is] coming").
* The Spanish cried ''Santiago'' ("Saint James") both when reconquering Spain from the [[Moors]] and during conquest in early colonial America.
* The Spanish cried ''Santiago'' ("Saint James") both when reconquering Spain from the [[Moors]] and during conquest in early colonial America.
* Polish "[[Polish hussars|Winged Hussars]]" used to shout ''Jezus Maria'' ("Jesus, Mary") or ''Matka Boska'' ("Mother of God") during their charges.
* Polish "[[Polish hussars|Winged Hussars]]" used to shout ''Jezus Maria'' ("[[Jesus]], [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]]") or ''Matka Boska'' ("[[Mother of God]]") during their charges.
* King [[Henry IV of France]] (1553–1610), a pleasure-loving and cynical military leader, was famed for wearing a striking white plume in his helmet and for his [[war cry]]: ''Ralliez-vous à mon panache blanc!'' ("Follow my white plume!").
* King [[Henry IV of France]] (1553–1610), a pleasure-loving and cynical military leader, was famed for wearing a striking white plume in his helmet and for his [[war cry]]: ''Ralliez-vous à mon panache blanc!'' ("Follow my white plume!").
* Burmese soldiers of the Konbaung Dynasty under [[Alaungpaya]] were recorded to shout ''Shwebo-Thar'' (Sons of Shwebo) during the [[Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War|Konbaung-Hanthawady War]].
* Burmese soldiers of the [[Konbaung Dynasty]] under [[Alaungpaya]] were recorded to shout ''Shwebo-Thar'' (Sons of Shwebo) during the [[Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War|Konbaung-Hanthawady War]].
* Most of the Jaikaras were popularized by [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. The [[Sikh]]s have a number of battle cries or jaikara: the most popular ones are as follows:
* Most of the Jaikaras were popularized by [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. The [[Sikh]]s have a number of battle cries or jaikara: the most popular ones are as follows:
** ''Bolna[[-ji|ji]]'' (Respectfully Utter) – ''Waheguru'' ([[Waheguru|Wondrous Enlightener]])
** ''Bolna[[-ji|ji]]'' (Respectfully Utter) – ''Waheguru'' ([[Waheguru|Wondrous Enlightener]])
** ''[[Deg Tegh Fateh|Deg Teg Fateh]]'' (Victory to Charity and Arms) – ''Birdh ki Paij'' ''Panth ki jit'' ([[Rout]] of the Enemy Victory of the Sikh [[Panth|Path]])
** ''[[Deg Tegh Fateh|Deg Teg Fateh]]'' (Victory to Charity and Arms) – ''Birdh ki Paij'' ''Panth ki jit'' ([[Rout]] of the Enemy Victory of the Sikh [[Panth|Path]])
** ''[[Bole So Nihal]]...[[Sat Sri Akaal]]'' ("Shout Aloud in Ecstasy... True is the Great Timeless One"),
** ''[[Bole So Nihal]]...[[Sat Sri Akaal]]'' ("Shout Aloud in Ecstasy... True is the Great [[Akal Purakh|Timeless One]]"),
** ''Nanak naam [[Charhdi Kala|charhdi kalaa]]'' (May [[God in Sikhism|Thy]] name be exalted O [[Nanak]]) – ''Tere'' ''bhaanae sarbatt daa bhalaa'' (and all people prosper by Thy grace)
** ''Nanak naam [[Charhdi Kala|charhdi kalaa]]'' (May [[God in Sikhism|Thy]] name be exalted O [[Nanak]]) – ''Tere'' ''bhaanae sarbatt daa bhalaa'' (and all people prosper by Thy grace)
** ''[[Waheguru|Waheguru ji ka Khalsa]]'' (the Community of the [[Khalsa|Pure]] belongs to the Wondrous Enlightener) – [[Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh|''Waheguru ji ki Fateh'']] (Victory belongs to the Wondrous Enlightener)
** ''[[Waheguru|Waheguru ji ka Khalsa]]'' (the Community of the [[Khalsa|Pure]] belongs to the Wondrous Enlightener) – [[Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh|''Waheguru ji ki Fateh'']] (Victory belongs to the Wondrous Enlightener)
** ''[[Raj Karega Khalsa]]'' – (The Khalsa will rule) Aaakki Rahe Na Koye (And no rebels will exist)<ref>https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/punjabi-english/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80-meaning-in-english</ref>
** ''[[Raj Karega Khalsa]]'' – (The Khalsa will rule) Aaakki Rahe Na Koye (And no opponent will remain)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/punjabi-english/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80-meaning-in-english | title=ਆਕੀ - Meaning in English - ਆਕੀ Translation in English }}</ref>
** ''Gaj ke jaikara gajaave fateh paave nihaal ho jaavae, Sat Sri Akaal gurbaar akaal hee akaal''|| (excerpt from ardas of ''Buddha Dal'' prayerbook gutka praising the blessing of uttering jaikara proclaiming supreme truth).
** ''Gaj ke jaikara gajaave fateh paave nihaal ho jaavae, Sat Sri Akaal gurbaar akaal hee akaal''|| (excerpt from [[ardas]] of ''[[Nihang|Buddha Dal]]'' prayerbook (gutka) praising the blessing of uttering jaikara proclaiming supreme truth).
* The [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] soldiers' war cry against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] was ''Hu, Hu''.<ref name=borah>{{cite book|title=Baharistan-I-Ghaybi – Volume 1|author=M. I. Borah|year=1936|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84864/page/n216|page=177}}</ref>
* The [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] soldiers' war cry against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] was ''Hu, Hu''.<ref name=borah>{{cite book|title=Baharistan-I-Ghaybi – Volume 1|author=M. I. Borah|year=1936|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84864/page/n216|page=177}}</ref>
* The [[Gurkha]] (Gorkha) soldiers' battle cry was, and still is, ''"Jai Mahakali, Ayo Gorkhali!"'' ("Victory to Goddess Mahakali, the Gurkhas are coming!")<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 20, 2011|first=Gurmeet |last=Kanwal|title=Ayo Gorkhali! The war cry that has done us proud|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/Ayo-Gorkhali-The-war-cry-that-has-done-us-proud/articleshow/10799851.cms|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1964-10-18|title='Ayo Gorkhali!'; 'The Gurkhas are upon you!' Is the battle cry of one of the world's famous hands of fighting men: Nepal's 'happy warriors.' (Published 1964)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/18/archives/ayo-gorkhali-the-gurkhas-are-upon-you-is-the-battle-cry-of-one-of.html|access-date=2020-12-14|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* The [[Gurkha]] (Gorkha) soldiers' battle cry was, and still is, ''"Jai Mahakali, Ayo Gorkhali!"'' ("Victory to Goddess [[Mahakali]], the Gurkhas are coming!")<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 20, 2011|first=Gurmeet |last=Kanwal|title=Ayo Gorkhali! The war cry that has done us proud|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/Ayo-Gorkhali-The-war-cry-that-has-done-us-proud/articleshow/10799851.cms|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1964-10-18|title='Ayo Gorkhali!'; 'The Gurkhas are upon you!' Is the battle cry of one of the world's famous hands of fighting men: Nepal's 'happy warriors.' (Published 1964)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/18/archives/ayo-gorkhali-the-gurkhas-are-upon-you-is-the-battle-cry-of-one-of.html|access-date=2020-12-14|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* The "[[rebel yell]]" was a battle cry used by Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War.
* The "[[rebel yell]]" was a battle cry used by [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] soldiers during the [[American Civil War]].
* Finnish light cavalry troops in the Swedish army in the 17th and 18th centuries would use the battle cry ''"Hakkaa päälle!"'' ("Cut them down!" in Finnish), lending them the name [[Hackapell]].
* Finnish light cavalry troops in the [[Swedish Army]] in the 17th and 18th centuries would use the battle cry ''"Hakkaa päälle!"'' ("Cut them down!" in Finnish), lending them the name [[Hackapell]].
* Irish regiments of various armies used and continue to use Gaelic war cries, ''"[[Faugh a Ballagh]]"'' ("Clear the way!") or "Erin go Bragh" ("Ireland Forever")
* Irish regiments of various armies used and continue to use Gaelic War cries, ''"[[Faugh a Ballagh]]"'' ("Clear the way!") or "Erin go Bragh" ("Ireland Forever")
* The [[Swedish army]] in the 18th and 19th centuries would be issued with the command to attack with "För Fäderneslandet, gå på, Hurra!" ("For the Fatherland, onwards, Hurrah!")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gustavianer.com/?page_id=300|title=Reglemente – Westgiötha Gustavianer|website=gustavianer.com}}</ref>
* The [[Swedish army]] in the 18th and 19th centuries would be issued with the command to attack with "För Fäderneslandet, gå på, Hurra!" ("For the Fatherland, onwards, Hurrah!")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gustavianer.com/?page_id=300|title=Reglemente – Westgiötha Gustavianer|website=gustavianer.com}}</ref>
* [[Argentina|Argentine]] general [[José de San Martín]] is known in [[South America]] for his [[war cry]]: "''Seamos libres, que lo demás no importa nada!''" ("Let's be free, nothing else matters!").
* [[Argentina|Argentine]] general [[José de San Martín]] is known in [[South America]] for his [[war cry]]: "''Seamos libres, que lo demás no importa nada!''" ("Let's be free, nothing else matters!").
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===Modern===
===Modern===
* During [[World War II]], ''Tennōheika Banzai'' (天皇陛下万歳, ''May the Emperor live for [[ten thousand years]]'') served as a battle cry of sorts for Japanese soldiers, particularly in a "[[banzai charge]]".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=x5mwgfPXK1kC&dq=Kamikaze+banzai+emperor&pg=RA4-PA2-IA1 p.3, The Cambridge history of Japan, by John Whitney Hall], 1988 Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-22352-0}}</ref> The most popular battle cry is "Ei ei oh" (エイエイオー), which is usually used at the start of battle.<ref>[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%AC%A8%E3%83%BB%E9%AF%A8%E6%B3%A2-340491#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88 鬨・鯨波（読み）とき] Kotobank</ref><ref>[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%88%E3%81%84%E3%81%88%E3%81%84%E3%81%8A%E3%81%86-442966 えいえいおう（読み）エイエイオウ] Kotobank</ref>
* During [[World War II]], ''Tennōheika Banzai'' (天皇陛下万歳, ''May the Emperor live for [[ten thousand years]]'') served as a battle cry of sorts for Japanese soldiers, particularly in a "[[banzai charge]]".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=x5mwgfPXK1kC&dq=Kamikaze+banzai+emperor&pg=RA4-PA2-IA1 p.3, The Cambridge history of Japan, by John Whitney Hall], 1988 Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-22352-0}}</ref> The most popular battle cry is "Ei ei oh" (エイエイオー), which is usually used at the start of battle.<ref>[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%AC%A8%E3%83%BB%E9%AF%A8%E6%B3%A2-340491#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88 鬨・鯨波（読み）とき] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026064636/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%AC%A8%E3%83%BB%E9%AF%A8%E6%B3%A2-340491#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88 |date=26 October 2018 }} Kotobank</ref><ref>[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%88%E3%81%84%E3%81%88%E3%81%84%E3%81%8A%E3%81%86-442966 えいえいおう（読み）エイエイオウ] Kotobank</ref>
* "Avanti Savoia!" (English: Go [[House of Savoy|Savoy]]!) was the patriotic battle cry of the [[Italian Royal Army]] during [[World War I]] and to a lesser extent, World War II. Infantrymen would scream this motto when launching an offensive attack, namely against the [[Austro-Hungarians]].
* "Avanti Savoia!" (English: Go [[House of Savoy|Savoy]]!) was the patriotic battle cry of the [[Italian Royal Army]] during [[World War I]] and to a lesser extent, World War II. Infantrymen would scream this motto when launching an offensive attack, namely against the [[Austro-Hungarians]].
* During the [[Greco-Italian War]] (in WWII), the Greeks would shout "Αέρα!" (wind) as their battle cry.
* During the [[Greco-Italian War]] (in WWII), the Greeks would shout "Αέρα!" (wind) as their battle cry.
* During the [[Korean War]], the [[Korean People's Army]] used the phrase "김일성 수령님 만세" (transliterated ''gim-ilseong sulyeongnim manse'', translated as "Long live the Great Leader [[Kim Il Sung]]").
* During the [[Korean War]], the [[Korean People's Army]] used the phrase "김일성 수령님 만세" (transliterated ''gim-ilseong sulyeongnim manse'', translated as "Long live the Great Leader [[Kim Il Sung]]").
* "[[Hooah]]" is the war cry of the [[United States Army]], the [[United States Air Force]], and the [[United States Space Force]]. "[[Oorah]]" is the war cry used by [[United States Marine Corps]]. "[[Hooyah]]" is the war cry of the [[United States Navy]] and the [[United States Coast Guard]]. The Slavic version, "Ura!" has been used by the [[Imperial Russian Army]], the [[Red Army]], and the [[Russian Ground Forces]], alongside many more Eastern European armed forces. It was also used by [[Yugoslav Partisans]] as Juriš/Јуриш.
* "[[Hooah]]" is the war cry of the [[United States Army]], the [[United States Air Force]], and the [[United States Space Force]]. "[[Oorah]]" is the war cry used by [[United States Marine Corps]]. "[[Hooyah]]" is the war cry of the [[United States Navy]] and the [[United States Coast Guard]].
* The Slavic version, "Ura!" (not to be mistaken with the "Hooah", noting in common) has been used by the [[Imperial Russian Army]], the [[Red Army]], [[Russian Ground Forces]], alongside many more Eastern European armed forces. It was also used by [[Yugoslav Partisans]] as Juriš/Јуриш.
* "Merdeka atau mati!" (English: Freedom or death!) Used by Indonesian national army and freedom fighters (Indonesian: Pedjoeang/pejuang) during the [[Indonesian National Revolution]].
* "Merdeka atau mati!" (English: Freedom or death!) Used by Indonesian national army and freedom fighters (Indonesian: Pedjoeang/pejuang) during the [[Indonesian National Revolution]].
* In Afghanistan, Norwegian troops of the [[Telemark Battalion]] would sometimes use the battle cry "Til Valhall!" (To [[Valhalla]]!) followed by [[Oorah]].<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYy7a8Fhb1w|title=Til Valhall – Norwegian Soldiers Battle Cry|date=5 May 2011|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
* In Afghanistan, Norwegian troops of the [[Telemark Battalion]] would sometimes use the battle cry "Til Valhall!" (To [[Valhalla]]!) followed by [[Oorah]].<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYy7a8Fhb1w|title=Til Valhall – Norwegian Soldiers Battle Cry|date=5 May 2011|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
* [[Mujahideen]] and [[jihadists]] in the Middle East and North Africa shout "[[Takbir|Allahu Akbar]]" (God is the greatest).
* [[Mujahideen]] and [[jihadism|jihadists]] in the Middle East and North Africa shout "[[Takbir|Allahu Akbar]]" (God is the Greatest).
* During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] the [[Mukti Bahini]] would shout "[[Joy Bangla]]" ("Victory to Bengal" / "Long live Bengal") during their battles against the Pakistani military.
* During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] the [[Mukti Bahini]] would shout "[[Joy Bangla]]" ("Victory to [[Bengal]]" / "Long live Bengal") during their battles against the Pakistani military.
* During the [[Indochina War]] in [[Vietnam]], the [[Viet Minh]] soldiers usually used "Xung phong" (English: Charge) whenever attacking the enemy. The same battle cry would be used later by [[People's Army of Vietnam|PAVN]] and [[Viet Cong|NLF]] forces during the [[Vietnam War]].
* During the [[Indochina War]] in [[Vietnam]], the [[Viet Minh]] soldiers usually used "Xung phong" (English: Charge) whenever attacking the enemy. The same battle cry would be used later by [[People's Army of Vietnam|PAVN]] and [[Viet Cong|NLF]] forces during the [[Vietnam War]].
* Each individual regiment of the [[Indian Army]] has a unique war cry. These chants are sonorous with the beliefs of individual clans from which the troops belong to.
* Each individual regiment of the [[Indian Army]] has a unique war cry. These chants are sonorous with the beliefs of individual castes and religions from which the troops belong to.
* Croatian armed forces during the [[Croatian War of Independence]] would use "[[Za dom spremni]]". One would start by saying "Za dom!" and the rest would follow with "Spremni!". It translates loosely to "For home – ready!" or "For homeland – ready!".
* Croatian armed forces during the [[Croatian War of Independence]] would use "[[Za dom spremni]]". One would start by saying "Za dom!" and the rest would follow with "Spremni!". It translates loosely to "For home – ready!" or "For homeland – ready!".
* [[Leeroy Jenkins|Leeroy [sic] Jenkins]] is an [[internet meme]], which has often served the purpose of an ironic or fatalistic parody of a battle cry, originating from a famous video of a [[World of Warcraft]] clan creating an intricate battle plan, before being party-wiped as a result of Leeroy Jenkins, who had been [[Away from keyboard|AFK]] at the time, charging in head-first. This gave rise to the phrase in [[first-person shooter]] games, where players will shout "LEEROOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOY JEEEEEENKIIIIIIIIIINS!" as they charge at the enemy. The phrase has gained notoriety, making appearances in various non-World of Warcraft media.
* [[Leeroy Jenkins]] is an [[internet meme]], which has often served the purpose of an ironic or fatalistic parody of a battle cry, originating from a famous video of a [[World of Warcraft]] clan creating an intricate battle plan, before being party-wiped as a result of Leeroy Jenkins, who had been [[Away from keyboard|AFK]] at the time, charging in head-first. This gave rise to the phrase in [[first-person shooter]] games, where players will shout "LEEROOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOY JEEEEEENKIIIIIIIIIINS!" as they charge at the enemy. The phrase has gained notoriety, making appearances in various non-World of Warcraft media.
* [[Sangh Parivar]] and other [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] organizations use the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religious slogan [[Jai Shri Ram]] (Victory to [[Shri|Lord]] [[Rama]]) as a war cry during [[Communal violence in India|communal violence]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/religion-india-violence-hindu-muslim-bf516bc2fbc0834c5822901f46c5d716 | title=In India, hate-filled songs are a weapon to target Muslims | website=[[Associated Press News]] | date=22 April 2022 }}</ref>
* Various [[Kurdish nationalism|Kurdish groups]] such as [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]], [[People's Defense Units|YPG]] and [[Peshmerga]] use the following phrases "Bijî Kurdistan!" short for "Her Bijî Kurdistan" (English: Long Live Kurdistan), which is usually accompanied with "Her Bijî!" (English : Long live) "Yan Kurdistan Yan Neman" (English: Either Kurdistan or Extinction!)
* Various [[Kurdish nationalism|Kurdish groups]] such as [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]], [[People's Defense Units|YPG]] and [[Peshmerga]] use the following phrases "Bijî Kurdistan!" short for "Her Bijî Kurdistan" (English: Long Live Kurdistan), which is usually accompanied with "Her Bijî!" (English : Long live) "Yan Kurdistan Yan Neman" (English: Either Kurdistan or Extinction!)
* During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], "Slava Ukraini" ([[Slava Ukraini|Слава Україні!]] English: Glory to Ukraine!), often accompanied by a reply of "Heroiam Slava" ([[Героям слава!]] English: Glory to the heroes!), became an internationally-known battle cry not only among domestic forces, but also among [[Western world|western]], mostly [[NATO|NATO allies]].
* During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], "Slava Ukraini" ([[Slava Ukraini|Слава Україні!]] English: Glory to Ukraine!), often accompanied by a reply of "Heroiam Slava" ([[Героям слава!]] English: Glory to the heroes!), became an internationally-known battle cry not only among domestic forces, but also among [[Western world|Western]], mostly [[NATO|NATO allies]].


==See also==
==See also==
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Latest revision as of 21:30, 16 November 2024

For other uses, see Battle cry (disambiguation) and War cry (disambiguation).
"War chant" redirects here. For the stallion with the same name, see War Chant. For other uses, see war song.

A Māori performer giving a Haka at a folk festival in Poland
NZDF soldiers performing a battle cry
All Blacks performing a Haka, 1:39 min

A battle cry or war cry is a yell or chant taken up in battle, usually by members of the same combatant group. Battle cries are not necessarily articulate (e.g. "Eulaliaaaa!", "Alala"..), although they often aim to invoke patriotic or religious sentiment. Their purpose is a combination of arousing aggression and esprit de corps on one's own side and causing intimidation on the hostile side. Battle cries are a universal form of display behaviour (i.e., threat display) aiming at competitive advantage, ideally by overstating one's own aggressive potential to a point where the enemy prefers to avoid confrontation altogether and opts to flee. In order to overstate one's potential for aggression, battle cries need to be as loud as possible, and have historically often been amplified by acoustic devices such as horns, drums, conches, carnyxes, bagpipes, bugles, etc. (see also martial music).

Battle cries are closely related to other behavioral patterns of human aggression, such as war dances and taunting, performed during the "warming up" phase preceding the escalation of physical violence. From the Middle Ages, many cries appeared on speech scrolls in standards or coat of arms as slogans (see slogan (heraldry)) and were adopted as mottoes, an example being the motto "Dieu et mon droit" ("God and my right") of the English kings. It is said that this was Edward III's rallying cry during the Battle of Crécy. The word "slogan" originally derives from sluagh-gairm or sluagh-ghairm (sluagh = "people", "army", and gairm = "call", "proclamation"), the Scottish Gaelic word for "gathering-cry" and in times of war for "battle-cry". The Gaelic word was borrowed into English as slughorn, sluggorne, "slogum", and slogan.

History

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Antiquity

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Middle Ages

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  • During the Scottish wars of independence, Scottish soldiers used Alba gu bràth as a battle-cry, a phrase that means 'Scotland for ever' (literally, 'Scotland until judgement'.) This was depicted in the film Braveheart during which Mel Gibson, playing William Wallace, shouts the phrase to rally his soldiers just before a battle commenced.
  • Each Turkic tribe and tribal union had its distinct tamga (seal), totemic ongon bird, and distinct uran (battle cry) (hence the Slavic urah "battle cry").[7][8] While tamgas and ongons could be distinct down to individuals, the hue of horses and uran battle cries belonged to each tribe, were passed down from generation to generation, and some modern battle cries were recorded in antiquity. On split of the tribe, their unique distinction passed to a new political entity, endowing different modern states with the same uran battle cries of the split tribes, for example Kipchak battle cry among Kazakhs, Kirgizes, Turkmens, and Uzbeks. Some larger tribes' uran battle cries:
    • Kipchak – "ay-bas" ("lunar head").[9]
    • Kangly (Kangars) – "bai-terek" ("sacred tree").[10]
    • Oguzes – "teke" ("mount")[11]
  • Desperta ferro! ("Awake iron!" in Catalan) was the most characteristic cry of the Almogavar warriors during the Crown of Aragon military campaigns across the Mediterranean from the 12th through to the 14th centuries.
  • Deus vult! ("God wills it!" in Latin) was the battle cry of the Crusaders.
  • Montjoie Saint Denis!: battle cry of the Kings of France since the 12th century.
  • Santiago y cierra, España! was a war cry of Spanish troops during the Reconquista, and of the Spanish Empire.
  • On 14 August 1431, the whole Army of the Holy Roman Empire (of the 4th anti-Hussite crusade) was defeated by the Hussites in the Battle of Domažlice. Attacking imperial units started to retreat after hearing Ktož jsú boží bojovníci ("Ye Who Are Warriors of God") choral and were annihilated shortly after.
  • Allāhu Akbar (الله أكبر, "God is [the] Greatest") and Allāhu Allāh (الله الله, "God! God!") were used by Muslim armies throughout history. Al-naṣr aw al-shahāda (النصر أو الشهادة, "Victory or martyrdom") was also a common battle cry; the At-Tawbah 9:52 says that God has promised to the righteous Muslim warrior one of these two glorious ideals.[original research?]
  • Óðinn á yðr alla (Odin owns you all) – A reference to Odin's self sacrifice at Yggdrasil. Attributed to Eric the Victorious.

Pre-modern

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  • When suppressing peasants' rebellions in Germany and Scandinavia around 1500, such as in the Battle of Hemmingstedt, the Dutch mercenaries of the Black Guard yelled Wahr di buer, die garde kumt ("Beware, peasants, the guards are coming"). When the peasants counterattacked, they responded with Wahr di, Garr, de Buer de kumt ("Beware, Guard, of the peasant, [who is] coming").
  • The Spanish cried Santiago ("Saint James") both when reconquering Spain from the Moors and during conquest in early colonial America.
  • Polish "Winged Hussars" used to shout Jezus Maria ("Jesus, Mary") or Matka Boska ("Mother of God") during their charges.
  • King Henry IV of France (1553–1610), a pleasure-loving and cynical military leader, was famed for wearing a striking white plume in his helmet and for his war cry: Ralliez-vous à mon panache blanc! ("Follow my white plume!").
  • Burmese soldiers of the Konbaung Dynasty under Alaungpaya were recorded to shout Shwebo-Thar (Sons of Shwebo) during the Konbaung-Hanthawady War.
  • Most of the Jaikaras were popularized by Guru Gobind Singh. The Sikhs have a number of battle cries or jaikara: the most popular ones are as follows:
  • The Pashtun soldiers' war cry against the Mughals was Hu, Hu.[13]
  • The Gurkha (Gorkha) soldiers' battle cry was, and still is, "Jai Mahakali, Ayo Gorkhali!" ("Victory to Goddess Mahakali, the Gurkhas are coming!")[14][15]
  • The "rebel yell" was a battle cry used by Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War.
  • Finnish light cavalry troops in the Swedish Army in the 17th and 18th centuries would use the battle cry "Hakkaa päälle!" ("Cut them down!" in Finnish), lending them the name Hackapell.
  • Irish regiments of various armies used and continue to use Gaelic War cries, "Faugh a Ballagh" ("Clear the way!") or "Erin go Bragh" ("Ireland Forever")
  • The Swedish army in the 18th and 19th centuries would be issued with the command to attack with "För Fäderneslandet, gå på, Hurra!" ("For the Fatherland, onwards, Hurrah!")[16]
  • Argentine general José de San Martín is known in South America for his war cry: "Seamos libres, que lo demás no importa nada!" ("Let's be free, nothing else matters!").
  • In the Texas Revolution, following the Battle of Goliad and the Battle of the Alamo, Texan soldiers would use the battle cry "Remember Goliad! Remember the Alamo!"
  • In the Battle of Dybbøl in 1864, both Danish and German forces used "Hurrah" as a war cry.
  • During World War I in the Italian Front of 1915. Before battle, Italian soldiers would yell "Savoia" or "Avanti Savoia", which is "Come on Savoy!" or "Onwards Savoy!" in Italian (compare "For the king!" among British soldiers of the same era).

Modern

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See also

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References

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  • Guilhem Pepin, ‘Les cris de guerre " Guyenne ! " et " Saint George ! ". L’expression d’une identité politique du duché d’Aquitaine anglo-gascon’, Le Moyen Age, cxii (2006) pp 263–281
  1. ^ Burkert, Walter, 1992. The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influences on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, p 39f.
  2. ^ Per Hesiod, Penguin Edition of Works and Days
  3. ^ T.J. Craughwell, 2008, The Vikings, Vandals, Huns, Mongols, Goths, and Tartars who Razed the Old World and Formed the New, Fair Winds Press, p. 41, ISBN 978-1-59233-303-5
  4. ^ Kakatiya Journal of English Studies. Department of English, Kakatiya University. 1999. p. 15.
  5. ^ Kalki R. Krishnamurthy's Ponniyin Selvan: The first floods, Macmillan India Limited, 2000, p. 300[ISBN missing]
  6. ^ "'Vetrivel Veeravel' slogan at entrance of Madukkarai Army battalion complex creates row". India Today. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  7. ^ Shipova E.N., 1976, Dictionary of Türkisms in Russian Language, Alma-Ata, "Science", p. 349
  8. ^ Dal V.I., Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language, vol. 4, p. 507, Diamant, Sankt Peterburg, 1998 (reprint of 1882 edition by M.O.Wolf Publisher), (In Russian)
  9. ^ Zuev Yu. , 2002, Early Türks: Essays of history and ideology, Almaty, Daik-Press, p. 76, [ISBN missing]
  10. ^ Zuev Yu., 2002, Early Türks, p. 73
  11. ^ Karpovdun G.I., Тіркмöн uruuluk en tamgalary. maalymattarynyn negizinde, in Karataev O.K., 2003, Kyrgyz-Oguz History (Кыргыз-Огуз Тарыхый – Этникалык Байланыштары), Kyrgyz Utuluk university, pp. 199–207
  12. ^ "ਆਕੀ - Meaning in English - ਆਕੀ Translation in English".
  13. ^ M. I. Borah (1936). Baharistan-I-Ghaybi – Volume 1. p. 177.
  14. ^ Kanwal, Gurmeet (20 November 2011). "Ayo Gorkhali! The war cry that has done us proud". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  15. ^ "'Ayo Gorkhali!'; 'The Gurkhas are upon you!' Is the battle cry of one of the world's famous hands of fighting men: Nepal's 'happy warriors.' (Published 1964)". The New York Times. 18 October 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  16. ^ "Reglemente – Westgiötha Gustavianer". gustavianer.com.
  17. ^ p.3, The Cambridge history of Japan, by John Whitney Hall, 1988 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-22352-0
  18. ^ 鬨・鯨波（読み）とき Archived 26 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine Kotobank
  19. ^ えいえいおう（読み）エイエイオウ Kotobank
  20. ^ Til Valhall – Norwegian Soldiers Battle Cry. 5 May 2011 – via YouTube.[dead YouTube link]
  21. ^ "In India, hate-filled songs are a weapon to target Muslims". Associated Press News. 22 April 2022.
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