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| image_caption = [[Bathymaster signatus|Searcher]] ''(Bathymaster signatus)''
| image_caption = [[Bathymaster signatus|Searcher]] ''(Bathymaster signatus)''
| taxon = Bathymasteridae
| taxon = Bathymasteridae
| authority = [[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Charles Henry Gilbert|C. H. Gilbert]], 1883<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp | year = 2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268078514 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue = 2 | pages = 001–230 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| authority = [[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Charles Henry Gilbert|C. H. Gilbert]], 1883
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = see text
| subdivision = see text
}}
}}


'''Ronquils''' (sometimes spelt '''ronchils''') are [[perciform]] marine [[fish]] of the small family '''Bathymasteridae'''. Found only in [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] and [[Pacific Ocean|North Pacific]] waters, the ronquil family contains just seven [[species]] in three [[genus|genera]]. The larger species are important to commercial [[fishery|fisheries]] as food fish. Ronquils are most closely related to the [[eelpout]]s and [[prowfish]].
'''Ronquils''' (sometimes spelt '''ronchils''') is a small [[Family (biology)|family]] marine [[ray-finned fish]], the '''Bathymasteridae'''. These fishes are found only in [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] and [[Pacific Ocean|North Pacific]] waters. This family contains just seven [[species]] in three [[genus|genera]]. The larger species are important to commercial [[fishery|fisheries]] as food fish. Ronquils are most closely related to the [[eelpout]]s and [[prowfish]] in the suborder Zoarcoidei of the order Scorpaeniformes.


==Taxonomy==
The name ''ronquil'' is said to derive from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''ronquillo'' meaning "slightly hoarse". The family name ''Bathymasteridae'' can be translated from the [[Greek language|Greek]] to mean "deep searcher".
The Bathymasteridae was first proposed as a family in 1883 by the American [[ichthyologists]] David Starr Jordan and [[Charles Henry Gilbert]].<ref name = VDLEF/> The 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' classifies this family within the [[suborder]] [[Zoarcoidei]], within the order Scorpaeniformes.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=[[Joseph S. Nelson|J. S. Nelson]] |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages= 478–482 |publisher=Wiley |isbn= 978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ }}</ref> Other authorities classify this family in the [[infraorder]] Zoarcales within the suborder Cottoidei of the [[Perciformes]] because removing the Scorpaeniformes from the Perciformes renders that taxon non [[monophyletic]].<ref name = Deepfin>{{cite journal | author1 = Ricardo Betancur-R | author2 = Edward O. Wiley | author3 = Gloria Arratia | author4 = Arturo Acero | author5 = Nicolas Bailly | author6 = Masaki Miya | author7 = Guillaume Lecointre | author8 = Guillermo Ortí | display-authors = 3 | title =Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 162 | year = 2017 | page = 162 | doi = 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 | pmid = 28683774 | pmc = 5501477 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The monophyly of the Zoarcoidei has still not been fully ascertained but it is generally accepted that the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[Family (biology)|family]] is Bathymasteridae.<ref name = Nelson5/>

==Etymology==
The name ''ronquil'' is said to be an [[Anglicisation|anglicization]] from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''ronco'', ''ronquillo'' being a [[diminutive]], and which means "one who grunts". The family name ''Bathymasteridae'' is derived from the [[type genus]] ''Bathymaster'' and this can be translated from the [[Greek language|Greek]] to mean "deep searcher".<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://etyfish.org/perciformes15/ | title = Order Perciformes (Part 11): Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Families: Anarhichadidae, Neozoarcidae, Eulophias, Stichaeidae, Lumpenidae, Ophistocentridae, Pholidae, Ptilichthyidae, Zaproridae, Cryptacanthodidae, Cebidichthyidae, Scytalinidae and Bathymasteridae | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1= Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp |date = 4 July 2021 | access-date = 27 July 2022 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref>


==Genera==
==Genera==
The ronquil family is divided into three genera as follows:<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase family|family=Bathymasteridae|month=February|year=2022}}</ref>
The ronquil family contains seven species divided into three genera as follows:<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase family|family=Bathymasteridae|month=February|year=2022}}</ref><ref name = ETYFish/>
{{Linked genus list
{{Linked genus list
|Bathymaster | [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1873
|Bathymaster | [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1873
Line 22: Line 26:
}}
}}


==Description==
==Characteristics==
Ronquils have elongate with long dorsal and anal fins which are even in height along all of their length. These fins are separated from the large, truncate to round caudal fin by a clear caudal peduncle. There are between 43 and 49 branched and unbranched rays in the dorsal fin while the anal fin contains between 31 and 36 rays. These ray counts include between 1 and 6 weak, pliant to the front of the dorsal fin and 1 or 2 similar spines in the front of the anal fin. The pectoral fins are large and rounded while the pelvic fins are located on the thorax, and have a single spine and 5 soft rays. There is a single pair of nostrils. The scales vary from weakly [[ctenoid]], nearly smooth, to strongly ctenoid. There are sensory pores on the upper head of head and on the cheeks and these are obvious. The lateral line is clearly visible and runs on the upper body, straight to the rear of the dorsal fin, and has between 75 and 105 scales. The roof of the mouth has palatine and vomerine teeth. The bill membrane is separate from the isthmus, in most cases. There is no swim bladder. These fishes may be olive brown to dull red, bluish black, or purplish in their overall colour, they can be marked with bright green, blue, yellow, red, orange, and white bars, spots or other markings. The colour and patterns often vary between populations or be an expression of [[sexual dimorphism]].<ref name = Mecklenburg>{{cite web | author = Mecklenburg, C. W. | year = 2003 | title = Family Bathymasteridae Jordan & Gilbert 1883 — ronquils | work = California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes No. 7 | publisher = California Academy of Sciences | url = https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/bathymasteridae.pdf}}</ref> Ronquins vary in size from a total length of {{cvt|20|cm}} in ''[[Ronquilus jordani]]'' to more over {{cvt|38|cm}} for ''[[Bathymaster signatus]]''.<ref name = Fishbase/>

With predominantly drab colours in shades of orange and olive, greatly elongated bodies and large rounded heads, ronquils could easily be mistaken for [[blenny|blennies]]. Their eyes and terminal mouths are large, with a single long, continuous dorsal fin which begins just behind the head; the anal fin is similarly extensive, and both it and the dorsal fin may either have one or two spines, or none at all. The pectoral fins are also quite large, and like the much smaller tail fin, rounded. The reduced pelvic fins are located in a thoracic position, just behind the throat.

The [[lateral line]] runs high along the flanks of the ronquil, ending with the dorsal fin. The fish have palatine teeth; that is, teeth located on the palate or roof of the mouth. The largest of the seven species is the [[Bathymaster signatus|searcher]] (''Bathymaster signatus'') at up to 30.5&nbsp;cm in length.

Marked [[sexual dimorphism]] is observed among ronquils. For example, male [[northern ronquil]]s (''Ronquilus jordani'') have orange backs with iridescent blue anal fins bordered in black, while the females have olive backs and paler blue anal fins bordered in brown.

⚫
==Habitat and behaviour==


⚫
==Distribution, habitat and behaviour==
Inhabiting cold waters from the [[Siberia]]n and [[Bering Sea]]s south to [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Monterey, California]], ronquils are [[benthic]] animals, spending most of their time on or near the bottom. They may be found on sandy or rocky substrates, usually no deeper than 275 m (although searchers have been recorded to 825 m); some may be found in [[tide pool]]s. When threatened, ronquils retreat into the nearest hiding place, such as a hole or crevice.
Ronqulis inhabit cold waters in the North Pacific where they have a wide range from [[Baja California]] to the [[Sea of Japan]], ronquils are [[benthic]] animals, spending most of their time on or near the bottom.<ref name = Mecklenburg/> These fishes are typically found in shallow coastal waters down to depths of around {{cvt|200|m}}, however, ''Bathymaster signatus'' has been taken from depths in excess of {{cvt|300|m}} in the [[Bering Sea]] and [[Aleutian Islands]].<ref name = Stevenson>{{cite journal | author = Stevenson, Duane | author2 = Ann C. Matarese | year = 2005 |title = The ronquils: a review of the North Pacific fish family Bathymasteridae (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Zoarcoidei) | journal = Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington | volume = 118 | issue = 2 | pages = 367–406 | doi = 10.2988/0006-324X(2005)118[367:TRAROT]2.0.CO;2| s2cid = 85708727 }}</ref>


Ronquils feed primarily on small benthic [[crustacean]]s and [[mollusk]]s. Large [[halibut]] and [[flounder]]s are among the most significant predators of ronquils. Although considered fairly common, ronquils are rarely observed; this is likely owing to their secretive nature.
Ronquils feed primarily on small benthic [[crustacean]]s and [[mollusk]]s, and the stomachs of some specimens sampled contained only [[nudibranch]]]s. Little is known about predators of ronqulis but it is presumed that most larger carnivores that occur in the same areas as them, especially predatory fishes, will prey on them.<ref name = Fitch>{{cite book | author1 = John E. Fitch | author2 = Robert J. Lavenberg | year = 1975 | title = Tidepool and Nearshore Fishes of California | pages = 25–26 | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 0520028457 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=S_uYbDEKyhgC&dq=predators+of+ronquils&pg=PA26}}</ref> Although considered fairly common, ronquils are rarely observed; this is likely owing to their secretive nature.<ref name = BM>{{cite web | url = https://www.burkemuseum.org/enwiki/static/FishKey/bathy.html | title = Bathymasteridae | access-date = 27 July 2022 | publisher = Burke Museum}}</ref>


Few specifics are recorded regarding ronquil spawning, but the males are known to guard the brood.
Few specifics are recorded regarding ronquil spawning, but the males are known to guard the brood.<ref name = Fishbase/> The males have been known to cannibalize some of the eggs they are guarding.<ref name = Fitch/>


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:Bathymasteridae| ]]
[[Category:Bathymasteridae| ]]
[[Category:Zoarcoidei]]
[[Category:Taxa named by David Starr Jordan]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Henry Gilbert]]

Latest revision as of 00:25, 17 November 2024

Ronquils
Searcher (Bathymaster signatus)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Suborder: Zoarcoidei
Family: Bathymasteridae
D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1883[1]
Genera

see text

Ronquils (sometimes spelt ronchils) is a small family marine ray-finned fish, the Bathymasteridae. These fishes are found only in Arctic and North Pacific waters. This family contains just seven species in three genera. The larger species are important to commercial fisheries as food fish. Ronquils are most closely related to the eelpouts and prowfish in the suborder Zoarcoidei of the order Scorpaeniformes.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The Bathymasteridae was first proposed as a family in 1883 by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert.[1] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within the suborder Zoarcoidei, within the order Scorpaeniformes.[2] Other authorities classify this family in the infraorder Zoarcales within the suborder Cottoidei of the Perciformes because removing the Scorpaeniformes from the Perciformes renders that taxon non monophyletic.[3] The monophyly of the Zoarcoidei has still not been fully ascertained but it is generally accepted that the most basal family is Bathymasteridae.[2]

Etymology

[edit]

The name ronquil is said to be an anglicization from the Spanish ronco, ronquillo being a diminutive, and which means "one who grunts". The family name Bathymasteridae is derived from the type genus Bathymaster and this can be translated from the Greek to mean "deep searcher".[4]

Genera

[edit]

The ronquil family contains seven species divided into three genera as follows:[5][4]

Characteristics

[edit]

Ronquils have elongate with long dorsal and anal fins which are even in height along all of their length. These fins are separated from the large, truncate to round caudal fin by a clear caudal peduncle. There are between 43 and 49 branched and unbranched rays in the dorsal fin while the anal fin contains between 31 and 36 rays. These ray counts include between 1 and 6 weak, pliant to the front of the dorsal fin and 1 or 2 similar spines in the front of the anal fin. The pectoral fins are large and rounded while the pelvic fins are located on the thorax, and have a single spine and 5 soft rays. There is a single pair of nostrils. The scales vary from weakly ctenoid, nearly smooth, to strongly ctenoid. There are sensory pores on the upper head of head and on the cheeks and these are obvious. The lateral line is clearly visible and runs on the upper body, straight to the rear of the dorsal fin, and has between 75 and 105 scales. The roof of the mouth has palatine and vomerine teeth. The bill membrane is separate from the isthmus, in most cases. There is no swim bladder. These fishes may be olive brown to dull red, bluish black, or purplish in their overall colour, they can be marked with bright green, blue, yellow, red, orange, and white bars, spots or other markings. The colour and patterns often vary between populations or be an expression of sexual dimorphism.[6] Ronquins vary in size from a total length of 20 cm (7.9 in) in Ronquilus jordani to more over 38 cm (15 in) for Bathymaster signatus.[5]

Distribution, habitat and behaviour

[edit]

Ronqulis inhabit cold waters in the North Pacific where they have a wide range from Baja California to the Sea of Japan, ronquils are benthic animals, spending most of their time on or near the bottom.[6] These fishes are typically found in shallow coastal waters down to depths of around 200 m (660 ft), however, Bathymaster signatus has been taken from depths in excess of 300 m (980 ft) in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands.[7]

Ronquils feed primarily on small benthic crustaceans and mollusks, and the stomachs of some specimens sampled contained only nudibranch]s. Little is known about predators of ronqulis but it is presumed that most larger carnivores that occur in the same areas as them, especially predatory fishes, will prey on them.[8] Although considered fairly common, ronquils are rarely observed; this is likely owing to their secretive nature.[9]

Few specifics are recorded regarding ronquil spawning, but the males are known to guard the brood.[5] The males have been known to cannibalize some of the eggs they are guarding.[8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
  2. ^ a b J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 478–482. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  3. ^ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
  4. ^ a b Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (4 July 2021). "Order Perciformes (Part 11): Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Families: Anarhichadidae, Neozoarcidae, Eulophias, Stichaeidae, Lumpenidae, Ophistocentridae, Pholidae, Ptilichthyidae, Zaproridae, Cryptacanthodidae, Cebidichthyidae, Scytalinidae and Bathymasteridae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  5. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Bathymasteridae". FishBase. February 2022 version.
  6. ^ a b Mecklenburg, C. W. (2003). "Family Bathymasteridae Jordan & Gilbert 1883 — ronquils" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes No. 7. California Academy of Sciences.
  7. ^ Stevenson, Duane; Ann C. Matarese (2005). "The ronquils: a review of the North Pacific fish family Bathymasteridae (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Zoarcoidei)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 118 (2): 367–406. doi:10.2988/0006-324X(2005)118[367:TRAROT]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85708727.
  8. ^ a b John E. Fitch; Robert J. Lavenberg (1975). Tidepool and Nearshore Fishes of California. University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0520028457.
  9. ^ "Bathymasteridae". Burke Museum. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
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