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{{Short description|1948–2013 US Armed Forces policy}} |
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The '''ground combat exclusion policy''' of the [[United States Army]] dates back to 1994, when [[the Pentagon]] declared: |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}} |
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The '''direct ground combat exclusion rule''' of the [[United States Armed Forces]], commonly referred as '''Combat Exclusion Policy''', dates back to 1948 when the [[Women's Armed Services Integration Act]] excluded women from combat positions.<ref>Combat Exclusion: An Equal Protection Analysis, Captain Stephanie Stephens, DTIC</ref> |
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==History== |
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| ⚫ | The policy also excluded women being assigned to certain organizations based upon proximity to direct combat or "collocation" as the policy specifically refers to it.<ref name=DOD>{{cite web|title=Department of Defense active duty military personnel by rank/grade|url= |
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On 28 April 1993, combat exclusion was lifted from aviation positions by Secretary of Defense [[Les Aspin]], permitting women to serve in almost any aviation capacity.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lohrenz |first=Carey D. |url=https://nation.time.com/2013/01/30/time-for-some-fearless-leadership/ |title=Time for Some Fearless Leadership |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=2013-01-30 |access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref> Some restrictions were maintained on aviation units in direct support of ground units and special operations aviation units. |
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In 1994, Aspin officially rescinded the "risk rule" in a memo, titled "Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule":<ref>{{cite web | last=Aspin | first=Les | title=Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule | publisher=The Secretary of Defense | date=13 January 1994 | url=https://www.govexec.com/pdfs/031910d1.pdf}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In February 2012, a review of |
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B. Definition. Direct ground combat is engaging an enemy on the ground with individual or crew served weapons, while being exposed to hostile fire and to a high probability of direct physical contact with the hostile force’s personnel. Direct ground combat takes place well forward on the battlefield while locating and closing with the enemy to defeat them by fire, maneuver, or shock effect.}} |
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| ⚫ | Women serving in the U.S. military in the past have often seen combat |
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| ⚫ | The policy also excluded women being assigned to certain organizations based upon proximity to direct combat or "collocation" as the policy specifically refers to it.<ref name=DOD>{{cite web|title=Department of Defense active duty military personnel by rank/grade|url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/national_security_veterans_affairs/military_personnel_and_expenditures.html|publisher=Department of Defense|accessdate=10 May 2012}}</ref> According to the Army, collocation occurs when, "the position or unit routinely physically locates and remains with a military unit assigned a doctrinal mission to routinely engage in direct combat."<ref name="Army regulation">{{cite journal|last=Army Regulation |title=Army Regulation 600-13, Army Policy For The Assignment of Female Soldiers.|journal=Department of the Army |date=27 March 1992}}</ref> If a support soldier lives and works in the same area as a combat soldier, then they are "collocated". How this affects assignments is that if a unit whose mission does not exclude females, for example a medical unit, is a subunit of a unit whose mission is that of direct combat, like an infantry unit, the medical unit will be closed to women because of collocation. |
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| ⚫ | In 2011, a commission headed by [[Lester L. Lyles]], a retired Air Force general, recommended eliminating the policy, calling it a hindrance to promotion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=63057 |title=Panel Says Rescind Policy on Women in Combat |access-date=February 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205071310/http://www.defense.gov/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=63057 |archive-date=February 5, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In February 2012, a review of Pentagon policies resulted in the lifting of restrictions on 14,000 military positions. Women remained ineligible to serve in 238,000 positions, about a fifth of the armed forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16975751 |title=US military to ease curbs on women in combat roles |work=BBC News |date= February 10, 2012|accessdate=2018-09-18}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Women serving in the U.S. military in the past have often seen combat despite the Combat Exclusion Policy. Due to a shortage of troops, women were temporarily attached to direct combat units slipping in through a bureaucratic loophole.<ref name="Pentagon allows">{{cite news|last=Bumiller|first=Elisabeth|title=Pentagon allows women closer to combat, but not close enough for some|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/10/us/pentagon-to-loosen-restrictions-on-women-in-combat.html |accessdate=May 10, 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 9, 2012}}</ref> Although they were not supposed to be in positions that engaged in direct combat, and were ineligible for [[combat pay]], thousands of women have engaged the enemy directly in Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom. |
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===Policy lifted=== |
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The Combat Exclusion Policy was lifted as of 24 January 2013, following a unanimous recommendation by the Joint Chiefs of Staff.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=119098 |title=Defense.gov News Article: Defense Department Expands Women's Combat Role |access-date=March 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412193528/http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=119098 |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Both men and women are eligible to serve in front line combat and complete combat operations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Amos|first=James F.|title=General|url=http://www.marines.mil/News/NewsDisplay/tabid/3258/Article/137141/usmc-statement-on-the-lifting-of-the-1994-combat-exclusion-law.aspx |work=Commandant of the Marine Corps|publisher=United States Marine Corps|accessdate=January 25, 2013}}</ref> The lifting of the ban was announced at a Pentagon press conference by Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta, and the joint chiefs chairmen, Army Gen. Martin E. Dempsey. Panetta said that the ban was lifted because "If members of our military can meet the qualifications for a job, then they should have the right to serve, regardless of creed, color, gender or sexual orientation".<ref>{{cite news|last=Roulo|first=Claudette|title=Defense Department Expands Women's Combat Role|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=119098|accessdate=March 3, 2014|newspaper=American Forces Press Service|date=January 24, 2013}}</ref> |
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The various service branches were given until January 2016 to implement changes and submit requests to exclude specific Military Occupational Specialties from the ban being lifted. Panetta further said that initial implementation plans were to be submitted to him by 15 May 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vanden Brook|first1=Tom|last2=Michaels|first2=Jim|title=Officials: Panetta opens combat roles to women|url=http://www.armytimes.com/article/20130123/NEWS/301230317/Officials-Panetta-opens-combat-roles-women|accessdate=March 3, 2014|newspaper=[[Army Times]]|date=January 23, 2013}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Women in combat]] |
* [[Women in combat]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{military-stub}} |
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* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?40217-1/women-combat Women in Combat, policy change briefing by SecDef Les Aspin, April 28, 1993] (C-SPAN video, with transcript) |
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{{politics-stub}} |
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[[Category:United States military policies]] |
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[[Category:American military personnel]] |
[[Category:American military personnel]] |
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[[Category:Women in the United States Army]] |
[[Category:Women in the United States Army]] |
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[[Category:Women in the United States Marine Corps]] |
[[Category:Women in the United States Marine Corps]] |
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[[Category:United States |
[[Category:Women in the United States Air Force ]] |
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[[Category:Women in the United States Navy ]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:17, 17 November 2024
The direct ground combat exclusion rule of the United States Armed Forces, commonly referred as Combat Exclusion Policy, dates back to 1948 when the Women's Armed Services Integration Act excluded women from combat positions.[1]
History
[edit]On 28 April 1993, combat exclusion was lifted from aviation positions by Secretary of Defense Les Aspin, permitting women to serve in almost any aviation capacity.[2] Some restrictions were maintained on aviation units in direct support of ground units and special operations aviation units.
In 1994, Aspin officially rescinded the "risk rule" in a memo, titled "Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule":[3]
A. Rule. Service members are eligible to be assigned to all positions for which they are qualified, except that women shall be excluded from assignment to units below the brigade level whose primary mission is to engage in direct combat on the ground, as defined below.
B. Definition. Direct ground combat is engaging an enemy on the ground with individual or crew served weapons, while being exposed to hostile fire and to a high probability of direct physical contact with the hostile force’s personnel. Direct ground combat takes place well forward on the battlefield while locating and closing with the enemy to defeat them by fire, maneuver, or shock effect.
The policy also excluded women being assigned to certain organizations based upon proximity to direct combat or "collocation" as the policy specifically refers to it.[4] According to the Army, collocation occurs when, "the position or unit routinely physically locates and remains with a military unit assigned a doctrinal mission to routinely engage in direct combat."[5] If a support soldier lives and works in the same area as a combat soldier, then they are "collocated". How this affects assignments is that if a unit whose mission does not exclude females, for example a medical unit, is a subunit of a unit whose mission is that of direct combat, like an infantry unit, the medical unit will be closed to women because of collocation.
In 2011, a commission headed by Lester L. Lyles, a retired Air Force general, recommended eliminating the policy, calling it a hindrance to promotion.[6]
In February 2012, a review of Pentagon policies resulted in the lifting of restrictions on 14,000 military positions. Women remained ineligible to serve in 238,000 positions, about a fifth of the armed forces.[7]
Women serving in the U.S. military in the past have often seen combat despite the Combat Exclusion Policy. Due to a shortage of troops, women were temporarily attached to direct combat units slipping in through a bureaucratic loophole.[8] Although they were not supposed to be in positions that engaged in direct combat, and were ineligible for combat pay, thousands of women have engaged the enemy directly in Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom.
Policy lifted
[edit]The Combat Exclusion Policy was lifted as of 24 January 2013, following a unanimous recommendation by the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[9] Both men and women are eligible to serve in front line combat and complete combat operations.[10] The lifting of the ban was announced at a Pentagon press conference by Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta, and the joint chiefs chairmen, Army Gen. Martin E. Dempsey. Panetta said that the ban was lifted because "If members of our military can meet the qualifications for a job, then they should have the right to serve, regardless of creed, color, gender or sexual orientation".[11]
The various service branches were given until January 2016 to implement changes and submit requests to exclude specific Military Occupational Specialties from the ban being lifted. Panetta further said that initial implementation plans were to be submitted to him by 15 May 2014.[12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Combat Exclusion: An Equal Protection Analysis, Captain Stephanie Stephens, DTIC
- ^ Lohrenz, Carey D. (30 January 2013). "Time for Some Fearless Leadership". Time. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
- ^ Aspin, Les (13 January 1994). "Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule" (PDF). The Secretary of Defense.
- ^ "Department of Defense active duty military personnel by rank/grade". Department of Defense. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
- ^ Army Regulation (27 March 1992). "Army Regulation 600-13, Army Policy For The Assignment of Female Soldiers". Department of the Army.
- ^ "Panel Says Rescind Policy on Women in Combat". Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
- ^ "US military to ease curbs on women in combat roles". BBC News. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
- ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (9 February 2012). "Pentagon allows women closer to combat, but not close enough for some". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
- ^ "Defense.gov News Article: Defense Department Expands Women's Combat Role". Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
- ^ Amos, James F. "General". Commandant of the Marine Corps. United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ Roulo, Claudette (24 January 2013). "Defense Department Expands Women's Combat Role". American Forces Press Service. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ^ Vanden Brook, Tom; Michaels, Jim (23 January 2013). "Officials: Panetta opens combat roles to women". Army Times. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
External links
[edit]- Women in Combat, policy change briefing by SecDef Les Aspin, April 28, 1993 (C-SPAN video, with transcript)