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{{short description|Overview of the role and celebration of Christmas in Nazi Germany}}
{{expand German|date=November 2017}}
{{expand German|date=November 2017}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-17313, Berlin, Weihnachtspakete für das Winterhilfswerk.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Christmas presents for the poor in 1935]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-17313, Berlin, Weihnachtspakete für das Winterhilfswerk.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Christmas presents for the poor in 1935]]
The celebration of '''[[Christmas]] in [[Nazi Germany]]''' was allowed, though it included attempts by the regime to bring the [[Christianity|Christian]] religious holiday into line with [[Nazi ideology]]. The [[Jew]]ish origins of [[Jesus]] and the commemoration of his birth as the Jewish [[Messiah]] was troubling for some members of the Nazi group and their racial beliefs. Between 1933 and 1945, some government officials attempted to remove these aspects of Christmas from civil celebrations and concentrate on cultural [[Yule|pre-Christian aspects]] of the festival. However, church and private celebrations remained Christian in nature.
The celebration of '''Christmas in [[Nazi Germany]]''' included attempts by the regime to bring the [[Christianity|Christian]] religious holiday into line with [[Nazi ideology]]. The [[Jew]]ish origins of [[Jesus]] and the commemoration of his birth as the Jewish [[Messiah]] was troubling for some members of the [[Nazi Party]] and their [[racialist]] beliefs. Between 1933 and 1945, some government officials attempted to remove these aspects of [[Christmas]] from civil celebrations and concentrate on cultural [[Yule|pre-Christian aspects]] of the festival. However, church and private celebrations remained Christian in nature.


==Background==
==Background==
Christianity had long been the main faith of the Germanic peoples, dating to the missionary work of [[Columbanus]] and [[St. Boniface]] in the 6th–8th centuries.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/231186/Germany/58006/Religion Encyclopædia Britannica Online - ''Germany : Religion'']; web 23 May 2013</ref> The Nazis ruled Germany from 1933-1945. Nazism wanted to transform the subjective consciousness of the German people—their attitudes, values and mentalities—into a single-minded, cohesive "national community".<ref>Ian Kershaw; ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation; 4th Edn; Oxford University Press; New York; 2000"; pp. 173–74</ref> According to the American journalist [[William Shirer|Shirer]], "under the leadership of [[Alfred Rosenberg|Rosenberg]], [[Martin Bormann|Bormann]] and [[Heinrich Himmler|Himmler]]—backed by Hitler— the Nazi regime intended to destroy Christianity in Germany, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists."<ref>William L. Shirer; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; p. 240</ref>
Christianity had long been the main faith of the Germanic peoples, dating to the missionary work of [[Columbanus]] and [[St. Boniface]] in the 6th–8th centuries.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/231186/Germany/58006/Religion Encyclopædia Britannica Online - ''Germany : Religion'']; web 23 May 2013</ref> The Nazis ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. Nazism wanted to transform the subjective consciousness of the German people—their attitudes, values and mentalities—into a single-minded, cohesive "national community".<ref>[[Ian Kershaw]]; ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation; 4th Edn; Oxford University Press; New York; 2000''; pp. 173–74</ref> According to the American journalist [[William Shirer|Shirer]], "under the leadership of [[Alfred Rosenberg|Rosenberg]], [[Martin Bormann|Bormann]] and [[Heinrich Himmler|Himmler]]—backed by Hitler—the Nazi regime intended to destroy Christianity in Germany, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists."<ref>William L. Shirer; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; p. 240</ref>


Hitler and the Nazi party promoted "[[Positive Christianity]]" early on, but Hitler had a falling out with Alfred Rosenberg and declared it not to be the official stance of the Nazi party, quitting the religion himself in 1941. Positive Christianity itself was not exclusively Christian and was open to non-theists and even promoted Wotan in Rosenberg's Myth of the 20th Century. <ref name="Norman H. Baynes 1969 p. 402">from Norman H. Baynes, ed. (1969). The Speeches of Adolf Hitler: April 1922-August 1939. 1. New York: Howard Fertig. p. 402.</ref>
Hitler and the Nazi party promoted "[[Positive Christianity]]" early on, but Hitler had a falling out with Alfred Rosenberg and declared it not to be the official stance of the Nazi party. Positive Christianity itself was not exclusively Christian and was open to non-theists and even promoted [[Wotan]] in Rosenberg's ''[[Myth of the 20th Century]]''.<ref name="Norman H. Baynes 1969 p. 402">from Norman H. Baynes, ed. (1969). The Speeches of Adolf Hitler: April 1922-August 1939. 1. New York: Howard Fertig. p. 402.</ref>


Early Nazi celebrations of Christmas occurred in 1921 when [[Adolf Hitler]] made a speech in a beer hall in [[Munich]] to 4,000 supporters. Undercover police reporters wrote that the crowd cheers when Hitler condemned, "the cowardly Jews for breaking the world-liberator on the cross", swearing he was "not to rest until the Jews... lay shattered on the ground." The crowd then sang carols and nationalist hymns around a [[Christmas tree]], with gifts being donated to working-class attendees of the speech.<ref name="Conversation">{{cite news|last=Perry|first=Joe|url=https://theconversation.com/how-the-nazis-co-opted-christmas-52186|title=How the Nazis co-opted Christmas|work=The Conversation|date=December 22, 2015|accessdate=December 25, 2015}}</ref> After taking power in 1933, Nazi ideologues initially sought to reject Germany's long-held Christmas traditions - renaming the festival ''Julfest'', and propagating its Germanic origins as the celebration of the [[winter solstice]]. But for the majority of Germans, the Christian traditions remained the basis of the holiday, and the churches were outraged by the removal of Christ from Christmas and maintained the Christian traditions among themselves.<ref>[http://www.dw.de/christmas-not-such-a-holy-night-under-the-nazis/a-5042819 Christmas: Not such a holy night under the Nazis]; DW Online; by Faith Thomas; 24/12/09</ref>
Early Nazi celebrations of Christmas occurred in 1921 when [[Adolf Hitler]] made a speech in a beer hall in [[Munich]] to 4,000 supporters. Undercover police reporters wrote that the crowd cheered when Hitler condemned "the cowardly Jews for breaking the world-liberator on the cross", swearing he was "not to rest until the Jews ... lay shattered on the ground." The crowd then sang carols and nationalist hymns around a [[Christmas tree]], with gifts being donated to working-class attendees of the speech.<ref name="Conversation">{{cite news|last=Perry|first=Joe|url=https://theconversation.com/how-the-nazis-co-opted-christmas-52186|title=How the Nazis co-opted Christmas|work=The Conversation|date=December 22, 2015|access-date=December 25, 2015}}</ref> After taking power in 1933, Nazi ideologues initially sought to reject Germany's long-held Christmas traditions—renaming the festival ''Julfest'', and propagating its Germanic origins as the celebration of the [[winter solstice]]. But for the majority of Germans, the Christian traditions remained the basis of the holiday, and the churches were outraged by the removal of Christ from Christmas and maintained the Christian traditions among themselves.<ref>[http://www.dw.de/christmas-not-such-a-holy-night-under-the-nazis/a-5042819 Christmas: Not such a holy night under the Nazis]; DW Online; by Faith Thomas; 24/12/09</ref>


==Christmas in the Nazi regime==
==Christmas in the Nazi regime==
[[Nazi Party|Nazi]] ideologists claimed that the Christian elements of the holiday had been superimposed upon ancient Germanic traditions.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news|last=Paterson|first=Tony|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/how-the-nazis-stole-christmas-1846365.html|title=How the Nazis stole Christmas|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=21 December 2009|accessdate=21 December 2009|location=London}}</ref> They argued that [[Christmas Eve]] originally had nothing to do with the [[Virgin birth of Jesus|birth of Jesus Christ]], but instead celebrated the [[winter solstice]] and the 'rebirth of the sun',<ref name="Independent"/> that the [[swastika]] was an ancient symbol of the [[sun]], and that [[Santa Claus]] was a Christian reinvention of the Germanic god [[Odin]]. Accordingly, holiday [[poster]]s were made to depict Odin as the "Christmas or Solstice man", riding a white charger, sporting a thick grey beard and wearing a slouch hat, carrying a sack full of gifts. The traditional [[Nativity scene|crèche]] was replaced by a garden containing wooden toy deer and rabbits; Mary and Jesus were depicted as a blonde mother and child.<ref name="Independent"/>
[[Nazi Party|Nazi]] ideologists claimed that the Christian elements of the holiday had been superimposed upon ancient Germanic traditions.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news|last=Paterson|first=Tony|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/how-the-nazis-stole-christmas-1846365.html|title=How the Nazis stole Christmas|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=21 December 2009|access-date=21 December 2009|location=London}}</ref> They argued that [[Christmas Eve]] originally had nothing to do with the [[Virgin birth of Jesus|birth of Jesus Christ]] but instead celebrated the [[winter solstice]] and the "rebirth of the sun",<ref name="Independent"/> and that the [[swastika]] was an ancient symbol of the [[big dipper]] in its 4 positions in the [[March equinox|spring equinox]], [[summer solstice]], [[September equinox]] and the [[winter solstice]]. Further, they perceived that [[Santa Claus]] was a Christian reinvention of the Germanic God Wotan, more commonly known in his name in Norse mythology as [[Odin]]. Accordingly, holiday [[poster]]s were made to depict Odin as the "Christmas or Solstice man", riding a white charger, sporting a thick grey beard and wearing a slouch hat, carrying a sack full of gifts.<ref>Vorweihnachten" [Advent Calendar], Zentralverlag der NSDÄP, Franz Eher Nachf. G.m.b.H, München, 1944</ref> The traditional [[Nativity scene|crèche]] was replaced by a garden containing wooden toy deer and rabbits;<ref>Vorweihnachten" [Advent Calendar]p. 12,Zentralverlag der NSDÄP, Franz Eher Nachf. G.m.b.H, München,1944</ref> Mary and Jesus were depicted as a blonde mother and child.<ref name="Independent"/>


The Christmas tree was also changed. The traditional names of the tree, ''Christbaum'' or ''Weihnachtsbaum'', was renamed in the press as a fir tree, light tree or Jul tree. The star on the top of the tree was sometimes replaced with a swastika, a Germanic [[sun wheel (symbol)|sun wheel]] or a [[sig rune]], and swastika-shaped tree lights.<ref name="Independent"/><ref name="Times"/><ref name="TLS">{{cite magazine|last=Morrison|first=Rebecca K.|url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article759164.ece|title=Did the Germans invent Christmas?|magazine=[[The Times Literary Supplement]]|date=22 December 2010|accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> During the height of the movement, an attempt was made to remove the association of the coming of Jesus and replace it with the coming of Hitler, referred to as the "[[Religion in Nazi Germany#Messianic aspects of Nazism|Saviour]] [[Führer]]".<ref name="Independent"/>
The Christmas tree was also changed. The traditional names of the tree, ''Christbaum'' or ''Weihnachtsbaum'', was renamed in the press as a fir tree, light tree or Jul tree.<ref>Vorweihnachten" [Advent Calendar], Zentralverlag der NSDÄP, Franz Eher Nachf. G.m.b.H, München,1944</ref> The star on the top of the tree was sometimes replaced with a swastika, a Germanic [[sun wheel (symbol)|sun wheel]] or a [[sig rune]], and swastika-shaped tree lights.<ref name="Independent"/><ref name="Times"/><ref name="TLS">{{cite magazine|last=Morrison|first=Rebecca K.|url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article759164.ece|title=Did the Germans invent Christmas?|magazine=[[The Times Literary Supplement]]|date=22 December 2010|access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> During the height of the movement, an attempt was made to remove the association of the coming of Jesus and replace it with the coming of Hitler, referred to as the "[[Religion in Nazi Germany#Messianic aspects of Nazism|Saviour]] [[Führer]]".<ref name="Independent"/>


[[Christmas carol]]s were also changed.<ref name="Lieder zur Weihnachtszeit">{{cite web|last1=Hardwig|first1=Florian|title=Lieder zur Weihnachtszeit (1940)|url=https://fontsinuse.com/uses/11409/lieder-zur-weihnachtszeit-1940|website=Fonts in Use|accessdate=26 December 2017|quote=For a compilation of Christmas songs, there are indeed exceptionally little references to the biblical nativity story, or Christian elements in general. "Gott" (God) and "Engel" (angel) appear only twice, and are outnumbered by terms like "Stern" (star), "Licht" (light), "Nacht" (night), "Feuer" (fire), "Wald" (woods), etc. Santa Claus is replaced by a pagan "Sunnwendmann" (Solstice man). Instead of Mary, there is "Frau Holle" (Mother Hulda). And there certainly is not a single mention of the Jewish baby named Jesus.}}</ref> The words to "[[Silent Night]]" were changed so it made no reference to [[God]], Christ, or religion.<ref name="Independent"/> Words were also changed to the hymn "[[Unto Us a Time Has Come]]" so as to remove references to Jesus. The modified version of the hymn was in use for several more years in post-war Germany.<ref name="Times">{{cite news|last=Boyes|first=Roger|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6919302.ece|title=How the Nazis tried to take Christ out of Christmas|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=17 November 2009|accessdate=21 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/christmas/6587738/How-Hitler-and-the-Nazis-tried-to-steal-Christmas.html|title=How Hitler and the Nazis tried to steal Christmas|newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=17 November 2009|accessdate=21 December 2009|location=London}}</ref> The most popular carol promoted by the Nazis was [[Hans Baumann (writer)|Hans Baumann's]] "Exalted Night of the Clear Stars" [''Hohe Nacht der klaren Sterne''], which replaced traditional Christian themes with Nazi racial ideologies. The carol was popular after the collapse of Nazi Germany, was regularly performed into the 1950s, and is still sometimes performed in the modern day.<ref name="Conversation"/>
[[Christmas carol]]s were also changed.<ref name="Lieder zur Weihnachtszeit">{{cite web|last1=Hardwig|first1=Florian|title=Lieder zur Weihnachtszeit (1940)|url=https://fontsinuse.com/uses/11409/lieder-zur-weihnachtszeit-1940|website=Fonts in Use|date=26 December 2015|access-date=26 December 2017|quote=For a compilation of Christmas songs, there are indeed exceptionally little references to the biblical nativity story, or Christian elements in general. "Gott" (God) and "Engel" (angel) appear only twice, and are outnumbered by terms like "Stern" (star), "Licht" (light), "Nacht" (night), "Feuer" (fire), "Wald" (woods), etc. Santa Claus is replaced by a pagan "Sunnwendmann" (Solstice man). Instead of Mary, there is "Frau Holle" (Mother Hulda). And there certainly is not a single mention of the Jewish baby named Jesus.}}</ref> The words to "[[Silent Night]]" were changed so it made no reference to [[God]], Christ, or religion.<ref name="Independent"/> Words were also changed to the hymn "[[Unto Us a Time Has Come]]" so as to remove references to Jesus. The modified version of the hymn was in use for several more years in post-war Germany.<ref name="Times">{{cite news|last=Boyes|first=Roger|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6919302.ece|title=How the Nazis tried to take Christ out of Christmas|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=17 November 2009|access-date=21 December 2009}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/christmas/6587738/How-Hitler-and-the-Nazis-tried-to-steal-Christmas.html|title=How Hitler and the Nazis tried to steal Christmas|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=17 November 2009|access-date=21 December 2009|location=London}}</ref> The most popular carol promoted by the Nazis was [[Hans Baumann (writer)|Hans Baumann's]] "Exalted Night of the Clear Stars" [''Hohe Nacht der klaren Sterne''], which replaced traditional Christian themes with Nazi racial ideologies. The carol was popular after the collapse of Nazi Germany, was regularly performed into the 1950s, and is still sometimes performed in the modern day.<ref name="Conversation"/>

⚫
Shop catalogues containing children's toys made available during the holiday season featured chocolate [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] soldiers,<ref name="TLS"/> toy tanks, fighter planes and machine guns. As a sign of appreciation, [[Heinrich Himmler]] frequently gave SS members a ''[[Julleuchter]]'' ("Yule lantern"), a kind of ornate Germanic [[candlestick]], some of which were made at [[Dachau concentration camp]].<ref name="Independent"/><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Smith|first=David Gordon|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/0,1518,661161,00.html|title=Swastikas and Tinsel: How the Nazis Stole Christmas|magazine=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=13 November 2009|access-date=23 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="Grdn2015">{{cite news |last1=de Waal |first1=Edmund |title=Figurines in Dachau - Edmund de Waal on the Nazis’ love of porcelain |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/sep/18/figurines-dachau-nazis-love-porcelain--porzellan-manufaktur-allach-himmler-hitler |access-date=23 August 2023 |publisher=The Guardian |date=18 September 2015}}</ref> Housewives were prompted to bake [[biscuit]]s in the shape of birds, wheels and swastikas for their children.<ref>"Vorweihnachten" [Advent Calendar] 8a Zentralverlag der NSDÄP, Franz Eher Nachf. G.m.b.H, München, 1944)</ref>


⚫
Shop catalogues containing children's toys made available during the holiday season featured chocolate [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] soldiers,<ref name="TLS"/> toy tanks, fighter planes and machine guns. As a sign of appreciation, [[Heinrich Himmler]] frequently gave SS members a ''[[Julleuchter]]'' ("Yule lantern"), a kind of ornate Germanic [[candlestick]], some of which were made at [[Dachau concentration camp]].<ref name="Independent"/><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Smith|first=David Gordon|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/0,1518,661161,00.html|title=Swastikas and Tinsel: How the Nazis Stole Christmas|magazine=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=13 November 2009|accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref> Housewives were prompted to bake [[biscuit]]s in the shape of birds, wheels and swastikas for their children.<ref name="Mail"/>
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J28377, Volkssturm feiert Weihnachten.jpg|thumb|right|German [[Volkssturm]] soldiers in Christmas 1944, [[East Prussia]]]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J28377, Volkssturm feiert Weihnachten.jpg|thumb|right|German [[Volkssturm]] soldiers in Christmas 1944, [[East Prussia]]]]
By 1944 the movement to remove Christian influences from Christmas lessened as the government concentrated more on the war effort.<ref name="Independent"/><ref name="Mail">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1228630/How-Hitlers-Nazi-propaganda-machine-tried-Christ-Christmas.html|title=How Hitler's Nazi propaganda machine tried to take Christ out of Christmas|newspaper=[[Daily Mail]]|date=18 November 2009|accessdate=21 December 2009|location=London}}</ref> In 1944 civil celebrations of Christmas marked the festival as a day of remembrance for Germany's war dead.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1341272/Hitlers-Christmas-party-Rare-photographs-capture-leading-Nazis-celebrating-1941.html | location=London | work=Daily Mail | first=Allan | last=Hall | title=Hitler's Christmas party: Rare photographs capture leading Nazis celebrating in 1941}}</ref>
By 1944 the movement to remove Christian influences from Christmas lessened as the government concentrated more on the war effort.<ref name="Independent"/> In 1944 civil celebrations of Christmas marked the festival as a day of remembrance for Germany's war dead.{{cn|date=June 2020}}


==Opposition==
==Opposition==
While most Germans embraced the Nazi's rebranding of Christmas, at times it was reported that there was hostility by a minority. Files from the [[National Socialist Women's League]] reported, "that tensions flared when propagandists pressed too hard to sideline religious observance, leading to "much doubt and discontent.'"<ref name="Conversation"/> The clergy were among those opposed to the redefining of Christmas. Reports say that in [[Düsseldorf]] the clergy used Christmas to promote women's clubs and encourage membership; the [[Catholicism|Catholic]] clergy threatened any woman who joined the National Socialist Women's League with [[excommunication]]; and some religious women boycotted Christmas events organised by National Socialist Women's League.<ref name="Conversation"/>
While most Germans embraced the Nazis' rebranding of Christmas, at times it was reported that there was hostility by a minority. Files from the [[National Socialist Women's League]] reported, "that tensions flared when propagandists pressed too hard to sideline religious observance, leading to "much doubt and discontent.'"<ref name="Conversation"/> The clergy were among those opposed to the redefining of Christmas. Reports say that in [[Düsseldorf]] the clergy used Christmas to promote women's clubs and encourage membership; the [[Catholicism|Catholic]] clergy threatened any woman who joined the National Socialist Women's League with [[excommunication]]; and some religious women boycotted Christmas events organised by National Socialist Women's League.<ref name="Conversation"/>


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
*[[Religion in Nazi Germany]]
*[[Kirchenkampf]]
*[[Kirchenkampf]]
⚫
*[[Religion in Nazi Germany]]
*[[Weihnachten]]
*[[Weihnachten]]
*[[Winterhilfswerk]]
*[[Winterhilfswerk]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{cite journal |url= http://time.com/3593189/photos-from-a-nazi-christmas-party/ |title= Photos from a Nazi [Hitler's] Christmas Party (Dec 1, 1941) |series= Slideshow |journal= [[Life magazine]] |date= Dec 1, 2013 <!-- |others= Hugo Jaeger, freelance photographer --> <!-- |quote= Image EXIF data: <br />... Hitler and Generals at his 1941 Christmas party...<br />...Hitler/Jaeger file; Hugo Jaeger, Freelance, Time Life Pictures... --> }}
* {{cite magazine |url= https://time.com/3593189/photos-from-a-nazi-christmas-party/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141213041546/http://time.com/3593189/photos-from-a-nazi-christmas-party/ |url-status= live |archive-date= December 13, 2014 |title= Photos from a Nazi [Hitler's] Christmas Party (Dec 1, 1941) |series= Slideshow |magazine= [[Life (magazine)|Life]] |date= Dec 1, 2013 <!-- |others= Hugo Jaeger, freelance photographer --> <!-- |quote= Image EXIF data: <br />... Hitler and Generals at his 1941 Christmas party...<br />...Hitler/Jaeger file; Hugo Jaeger, Freelance, Time Life Pictures... --> }}


{{Christmas}}
{{Christmas}}


[[Category:1933 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:1945 disestablishments in Germany]]
[[Category:1930s in Christianity]]
[[Category:1940s in Christianity]]
[[Category:Christmas in Germany|Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Christmas in Germany|Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Nazi Germany and Christianity]]
[[Category:Nazi Germany and Christianity]]
[[Category:Christmas-linked holidays]]
[[Category:Christianity and religious syncretism]]

Latest revision as of 04:09, 17 November 2024

Christmas presents for the poor in 1935

The celebration of Christmas in Nazi Germany included attempts by the regime to bring the Christian religious holiday into line with Nazi ideology. The Jewish origins of Jesus and the commemoration of his birth as the Jewish Messiah was troubling for some members of the Nazi Party and their racialist beliefs. Between 1933 and 1945, some government officials attempted to remove these aspects of Christmas from civil celebrations and concentrate on cultural pre-Christian aspects of the festival. However, church and private celebrations remained Christian in nature.

Background

[edit]

Christianity had long been the main faith of the Germanic peoples, dating to the missionary work of Columbanus and St. Boniface in the 6th–8th centuries.[1] The Nazis ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. Nazism wanted to transform the subjective consciousness of the German people—their attitudes, values and mentalities—into a single-minded, cohesive "national community".[2] According to the American journalist Shirer, "under the leadership of Rosenberg, Bormann and Himmler—backed by Hitler—the Nazi regime intended to destroy Christianity in Germany, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists."[3]

Hitler and the Nazi party promoted "Positive Christianity" early on, but Hitler had a falling out with Alfred Rosenberg and declared it not to be the official stance of the Nazi party. Positive Christianity itself was not exclusively Christian and was open to non-theists and even promoted Wotan in Rosenberg's Myth of the 20th Century.[4]

Early Nazi celebrations of Christmas occurred in 1921 when Adolf Hitler made a speech in a beer hall in Munich to 4,000 supporters. Undercover police reporters wrote that the crowd cheered when Hitler condemned "the cowardly Jews for breaking the world-liberator on the cross", swearing he was "not to rest until the Jews ... lay shattered on the ground." The crowd then sang carols and nationalist hymns around a Christmas tree, with gifts being donated to working-class attendees of the speech.[5] After taking power in 1933, Nazi ideologues initially sought to reject Germany's long-held Christmas traditions—renaming the festival Julfest, and propagating its Germanic origins as the celebration of the winter solstice. But for the majority of Germans, the Christian traditions remained the basis of the holiday, and the churches were outraged by the removal of Christ from Christmas and maintained the Christian traditions among themselves.[6]

Christmas in the Nazi regime

[edit]

Nazi ideologists claimed that the Christian elements of the holiday had been superimposed upon ancient Germanic traditions.[7] They argued that Christmas Eve originally had nothing to do with the birth of Jesus Christ but instead celebrated the winter solstice and the "rebirth of the sun",[7] and that the swastika was an ancient symbol of the big dipper in its 4 positions in the spring equinox, summer solstice, September equinox and the winter solstice. Further, they perceived that Santa Claus was a Christian reinvention of the Germanic God Wotan, more commonly known in his name in Norse mythology as Odin. Accordingly, holiday posters were made to depict Odin as the "Christmas or Solstice man", riding a white charger, sporting a thick grey beard and wearing a slouch hat, carrying a sack full of gifts.[8] The traditional crèche was replaced by a garden containing wooden toy deer and rabbits;[9] Mary and Jesus were depicted as a blonde mother and child.[7]

The Christmas tree was also changed. The traditional names of the tree, Christbaum or Weihnachtsbaum, was renamed in the press as a fir tree, light tree or Jul tree.[10] The star on the top of the tree was sometimes replaced with a swastika, a Germanic sun wheel or a sig rune, and swastika-shaped tree lights.[7][11][12] During the height of the movement, an attempt was made to remove the association of the coming of Jesus and replace it with the coming of Hitler, referred to as the "Saviour Führer".[7]

Christmas carols were also changed.[13] The words to "Silent Night" were changed so it made no reference to God, Christ, or religion.[7] Words were also changed to the hymn "Unto Us a Time Has Come" so as to remove references to Jesus. The modified version of the hymn was in use for several more years in post-war Germany.[11][14] The most popular carol promoted by the Nazis was Hans Baumann's "Exalted Night of the Clear Stars" [Hohe Nacht der klaren Sterne], which replaced traditional Christian themes with Nazi racial ideologies. The carol was popular after the collapse of Nazi Germany, was regularly performed into the 1950s, and is still sometimes performed in the modern day.[5]

Shop catalogues containing children's toys made available during the holiday season featured chocolate SS soldiers,[12] toy tanks, fighter planes and machine guns. As a sign of appreciation, Heinrich Himmler frequently gave SS members a Julleuchter ("Yule lantern"), a kind of ornate Germanic candlestick, some of which were made at Dachau concentration camp.[7][15][16] Housewives were prompted to bake biscuits in the shape of birds, wheels and swastikas for their children.[17]

German Volkssturm soldiers in Christmas 1944, East Prussia

By 1944 the movement to remove Christian influences from Christmas lessened as the government concentrated more on the war effort.[7] In 1944 civil celebrations of Christmas marked the festival as a day of remembrance for Germany's war dead.[citation needed]

Opposition

[edit]

While most Germans embraced the Nazis' rebranding of Christmas, at times it was reported that there was hostility by a minority. Files from the National Socialist Women's League reported, "that tensions flared when propagandists pressed too hard to sideline religious observance, leading to "much doubt and discontent.'"[5] The clergy were among those opposed to the redefining of Christmas. Reports say that in Düsseldorf the clergy used Christmas to promote women's clubs and encourage membership; the Catholic clergy threatened any woman who joined the National Socialist Women's League with excommunication; and some religious women boycotted Christmas events organised by National Socialist Women's League.[5]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Germany : Religion; web 23 May 2013
  2. ^ Ian Kershaw; The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation; 4th Edn; Oxford University Press; New York; 2000; pp. 173–74
  3. ^ William L. Shirer; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; p. 240
  4. ^ from Norman H. Baynes, ed. (1969). The Speeches of Adolf Hitler: April 1922-August 1939. 1. New York: Howard Fertig. p. 402.
  5. ^ a b c d Perry, Joe (December 22, 2015). "How the Nazis co-opted Christmas". The Conversation. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
  6. ^ Christmas: Not such a holy night under the Nazis; DW Online; by Faith Thomas; 24/12/09
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Paterson, Tony (21 December 2009). "How the Nazis stole Christmas". The Independent. London. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  8. ^ Vorweihnachten" [Advent Calendar], Zentralverlag der NSDÄP, Franz Eher Nachf. G.m.b.H, München, 1944
  9. ^ Vorweihnachten" [Advent Calendar]p. 12,Zentralverlag der NSDÄP, Franz Eher Nachf. G.m.b.H, München,1944
  10. ^ Vorweihnachten" [Advent Calendar], Zentralverlag der NSDÄP, Franz Eher Nachf. G.m.b.H, München,1944
  11. ^ a b Boyes, Roger (17 November 2009). "How the Nazis tried to take Christ out of Christmas". The Times. Retrieved 21 December 2009.[dead link‍]
  12. ^ a b Morrison, Rebecca K. (22 December 2010). "Did the Germans invent Christmas?". The Times Literary Supplement. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  13. ^ Hardwig, Florian (26 December 2015). "Lieder zur Weihnachtszeit (1940)". Fonts in Use. Retrieved 26 December 2017. For a compilation of Christmas songs, there are indeed exceptionally little references to the biblical nativity story, or Christian elements in general. "Gott" (God) and "Engel" (angel) appear only twice, and are outnumbered by terms like "Stern" (star), "Licht" (light), "Nacht" (night), "Feuer" (fire), "Wald" (woods), etc. Santa Claus is replaced by a pagan "Sunnwendmann" (Solstice man). Instead of Mary, there is "Frau Holle" (Mother Hulda). And there certainly is not a single mention of the Jewish baby named Jesus.
  14. ^ "How Hitler and the Nazis tried to steal Christmas". The Daily Telegraph. London. 17 November 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  15. ^ Smith, David Gordon (13 November 2009). "Swastikas and Tinsel: How the Nazis Stole Christmas". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
  16. ^ de Waal, Edmund (18 September 2015). "Figurines in Dachau - Edmund de Waal on the Nazis' love of porcelain". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  17. ^ "Vorweihnachten" [Advent Calendar] 8a Zentralverlag der NSDÄP, Franz Eher Nachf. G.m.b.H, München, 1944)
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