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{{Short description|Swedish-born American meteorologist}}
{{redirect|Rossby|other uses|Rossby (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Rossby|other uses|Rossby (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Carl-Gustaf Avicii Rossby
| name = Carl-Gustaf Rossby
| image = File:Carl G. A. Rossby LCCN2016875745 (cropped).jpg
| image = Carl G. A. Rossby LCCN2016875745 (cropped).jpg
| birth_name = Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby
| birth_name = Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1898|12|28}}
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]
| birth_place = [[Stockholm]], Sweden
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1957|08|19|1898|12|28}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1957|08|19|1898|12|28}}
| death_place = Stockholm, Sweden
| death_place = Stockholm, Sweden
| citizenship = Swedish<br>American <small>(1939)</small>
| citizenship = Swedish<br/>American <small>(1939)</small>
| nationality = [[Sweden|Swedish]]
| nationality = [[Sweden|Swedish]]
| fields = [[Meteorology]]<br> [[Physical oceanography]]<br> [[Atmospheric chemistry]]
| fields = [[Meteorology]]<br/>[[Physical oceanography]]<br/>[[Atmospheric chemistry]]
| workplaces = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br>[[University of Chicago]]<br>[[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]]<br>[[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]]
| workplaces = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br/>[[University of Chicago]]<br/>[[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]]<br/>[[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Leipzig]]<br>[[University of Bergen]]<br>[[University of Stockholm]] <small>(1925)</small>
| alma_mater = [[University of Leipzig]]<br/>[[University of Bergen]]<br/>[[University of Stockholm]] <small>(1925)</small>
| thesis_title =
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor = [[Erik Ivar Fredholm]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Erik Ivar Fredholm]]
| doctoral_students = [[Chaim L. Pekeris]]<br>[[Horace R. Byers]]<br>[[Harry Wexler]]<br>[[Reid Bryson]]<br>[[Hsiao-Lan Kuo]]<br>[[Joanne Malkus]]<br>[[Bert Bolin]]<br>[[Aksel C. Wiin-Nielsen]]<br>[[Jerome Namias]]<br>[[Jule Gregory Charney]]
| doctoral_students = [[Chaim L. Pekeris]]<br/>[[Horace R. Byers]]<br/>[[Harry Wexler]]<br/>[[Reid Bryson]]<br/>[[Ye Duzheng]]<br/>[[Hsiao-Lan Kuo]]<br/>[[Joanne Malkus]]<br/>[[Bert Bolin]]<br/>[[Aksel C. Wiin-Nielsen]]<br/>[[Victor P. Starr]]
| known_for = Synoptic and dynamic meteorology, polar frontal theory, jet stream, atmospheric chemistry
| known_for = Synoptic and dynamic meteorology, polar frontal theory, jet stream, atmospheric chemistry
⚫
| awards = [[Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal]] (inaugural)<br/>[[Symons Gold Medal]] (1953)
| influences = [[Vilhelm Bjerknes]]
| influenced =
⚫
| awards = [[Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal]] (inaugural)<br>[[Symons Gold Medal]] (1953)
}}
}}
'''Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby''' ({{IPA-sv|kɑːɭ ˇɡɵsːtav ˈarːvɪd ˈrɔsːbʏ}} 28 December 1898 &ndash; 19 August 1957) was a [[Sweden|Swedish]]-born [[Americans|American]] [[meteorologist]] who first explained the large-scale motions of the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]] in terms of [[fluid mechanics]]. He identified and characterized both the [[jet stream]] and the long waves in the [[westerlies]] that were later named [[Rossby waves]].{{r|wb2}}
'''Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby''' ({{IPA|sv|kɑːɭ ˈɡɵ̂sːtav ˈǎrːvɪd ˈrɔ̌sːbʏ}} 28 December 1898 &ndash; 19 August 1957) was a [[Sweden|Swedish]]-born American [[meteorologist]] who first explained the large-scale motions of the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]] in terms of [[fluid mechanics]]. He identified and characterized both the [[jet stream]] and the long waves in the [[westerlies]] that were later named [[Rossby waves]].{{r|wb2}}


==Biography==
==Biography==
Carl-Gustaf Rossby was born in Stockholm, Sweden. He was the first of five children born to Arvid and Alma Charlotta (Marelius) Rossby. He attended [[Stockholm University]], where he developed his first interest in mathematical physics.
Carl-Gustaf Rossby was born in Stockholm, Sweden. He was the first of five children born to Arvid and Alma Charlotta (Marelius) Rossby. He attended [[Stockholm University]], where he developed his first interest in mathematical physics.
Rossby came into [[meteorology]] and [[oceanography]] while studying geophysics under [[Vilhelm Bjerknes]] at the [[Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen]] in [[Bergen]], Norway during 1919, where Bjerknes' group was developing the groundbreaking concepts that became known as the [[Bergen School of Meteorology]], including theory of the [[polar front]].<ref>{{cite journal |last = Bolin |first = Bert |authorlink = Bert Bolin |title = Carl-Gustaf Rossby: The Stockholm period 1947–1957 |journal = Tellus B |volume = 51 |issue = 1 |pages = 4–12 |date = 1999 |doi = 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00002.x |bibcode = 1999TellB..51....4B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
Rossby came into [[meteorology]] and [[oceanography]] while studying geophysics under [[Vilhelm Bjerknes]] at the [[Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen]] in [[Bergen]], Norway, during 1919, where Bjerknes' group was developing the groundbreaking concepts that became known as the [[Bergen School of Meteorology]], including theory of the [[polar front]].<ref>{{cite journal |last = Bolin |first = Bert |author-link = Bert Bolin |title = Carl-Gustaf Rossby: The Stockholm period 1947–1957 |journal = Tellus B |volume = 51 |issue = 1 |pages = 4–12 |date = 1999 |doi = 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00002.x |bibcode = 1999TellB..51....4B }}</ref>
|url=http://www.zoominfo.com/p/Carl-Gustaf-Rossby/1653423598
|title= Carl-Gustaf Rossby
|publisher= Norways Geophysical Institute
|date= December 10, 2015}}</ref>


[[File:Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg.jpg|thumb|275px|left|Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg]]
[[File:Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg.jpg|thumb|275px|left|Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg]]
He also studied at the [[University of Leipzig]] and at the Lindenberg Observatory (''Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg'') in [[Brandenburg]] where upper air measurements by kite and [[Weather balloon|balloon]] were researched. In 1921 he returned to Stockholm to join the Meteorological and Hydrographic Office (which later became the [[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]]) where he served as a meteorologist on a variety of oceanographic expeditions. While ashore between expeditions, he studied [[mathematical physics]] at the [[University of Stockholm]] ([[Licentiate (degree)#Finland and Sweden|Filosofie Licentiat]], 1925).<ref>{{cite journal |last = Lewis |first = John M. |title = Carl-Gustaf Rossby: A Study in Mentorship |journal = Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. |volume = 73 |issue = 9 |pages = 1425–38 |date = 1992
He also studied at the [[University of Leipzig]] and at the Lindenberg Observatory (''Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg'') in [[Brandenburg]] where upper air measurements by kite and [[Weather balloon|balloon]] were researched. In 1921 he returned to Stockholm to join the Meteorological and Hydrographic Office (which later became the [[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]]) where he served as a meteorologist on a variety of oceanographic expeditions. While ashore between expeditions, he studied [[mathematical physics]] at the [[University of Stockholm]] ([[Licentiate (degree)#Finland and Sweden|Filosofie Licentiat]], 1925).<ref>{{cite journal |last = Lewis |first = John M. |title = Carl-Gustaf Rossby: A Study in Mentorship |journal = Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. |volume = 73 |issue = 9 |pages = 1425–38 |date = 1992 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<1425:CGRASI>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1992BAMS...73.1425L |doi-access = free }}</ref>
|doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<1425:CGRASI>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1992BAMS...73.1425L }}</ref>


In 1925 Rossby was granted a fellowship from the [[Sweden-America Foundation]] "to study the application of the polar front theory to American weather". In the [[U.S. Weather Bureau]] in [[Washington, DC]] he combined theoretical work on atmospheric [[turbulence]] with the establishment of the first weather service for [[civil aviation]]. In 1928 he became associate professor in the Aeronautics Department of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT). Shortly after this MIT launched the first department of meteorology in the US. In 1931 he also became a research associate at [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]] (WHOI). His interests during this time ranged over [[atmospheric thermodynamics]], mixing and [[turbulence]], and the interaction between [[ocean]]s and the [[atmosphere]].<ref name="NAS">{{cite web
In 1925 Rossby was granted a fellowship from the [[Sweden-America Foundation]] "to study the application of the polar front theory to American weather". In the [[U.S. Weather Bureau]] in [[Washington, DC]], he combined theoretical work on atmospheric [[turbulence]] with the establishment of the first weather service for [[civil aviation]]. In 1928 he became associate professor in the Aeronautics Department of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT). Shortly after this MIT launched the first department of meteorology in the US. In 1931 he also became a research associate at [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]]. His interests during this time ranged over [[atmospheric thermodynamics]], mixing and [[turbulence]], and the interaction between [[ocean]]s and the [[atmosphere]].<ref name="NAS">{{cite web
|url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/rossby-carl-gustaf.pdf
|url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/rossby-carl-gustaf.pdf
|title= Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby, A Biographical Memoir
|title= Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby, A Biographical Memoir
|publisher= National Academy of Sciences
|publisher= National Academy of Sciences
|author= Horace B. Byers
|author= [[Horace R. Byers]]<!-- The article says both "Horace B. Byers" and "Horace R. Byers" -->
|date= 1960
|date= 1960
|accessdate= December 10, 2015}}</ref>
|accessdate= December 10, 2015}}</ref>


On 9 January 1939 he became an American citizen<ref>{{cite book|last=Rossby|first=Carl Gustav Arvid|title=U.S. District Court|year=9 Jan 1939|publisher=Petition No: 192302; Admission: 4560990|location=Boston, MA}}</ref> and in that same year, assistant director of research at the U.S. Weather Bureau. His appointment as chair of the department of meteorology at the [[University of Chicago]] in 1940 began the period in which he turned his attention to large-scale atmospheric motions. He identified and characterized both the [[jet stream]] and [[Rossby wave]]s in the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Phillips |first = Norman A. |authorlink = |title = Carl-Gustaf Rossby: His Times, Personality, and Actions |journal = Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. |volume = 79 |issue = 6 |pages = 1097–112 |date = 1998 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<1097:CGRHTP>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1998BAMS...79.1097P }}</ref>
On 9 January 1939 he became an American citizen<ref>{{cite book|last=Rossby|first=Carl Gustav Arvid|title=U.S. District Court|date=9 Jan 1939|publisher=Petition No: 192302; Admission: 4560990|location=Boston, MA}}</ref> and in that same year, assistant director of research at the U.S. Weather Bureau. His appointment as chair of the department of meteorology at the [[University of Chicago]] in 1940 began the period in which he turned his attention to large-scale atmospheric motions. He identified and characterized both the [[jet stream]] and [[Rossby wave]]s in the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Phillips |first = Norman A. |title = Carl-Gustaf Rossby: His Times, Personality, and Actions |journal = Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. |volume = 79 |issue = 6 |pages = 1097–112 |date = 1998 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<1097:CGRHTP>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1998BAMS...79.1097P |doi-access = free }}</ref>


[[File:Smhiofficesnorrkoping.jpg|left|thumb|275 px|SMHI campus in Norrköping]]
[[File:Smhiofficesnorrkoping.jpg|left|thumb|275 px|SMHI campus in [[Norrköping]], [[Sweden]]]]
During [[World War II]], Rossby organized the training of military meteorologists, recruiting many of them to his Chicago department in the post-war years where he began adapting his [[mathematics|mathematical]] description of atmospheric [[Dynamics (mechanics)|dynamics]] to [[weather forecasting]] by electronic computer, having started this activity in Sweden using [[BESK]]. In 1947 he became founding director of the [[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]] (SMHI) in Stockholm, dividing his time between there, the University of Chicago and with the [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]]. After the war he visited an old friend Professor [[Hans Ertel]] in Berlin. Their cooperation led to the mathematical formulation of [[Rossby-gravity waves|Rossby waves]].<ref>{{cite web
During [[World War II]], Rossby organized the training of military meteorologists, recruiting many of them to his Chicago department in the post-war years where he began adapting his [[mathematics|mathematical]] description of atmospheric [[Dynamics (mechanics)|dynamics]] to [[weather forecasting]] by electronic computer, having started this activity in Sweden using [[BESK]]. In 1947 he became founding director of the [[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]] (SMHI) in Stockholm, dividing his time between there, the University of Chicago and with the [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]]. After the war he visited an old friend Professor [[Hans Ertel]] in Berlin. Their cooperation led to the mathematical formulation of [[Rossby-gravity waves|Rossby waves]].<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/carl-gustav-rossby-1.17661
|url= http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/carl-gustav-rossby-1.17661
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|date = 6 March 2000
|date = 6 March 2000
|accessdate = December 10, 2015
|accessdate = December 10, 2015
|url-status = dead
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151201005036/http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/JRD/SAT/Rossby/Rossbyintro.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151201005036/http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/JRD/SAT/Rossby/Rossbyintro.html
|archivedate = 1 December 2015
|archive-date = 1 December 2015
}}</ref><ref>[http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2011/timeline-forecasting-0607 Wind, war and weathermen: How a Swedish bon vivant let MIT introduce modern meteorology to America — just in time to help the Allies win World War II]</ref>
}}</ref><ref>[http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2011/timeline-forecasting-0607 Wind, war and weathermen: How a Swedish bon vivant let MIT introduce modern meteorology to America — just in time to help the Allies win World War II]</ref>


Between 1954 and his death in Stockholm in 1957, he championed and developed the field of [[atmospheric chemistry]]. His contributions to meteorology were noted in the December 17, 1956 issue of ''Time'' magazine.<ref>[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,867447,00.html Science: Man's Milieu]</ref> His portrait appeared on the cover of that issue, the first meteorologist on the cover of a major magazine.{{r|birner|time|uoregon}} During this period he considered the effect of [[carbon dioxide]] in the atmosphere and its potential [[global warming|warming]] effect.{{r|aip|bulletin}}
Between 1954 and his death in Stockholm in 1957, he championed and developed the field of [[atmospheric chemistry]]. His contributions to meteorology were noted in the December 17, 1956, issue of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.<ref>[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,867447,00.html "Science: Man's Milieu"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. December 17, 1956.</ref> His portrait appeared on the cover of that issue, the first meteorologist on the cover of a major magazine.{{r|birner|time|uoregon}} During this period he considered the effect of [[carbon dioxide]] in the atmosphere and its potential [[global warming|warming]] effect.{{r|aip|bulletin}}


==Selected works==
==Selected works==
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==Honors==
==Honors==
*Elected President of the American Meteorological Society (1944–45)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ametsoc.org/index.cfm/ams/about-ams/ams-awards-honors/awards/science-and-technology-medals/the-carl-gustaf-rossby-research-medal/ |title=The Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal |website=American Meteorological Society |language=en |access-date=2018-12-26 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*Elected member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1934)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/carl-gustaf-arvid-rossby |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |date=9 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*Elected member of the United States [[National Academy of Sciences]] (1943)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carl-Gustaf Rossby |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20000957.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref>
*[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences]] (jointly with H. C. Willett) – [[Sylvanus Albert Reed]] Award (1934)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1175/1520-0477-16.3.86b|title=Publications|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=16|issue=3|pages=86b–88|year=1935|bibcode=1935BAMS...16R..86.}}</ref>
*[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences]] (jointly with H. C. Willett) – [[Sylvanus Albert Reed]] Award (1934)<ref>{{cite journal |year=1935 |title=Publications |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=86b–88 |bibcode=1935BAMS...16R..86. |doi=10.1175/1520-0477-16.3.86b |doi-access=free}}</ref>
*Elected president of the American Meteorological Society (1944–45)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ametsoc.org/index.cfm/ams/about-ams/ams-awards-honors/awards/science-and-technology-medals/the-carl-gustaf-rossby-research-medal/ |title=The Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal |website=American Meteorological Society |language=en |access-date=2018-12-26 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*Elected member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] (1946)<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Carl-Gustaf+Rossby&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
*[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences]] – [[Robert M. Losey]] Award (1946)<ref name="NAS" />
*[[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences]] – [[Robert M. Losey]] Award (1946)<ref name="NAS" />
*[[Royal Meteorological Society]] – [[Symons Gold Medal]] (1953) <ref name="NAS" />
*[[Royal Meteorological Society]] – [[Symons Gold Medal]] (1953) <ref name="NAS" />
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* [[Rossby number]]
* [[Rossby number]]
* [[Rossby parameter]]
* [[Rossby parameter]]
* [[Rossby whistle]]
* [[Rossby-gravity waves]]
* [[Rossby-gravity waves]]
* [[Equatorial Rossby wave]]
* [[Equatorial Rossby wave]]
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* [[Rossby Wave Instability in Astrophysical Discs]]
* [[Rossby Wave Instability in Astrophysical Discs]]
* [[Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal]]
* [[Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal]]
*[[Francis Reichelderfer]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=time>[http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19561217,00.html TIME Magazine Cover: Carl-Gustaf Rossby - Dec. 17, 1956]</ref>
<ref name=time>[https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19561217,00.html "Weatherman Carl-Gustaf Rossby"]. ''Time''. December 17, 1956.</ref>


<ref name=birner>{{cite web
<ref name=birner>{{cite magazine
|url=http://birner.atmos.colostate.edu/courses/rossby.pdf
|url = http://birner.atmos.colostate.edu/courses/rossby.pdf
|title=Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby
|title = Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby
|magazine = Time
|publisher= TIME Magazine
|date= December 17, 1956
|date = December 17, 1956
|accessdate= December 10, 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|accessdate = December 10, 2015
|df = dmy-all
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150207071805/http://birner.atmos.colostate.edu/courses/rossby.pdf
|archive-date = February 7, 2015
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>


<ref name=wb2>{{cite web
<ref name=wb2>{{cite web
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|accessdate= December 10, 2015|display-authors=etal |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|accessdate= December 10, 2015|display-authors=etal |df=dmy-all}}</ref>


<ref name="bulletin">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uPA2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=University Bulletin: A Weekly Bulletin for the Staff of the University of California |publisher=Office of Official Publications, University of California |year=1956 |page=155 |volume=5 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="bulletin">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPA2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA155 |title=University Bulletin: A Weekly Bulletin for the Staff of the University of California |publisher=Office of Official Publications, University of California |year=1956 |page=155 |volume=5 |language=en}}</ref>


<ref name="aip">{{Cite web |url=https://www.aip.org/history/climate/bibdate.htm |title=Bibliography by year: Discovery of Global Warming |website=American Institute of Physics |access-date=2018-12-26 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="aip">{{Cite web
|url=https://www.aip.org/history/climate/bibdate.htm
|title=Bibliography by year: Discovery of Global Warming
|website=American Institute of Physics
|access-date=2018-12-26
|df=dmy-all
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150113073754/http://www.aip.org/history/climate/bibdate.htm
|archive-date = January 13, 2015
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>


}}
}}
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |editor=Bolin, Bert |title=The Atmosphere and Sea in Motion, Scientific Contributions to the Rossby Memorial Volume |year= January 1959|publisher=Rockefeller University Press}}
* {{cite book |editor=Bolin, Bert |title=The Atmosphere and Sea in Motion, Scientific Contributions to the Rossby Memorial Volume |date=January 1959 |publisher=Rockefeller University Press}}
* {{cite journal |last = Allen |first = Douglas R. |title = The Genesis of Meteorology at the University of Chicago |journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume = 82 |issue = 9 |pages = 1905–09 |date = 2001 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<1905:TGOMAT>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode = 2001BAMS...82.1905A }}
* {{cite journal |last = Allen |first = Douglas R. |title = The Genesis of Meteorology at the University of Chicago |journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume = 82 |issue = 9 |pages = 1905–09 |date = 2001 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<1905:TGOMAT>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode = 2001BAMS...82.1905A |doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal |last = Gall |first = Robert |author2=M. Shapiro |title = The Influence of Carl-Gustaf Rossby on Mesoscale Weather Prediction and an Outlook for the Future |journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume = 81 |issue = 7 |pages = 1507–23 |date = 2000 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<1507:TIOCGR>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode = 2000BAMS...81.1507G }}
* {{cite journal |last = Gall |first = Robert |author2=M. Shapiro |title = The Influence of Carl-Gustaf Rossby on Mesoscale Weather Prediction and an Outlook for the Future |journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume = 81 |issue = 7 |pages = 1507–23 |date = 2000 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<1507:TIOCGR>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode = 2000BAMS...81.1507G |doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal |last = Persson |first = A. |author2=N. Phillips |title = Commentary and Analysis: C.-G. Rossby's Experience and Interest in Weather Forecasting |journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume = 82 |issue = 9 |pages = 2021–26 |date = 2001 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2022:CAACGR>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode = 2001BAMS...82.2022P }}
* {{cite journal |last = Persson |first = A. |author2=N. Phillips |title = Commentary and Analysis: C.-G. Rossby's Experience and Interest in Weather Forecasting |journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume = 82 |issue = 9 |pages = 2021–26 |date = 2001 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2022:CAACGR>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode = 2001BAMS...82.2022P }}
<!-- https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15481008045927262460&hl=en&as_sdt=0,26 -->
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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.smhi.se/en/research/research-departments/climate-research-rossby-centre2-552/about-rossby-centre-1.8341 Rossby Centre at SMHI]
*[http://www.smhi.se/en/research/research-departments/climate-research-rossby-centre2-552/about-rossby-centre-1.8341 Rossby Centre at SMHI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007204005/http://www.smhi.se/en/research/research-departments/climate-research-rossby-centre2-552/about-rossby-centre-1.8341 |date=2016-10-07 }}
*[https://www2.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/about-ams/ams-awards-honors/awards/awards-list/the-carl-gustaf-rossby-research-medal/ Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal]
*[https://www2.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/about-ams/ams-awards-honors/awards/awards-list/the-carl-gustaf-rossby-research-medal/ Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal]
*{{Find a Grave}}


{{Authority control}}
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Latest revision as of 03:55, 17 November 2024

"Rossby" redirects here. For other uses, see Rossby (disambiguation).
Carl-Gustaf Rossby
Born
Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby

Stockholm, Sweden
DiedAugust 19, 1957(1957-08-19) (aged 58)
Stockholm, Sweden
NationalitySwedish
CitizenshipSwedish
American (1939)
Alma materUniversity of Leipzig
University of Bergen
University of Stockholm (1925)
Known forSynoptic and dynamic meteorology, polar frontal theory, jet stream, atmospheric chemistry
AwardsCarl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal (inaugural)
Symons Gold Medal (1953)
Scientific career
FieldsMeteorology
Physical oceanography
Atmospheric chemistry
InstitutionsMassachusetts Institute of Technology
University of Chicago
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Doctoral advisorErik Ivar Fredholm
Doctoral studentsChaim L. Pekeris
Horace R. Byers
Harry Wexler
Reid Bryson
Ye Duzheng
Hsiao-Lan Kuo
Joanne Malkus
Bert Bolin
Aksel C. Wiin-Nielsen
Victor P. Starr

Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby (Swedish pronunciation: [kɑːɭ ˈɡɵ̂sːtav ˈǎrːvɪd ˈrɔ̌sːbʏ] 28 December 1898 – 19 August 1957) was a Swedish-born American meteorologist who first explained the large-scale motions of the atmosphere in terms of fluid mechanics. He identified and characterized both the jet stream and the long waves in the westerlies that were later named Rossby waves.[1]

Biography

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Carl-Gustaf Rossby was born in Stockholm, Sweden. He was the first of five children born to Arvid and Alma Charlotta (Marelius) Rossby. He attended Stockholm University, where he developed his first interest in mathematical physics. Rossby came into meteorology and oceanography while studying geophysics under Vilhelm Bjerknes at the Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen in Bergen, Norway, during 1919, where Bjerknes' group was developing the groundbreaking concepts that became known as the Bergen School of Meteorology, including theory of the polar front.[2]

Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg

He also studied at the University of Leipzig and at the Lindenberg Observatory (Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg) in Brandenburg where upper air measurements by kite and balloon were researched. In 1921 he returned to Stockholm to join the Meteorological and Hydrographic Office (which later became the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute) where he served as a meteorologist on a variety of oceanographic expeditions. While ashore between expeditions, he studied mathematical physics at the University of Stockholm (Filosofie Licentiat, 1925).[3]

In 1925 Rossby was granted a fellowship from the Sweden-America Foundation "to study the application of the polar front theory to American weather". In the U.S. Weather Bureau in Washington, DC, he combined theoretical work on atmospheric turbulence with the establishment of the first weather service for civil aviation. In 1928 he became associate professor in the Aeronautics Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Shortly after this MIT launched the first department of meteorology in the US. In 1931 he also became a research associate at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. His interests during this time ranged over atmospheric thermodynamics, mixing and turbulence, and the interaction between oceans and the atmosphere.[4]

On 9 January 1939 he became an American citizen[5] and in that same year, assistant director of research at the U.S. Weather Bureau. His appointment as chair of the department of meteorology at the University of Chicago in 1940 began the period in which he turned his attention to large-scale atmospheric motions. He identified and characterized both the jet stream and Rossby waves in the atmosphere.[6]

SMHI campus in Norrköping, Sweden

During World War II, Rossby organized the training of military meteorologists, recruiting many of them to his Chicago department in the post-war years where he began adapting his mathematical description of atmospheric dynamics to weather forecasting by electronic computer, having started this activity in Sweden using BESK. In 1947 he became founding director of the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) in Stockholm, dividing his time between there, the University of Chicago and with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. After the war he visited an old friend Professor Hans Ertel in Berlin. Their cooperation led to the mathematical formulation of Rossby waves.[7] [8][9]

Between 1954 and his death in Stockholm in 1957, he championed and developed the field of atmospheric chemistry. His contributions to meteorology were noted in the December 17, 1956, issue of Time magazine.[10] His portrait appeared on the cover of that issue, the first meteorologist on the cover of a major magazine.[11][12][13] During this period he considered the effect of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its potential warming effect.[14][15]

Selected works

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  • The layer of frictional influence in wind and ocean currents (Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) – 1935
  • Weather estimates from local aerological data: A preliminary report (Institute of Meteorology of the University of Chicago) – 1942
  • Kinematic and hydrostatic properties of certain long waves in the westerlies (Institute of Meteorology of the University of Chicago) – 1942

Honors

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Weather Break - Carl-Gustaf Rossby". Creighton University Department of Atmospheric Sciences. 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  2. ^ Bolin, Bert (1999). "Carl-Gustaf Rossby: The Stockholm period 1947–1957". Tellus B. 51 (1): 4–12. Bibcode:1999TellB..51....4B. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00002.x.
  3. ^ Lewis, John M. (1992). "Carl-Gustaf Rossby: A Study in Mentorship". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 73 (9): 1425–38. Bibcode:1992BAMS...73.1425L. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<1425:CGRASI>2.0.CO;2.
  4. ^ a b c d e Horace R. Byers (1960). "Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby, A Biographical Memoir" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  5. ^ Rossby, Carl Gustav Arvid (9 Jan 1939). U.S. District Court. Boston, MA: Petition No: 192302; Admission: 4560990.
  6. ^ Phillips, Norman A. (1998). "Carl-Gustaf Rossby: His Times, Personality, and Actions". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 79 (6): 1097–112. Bibcode:1998BAMS...79.1097P. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<1097:CGRHTP>2.0.CO;2.
  7. ^ "Carl-Gustaf Rossby". Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut. 2 September 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  8. ^ Paolo Cipollini (6 March 2000). "Rossby waves: what are they?". The National Oceanography Centre Southampton. Archived from the original on 1 December 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  9. ^ Wind, war and weathermen: How a Swedish bon vivant let MIT introduce modern meteorology to America — just in time to help the Allies win World War II
  10. ^ "Science: Man's Milieu". Time. December 17, 1956.
  11. ^ "Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby" (PDF). Time. 17 December 1956. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  12. ^ "Weatherman Carl-Gustaf Rossby". Time. December 17, 1956.
  13. ^ Trenberth; et al. (26 December 1999). "Rossby (or Planetary) waves" (PDF). University of Oregon. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  14. ^ "Bibliography by year: Discovery of Global Warming". American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  15. ^ University Bulletin: A Weekly Bulletin for the Staff of the University of California. Vol. 5. Office of Official Publications, University of California. 1956. p. 155.
  16. ^ "Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  17. ^ "Carl-Gustaf Rossby". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  18. ^ "Publications". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 16 (3): 86b–88. 1935. Bibcode:1935BAMS...16R..86.. doi:10.1175/1520-0477-16.3.86b.
  19. ^ "The Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  20. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-03-23.

Other sources

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Further reading

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