1935 Greek monarchy referendum: Difference between revisions

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A referendum on restoring the monarchy was held in Greece on 3 November 1935.^[1] The proposal was approved by nearly 97.9% of voters,^[2] although the conduct during the referendum is not considered to have been free or fair. George II returned from exile and was restored to the throne on 25 November 1935.^[3]

Background

After the defeat of Greece by the Turkish National Movement (the "Asia Minor Disaster" of 1922), the defeated army revolted against the royal government. King Constantine I was forced to abdicate in 1922, and died in exile in 1923. His eldest son and successor, King George II, was soon after asked by the parliament to leave Greece so the nation could decide what form of government it should adopt. In a 1924 referendum, Greeks voted to create a republic.^{[citation needed]}

In 1935, Prime Minister Georgios Kondylis, a former pro-Venizelos military officer, became the most powerful political figure in Greece. On 10 October, he compelled Panagis Tsaldaris to resign as Prime Minister and took over the government, suspending many constitutional provisions in the process. Kondylis, who had now joined the Conservatives, decided to hold a referendum in order to re-establish the monarchy, despite the fact that he used to be a supporter of the anti-monarchist wing of Greek politics.^{[citation needed]}

The referendum was scheduled to take place on 3 November per resolution "on the abolition of the republic" of 10 October 1935 (ΦΕΚ Α΄ 456).^[4]

Conduct

Observers of the time expressed serious doubts about the vote's legitimacy. Besides the implausibly high "yes" vote, the vote was held in far-from-secret circumstances. Voters dropped a blue piece of paper into the ballot box if they supported the king's return, or a red paper to retain the republic. Anyone who cast a red paper risked being beaten up.^[5]

Results


Choice	Votes	%
For	1,491,992	97.87
Against	32,454	2.13
Total	1,524,446	100.00

Valid votes	1,524,446	99.79
Invalid/blank votes	3,268	0.21
Total votes	1,527,714	100.00
Source: Nohlen & Stöver

References

^ Dieter Nohlen & Phillip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p830 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
^ Nohlen & Stöver, p838
^ Miller, William (1936). "A New Era in Greece". Foreign Affairs. 14 (4): 654–661. JSTOR 20030766.
^ see Gazette 456, dated 10.10.1935, p. 2295
^ By the Grace of God Time, 18 November 1935

[NS-1] Dieter Nohlen & Phillip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p830 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7

[2] Nohlen & Stöver, p838

[3] Miller, William (1936). "A New Era in Greece". Foreign Affairs. 14 (4): 654–661. JSTOR 20030766.

[4] see Gazette 456, dated 10.10.1935, p. 2295

[5] By the Grace of God Time, 18 November 1935

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|none}}
-{{Politics of Greece}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
+{{infobox referendum
+|title=
+|country=Second Hellenic Republic
+|flag_image=
+|date=3 November 1935
+|yes=1491992
+|no=32454
+|invalid=3268
+|electorate=
+}}{{Politics of Greece}}
-A '''referendum on restoring the monarchy''' was held in [[Greece]] on 3 November 1935.<ref name=NS>[[Dieter Nohlen]] & Phillip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p830 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref> The proposal was approved by 97.9% of voters.<ref>Nohlen & Stöver, p838</ref>
+A [[referendum]] on restoring [[Monarchy of Greece|the monarchy]] was held in [[Greece]] on 3 November 1935.<ref name=NS>[[Dieter Nohlen]] & Phillip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p830 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref> The proposal was approved by nearly 97.9% of voters,<ref>Nohlen & Stöver, p838</ref> although the conduct during the referendum is not considered to have been free or fair. [[George II of Greece|George II]] returned from exile and was restored to [[List of kings of Greece|the throne]] on 25 November 1935.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=William |year=1936 |title=A New Era in Greece |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=654–661 |jstor=20030766 }}</ref>
-[[George II of Greece]] returned from exile and was restored to the throne on 30 November 1935.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=William |year=1936 |title=A New Era in Greece |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=654–661 |jstor=20030766 }}</ref>
 ==Background==
-After the defeat of Greece by the [[Turkish National Movement]] (the "[[Asia Minor Disaster]]" of 1922), the defeated army [[11 September 1922 Revolution|revolted against the royal government]]. [[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I]] was forced to abdicate in 1922, and died in exile in 1923. His eldest son and successor, King [[George II of Greece|George II]], was soon after asked by the parliament to leave Greece so the nation could decide what form of government it should adopt. In a [[Greek republic referendum, 1924|1924 referendum]], Greeks voted to create [[Second Hellenic Republic|a republic]].
+After the defeat of [[Greece]] by the [[Turkish National Movement]] (the "[[Asia Minor Disaster]]" of 1922), the defeated army [[11 September 1922 Revolution|revolted against the royal government]]. [[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I]] was forced to abdicate in 1922, and died in exile in 1923. His eldest son and successor, King [[George II of Greece|George II]], was soon after asked by the parliament to leave [[Greece]] so the nation could decide what form of government it should adopt. In a [[1924 Greek republic referendum|1924 referendum]], Greeks voted to create [[Second Hellenic Republic|a republic]].{{fact|date=July 2020}}
-In 1935, [[List of Prime Ministers of Greece|Prime Minister]] [[Georgios Kondylis]], a former pro-[[Eleftherios Venizelos|Venizelos]] military officer, became the most powerful political figure in Greece. On 10 October, he compelled [[Panagis Tsaldaris]] to resign as Prime Minister and took over the government, suspending many constitutional provisions in the process. Kondylis, who had now joined the Conservatives, decided to hold a referendum in order to re-establish the monarchy, despite the fact that he used to be a supporter of the anti-monarchist wing of Greek politics.
+In 1935, [[List of Prime Ministers of Greece|Prime Minister]] [[Georgios Kondylis]], a former pro-[[Eleftherios Venizelos|Venizelos]] military officer, became the most powerful political figure in Greece. On 10 October, he compelled [[Panagis Tsaldaris]] to resign as Prime Minister and took over the government, suspending many constitutional provisions in the process. Kondylis, who had now joined the Conservatives, decided to hold a referendum in order to re-establish the monarchy, despite the fact that he used to be a supporter of the anti-monarchist wing of Greek politics.{{fact|date=July 2020}}
 The referendum was scheduled to take place on 3 November per resolution "on the abolition of the republic" of 10 October 1935 (ΦΕΚ Α΄ 456).<ref>see [http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFO_KkoXZFLcndtvSoClrL8Qhfx31vVvCF5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQokG3cqhtjw7iaqI5mjo_l6M0yDO77mVxRF4VcRV3VgM. Gazette 456, dated 10.10.1935, p. 2295]</ref>
 ==Conduct==
-Observers of the time expressed serious doubts about the vote's legitimacy. Besides the implausibly high "yes" vote, the vote was held in far-from-secret circumstances. Voters dropped a blue piece of paper into the ballot box if they supported the king's return, or a red paper to retain the republic.  Anyone who cast a red paper risked being beaten up.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,755330,00.html By the Grace of God] ''Time'', 18 November 1935</ref>
+Observers of the time expressed serious doubts about the vote's legitimacy. Besides the implausibly high "yes" vote, the vote was held in far-from-secret circumstances. Voters dropped a blue piece of paper into the ballot box if they supported the king's return, or a red paper to retain the republic.  Anyone who cast a red paper risked being beaten up.<ref>[https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,755330,00.html By the Grace of God] ''Time'', 18 November 1935</ref>
 ==Results==
+{{Referendum results
-{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
+|for=1491992
-!Choice
+|against=32454
-!Votes
+|invalid=3268
-!%
+|source=Nohlen & Stöver
-|-
+}}
-|align=left|For||1,491,992||97.9
-|-
-|align=left|Against||32,454||2.1
-|-
-|align=left|Invalid/blank votes||3,268||–
-|-
-|align=left|'''Total'''||'''1,527,714'''||'''100'''
-|-
-|align=left colspan=3|Source: Nohlen & Stöver
-|}
 ==References==
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 [[Category:1930s in Greek politics]]
 [[Category:Referendums in Greece]]
-[[Category:1935 referendums]]
+[[Category:1935 referendums|Greece]]
 [[Category:Republicanism in Greece]]
-[[Category:History of Greece (1924–41)]]
+[[Category:History of Greece (1924–1941)]]
 [[Category:Monarchism in Greece]]
 [[Category:Monarchy referendums]]
-[[Category:November 1935 events]]
+[[Category:November 1935 events in Europe|Greece]]

v t e Elections and referendums in Greece
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Head of state elections	1862 (King) 1926 (President)
Local elections	1834 1835 1837 1841 1847 1850 1866 1870 1874 1879 1883 1887 1891 1895 1899 1903 1907 1914 1925 1929 1934 1951 1954 1959 1964 1975 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2019 2023
European elections	1981 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024
Referendums	1920 1924 1935 1946 1968 1973 1974 2015
See also: Template:Greek presidential elections