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Milhamoth ha-Shem (Hebrew: מלחמות השם) or Milhamoth Adonai (Wars of the Lord) is the title of several Hebrew polemical texts. The phrase is taken from the Book of the Wars of the Lord referenced in Numbers 21:14–15.

Milhamoth ha-Shem of Salmon ben Jeroham, 10th century

Salmon ben Jeroham's The Book of the Wars of the Lord is a Karaite refutation of Saadia Gaon from the late 900s.^[1]^[2]

Milhamoth ha-Shem of Jacob ben Reuben, 12th century

The Milhamoth ha-Shem of Jacob ben Reuben, is a 12th-century Jewish apologia against conversion by Christians, consisting of questions and answers from selected texts of Gospel of Matthew, including Matt. 1:1–16, 3:13–17, 4:1–11, 5:33–40, 11:25–27, 12:1–8, 26:36–39, 28:16–20.^[3] It served as a precedent for the full Hebrew translation and interspersed commentary on Matthew found in Ibn Shaprut's Touchstone c. 1385.^[4]

Milhamoth ha-Shem of Abraham, son of Maimonides, 13th century

Abraham Maimonides's Wars of the Lord is a treatise defending his father Maimonides against slander.^[5]^[6]

Milhamoth ha-Shem of Nachmanides, 13th century

Nachmanides's Wars of the Lord is a Halakhic treatise attacking Zerahiah ha-Levi's commentary on Alfasi. The treatise goes in great detail on the piece of Talmud at hand.^[7]

Milhamoth ha-Shem of Levi ben Gershom, 14th century

The Wars of the Lord of Gersonides (1288–1344) is a religious, astronomical and philosophical treatise.^[8]

Milhamoth ha-Shem of Abner of Burgos (Alfonso of Valladolid), 14th century.

Abner of Burgos (ca1260-ca1347) was a convert to Christianity who wrote polemical works in Hebrew between 1320 and 1340. This text is Hebrew anti-Jewish polemic that is now lost but quotations of it survive in the Latin writing of the fifteenth-century convert Paul of Burgos (Scrutinium Scripturarum) and the polemicist Alonso de Espina (Fortalitium fidei). It served as a template for Abner's later work ʾMoreh Zedek, which now survives in a Castilian translation as Mostrador de justicia and much material from the Sefer is repeated there. Abner translated the work into Castilian himself at the behest of Blanca, Lady of Las Huelgas in Burgos around the year 1320, and a copy of this translation was seen by traveller Ambrosio de Morales in Valladolid in the 16th century.^[9]

Milhamoth ha-Shem of Yiḥyeh Qafeḥ, 1931

The seminal work composed by Yiḥyeh Qafeḥ (Hebrew: רבי יחיא בן שלמה קאפח‎), Chief Rabbi of Sana'a, Yemen and protagonist of the Dor Deah movement in Orthodox Judaism. Qafeḥ's Milḥamot HaShem (1931), which he began to write in 1914,^[10] argues that the Zohar is not authentic.

References

^ Milhamoth ha-Shem of Salmon ben Jeroham, Davidson 1934
^ The Jewish quarterly review 1937 "It is, therefore, with great joy that students of early Karaism will receive the first complete edition of Salmon's main polemical work, the Sifer Milhamoth ha-Shem, recently published by Prof. Davidson"
^ William Horbury Hebrew study from Ezra to Ben-Yehuda 1999 128
^ J. Rosenthal (ed.), Jacob b. Reuben, Milhamoth ha-Shem (Jerusalem, 1963), pp. 141–52
^ Maimon, A.M.; Dienstag, J.I.; Rosner, F. (2000). Abraham Maimonides' Wars of the Lord and the Maimonidean Controversy. Maimonides Research Institute. p. 201. The name of the work, Milchamot Hashem, literally "The Wars of the Lord," seems to indicate that Abraham Maimonides considered it to be a divine duty to defend his father's works against the slanderers and liars.
^ Milchamot Hashem of Rabbi Avraham ben HaRambam With comments and explanations by Rabbi Reuven Margaliot. Publisher: Mossad HaRav Kook
^ "MOSES BEN NAḤMAN GERONDI - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2021-09-14. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
^ Levi ben Gershom Wars of the Lord translated into English by Seymour Feldman in 3 volumes (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1984, 1987, 1999) "As Gersonides tells us in his Introduction to the Wars of the Lord, he will consider in this treatise only those topics that were not adequately or completely treated by his predecessors, especially Maimonides."
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2021-08-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[1] Milhamoth ha-Shem of Salmon ben Jeroham, Davidson 1934

[2] The Jewish quarterly review 1937 "It is, therefore, with great joy that students of early Karaism will receive the first complete edition of Salmon's main polemical work, the Sifer Milhamoth ha-Shem, recently published by Prof. Davidson"

[3] William Horbury Hebrew study from Ezra to Ben-Yehuda 1999 128

[4] J. Rosenthal (ed.), Jacob b. Reuben, Milhamoth ha-Shem (Jerusalem, 1963), pp. 141–52

[5] Maimon, A.M.; Dienstag, J.I.; Rosner, F. (2000). Abraham Maimonides' Wars of the Lord and the Maimonidean Controversy. Maimonides Research Institute. p. 201. The name of the work, Milchamot Hashem, literally "The Wars of the Lord," seems to indicate that Abraham Maimonides considered it to be a divine duty to defend his father's works against the slanderers and liars.

[6] Milchamot Hashem of Rabbi Avraham ben HaRambam With comments and explanations by Rabbi Reuven Margaliot. Publisher: Mossad HaRav Kook

[7] "MOSES BEN NAḤMAN GERONDI - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2021-09-14. Retrieved 2021-09-14.

[8] Levi ben Gershom Wars of the Lord translated into English by Seymour Feldman in 3 volumes (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1984, 1987, 1999) "As Gersonides tells us in his Introduction to the Wars of the Lord, he will consider in this treatise only those topics that were not adequately or completely treated by his predecessors, especially Maimonides."

[9] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[10] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2021-08-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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 {{italic title}}
-'''''Milhamoth ha-Shem''''' ({{lang-he|מלחמות השם}}) or '''''Milhamoth Adonai''''' (Wars of the Lord) is the title of several Hebrew polemical texts. The phrase is taken from the [[Book of the Wars of the Lord]] referenced in {{bibleref|Numbers|21:14&ndash;15}}.
+'''''Milhamoth ha-Shem''''' ({{langx|he|מלחמות השם}}) or '''''Milhamoth Adonai''''' (Wars of the Lord) is the title of several Hebrew polemical texts. The phrase is taken from the [[Book of the Wars of the Lord]] referenced in {{bibleref|Numbers|21:14–15}}.
-Among these the most notable are:
 ==''Milhamoth ha-Shem'' of Salmon ben Jeroham, 10th century==
-[[Solomon ben Jeroham]]'s ''The Book of the Wars of the Lord'' (also Milhamoth Adonai מלחמות אדוני), is a refutation of [[Saadya Gaon]].<ref>''Milhamoth ha-Shem'' of Salmon ben Jeroham, Davidson 1934</ref><ref>The Jewish quarterly review  1937 "It is, therefore, with great joy that students of early Karaism will receive the first complete edition of Salmon's main polemical work, the Sifer Milhamoth ha-Shem, recently published by Prof. Davidson"</ref>
+[[Salmon ben Jeroham]]'s ''The Book of the Wars of the Lord'' is a [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]] refutation of [[Saadia Gaon]] from the late 900s.<ref>''Milhamoth ha-Shem'' of Salmon ben Jeroham, Davidson 1934</ref><ref>The Jewish quarterly review  1937 "It is, therefore, with great joy that students of early Karaism will receive the first complete edition of Salmon's main polemical work, the Sifer Milhamoth ha-Shem, recently published by Prof. Davidson"</ref>
 ==''Milhamoth ha-Shem'' of Jacob ben Reuben, 12th century==
-The ''Milhamoth ha-Shem'' of [[Jacob ben Reuben (rabbi)|Jacob ben Reuben]], is a 12th-century Jewish apologia against conversion by Christians, consisting of questions and answers from selected texts of [[Gospel of Matthew]], including Matt. 1:1-16, 3:13-17, 4:1-11, 5:33-40, 11:25-27, 12:1-8, 26:36-39, 28:16-20.<ref>William Horbury Hebrew study from Ezra to Ben-Yehuda 1999 128</ref> It served as a precedent for the full Hebrew translation and interspersed commentary on Matthew found in [[Ibn Shaprut]]'s ''[[rabbinical translations of Matthew|Touchstone]]'' c. 1385.<ref>J. Rosenthal (ed.), Jacob b. Reuben, Milhamoth ha-Shem (Jerusalem, 1963), pp. 141-52</ref>
+The ''Milhamoth ha-Shem'' of [[Jacob ben Reuben (rabbi)|Jacob ben Reuben]], is a 12th-century Jewish apologia against conversion by Christians, consisting of questions and answers from selected texts of [[Gospel of Matthew]], including Matt. 1:1–16, 3:13–17, 4:1–11, 5:33–40, 11:25–27, 12:1–8, 26:36–39, 28:16–20.<ref>William Horbury Hebrew study from Ezra to Ben-Yehuda 1999 128</ref> It served as a precedent for the full Hebrew translation and interspersed commentary on Matthew found in [[Ibn Shaprut]]'s ''[[rabbinical translations of Matthew|Touchstone]]'' c. 1385.<ref>J. Rosenthal (ed.), Jacob b. Reuben, Milhamoth ha-Shem (Jerusalem, 1963), pp. 141–52</ref>
 ==''Milhamoth ha-Shem'' of Abraham, son of Maimonides, 13th century==
-[[Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon]]'s ''Wars of the Lord'' is a treatise defending his father [[Maimonides]] against slander.<ref>Jacob Israel Dienstag, Fred Rosner ''Abraham Maimonides' Wars of the Lord and the Maimonidean controversy'' 2000 - 207 "The name of the work, Milchamot Hashem, literally "The Wars of the Lord," seems to indicate that Abraham Maimonides considered it to be a divine duty to defend his father's works against the slanderers and liars..."</ref><ref>''Milchamot Hashem of Rabbi Avraham ben HaRambam'' With comments and explanations by Rabbi Reuven Margaliot. Publisher: Mossad HaRav Kook</ref>
+[[Abraham Maimonides]]'s ''Wars of the Lord'' is a treatise defending his father [[Maimonides]] against slander.<ref>{{cite book | last=Maimon | first=A.M. | last2=Dienstag | first2=J.I. | last3=Rosner | first3=F. | title=Abraham Maimonides' Wars of the Lord and the Maimonidean Controversy | publisher=Maimonides Research Institute | year=2000 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FUwAAAAYAAJ | page=201|quote=The name of the work, ''Milchamot Hashem'', literally "The Wars of the Lord," seems to indicate that Abraham Maimonides considered it to be a divine duty to defend his father's works against the slanderers and liars.}}</ref><ref>''Milchamot Hashem of Rabbi Avraham ben HaRambam'' With comments and explanations by Rabbi Reuven Margaliot. Publisher: Mossad HaRav Kook</ref>
 ==''Milhamoth ha-Shem'' of Nachmanides, 13th century==
-[[Nachmanides]]'s ''Wars of the Lord'' is a Halakhic treatise attacking Zerahiah ha-Levi's commentary on [[Isaac Alfasi|Alfasi]]. The treatise goes in great detail on the piece of Talmud at hand.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12552-ramban Jewish Encyclopedia on Nachmanides]</ref>
+[[Nachmanides]]'s ''Wars of the Lord'' is a Halakhic treatise attacking Zerahiah ha-Levi's commentary on [[Isaac Alfasi|Alfasi]]. The treatise goes in great detail on the piece of Talmud at hand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12552-ramban|title=MOSES BEN NAḤMAN GERONDI - JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com|access-date=2021-09-14|archive-date=2021-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914131118/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12552-ramban|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==''Milhamoth ha-Shem'' of Levi ben Gershom, 14th century==
-The ''Wars of the Lord'', also ''Milhamoth Adonai'' (מלחמות אדוני), of [[Levi ben Gershom]], or [[Gersonides]], or "RaLBaG", (1288–1344) is a religious, astronomical and philosophical treatise.<ref>Levi ben Gershom ''Wars of the Lord'' translated into English by Seymour Feldman in 3 volumes (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1984, 1987, 1999) "As Gersonides tells us in his Introduction to the Wars of the Lord, he will consider in this treatise only those topics that were not adequately or completely treated by his predecessors, especially Maimonides."</ref>
+The ''Wars of the Lord'' of [[Gersonides]] (1288–1344) is a religious, astronomical and philosophical treatise.<ref>Levi ben Gershom ''Wars of the Lord'' translated into English by Seymour Feldman in 3 volumes (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1984, 1987, 1999) "As Gersonides tells us in his Introduction to the Wars of the Lord, he will consider in this treatise only those topics that were not adequately or completely treated by his predecessors, especially Maimonides."</ref>
 ==''Milhamoth ha-Shem'' of Abner of Burgos (Alfonso of Valladolid), 14th century.==
-[[Abner of Burgos]] (ca1260-ca1347)  was a convert to Christianity who wrote polemical works in Hebrew between 1320-1340. This text is Hebrew anti-Jewish polemic that is now lost but quotations of it survive in the Latin writing of the fifteenth-century convert Paul of Burgos (Scrutinium Scripturarum) and the polemicist Alonso de Espina (Fortalitium fidei). It served as a template for Abner's later work ʾ''Moreh Zedek'', which now survives in a Castilian translation as ''Mostrador de justicia'' and much material from the Sefer is repeated there. Abner translated the work into Castilian himself at the behest of Blanca, Lady of Las Huelgas in Burgos around the year 1320, and a copy of this translation was seen by traveller Ambrosio de Morales in Valladolid in the 16th century.<ref>http://sites.lsa.umich.edu/ryanszpiech/wp-content/uploads/sites/88/2014/08/CMR4.Szpiech.finalprint.pdf</ref>
+[[Abner of Burgos]] (ca1260-ca1347)  was a convert to Christianity who wrote polemical works in Hebrew between 1320 and 1340. This text is Hebrew anti-Jewish polemic that is now lost but quotations of it survive in the Latin writing of the fifteenth-century convert Paul of Burgos (Scrutinium Scripturarum) and the polemicist Alonso de Espina (Fortalitium fidei). It served as a template for Abner's later work ʾ''Moreh Zedek'', which now survives in a Castilian translation as ''Mostrador de justicia'' and much material from the Sefer is repeated there. Abner translated the work into Castilian himself at the behest of Blanca, Lady of Las Huelgas in Burgos around the year 1320, and a copy of this translation was seen by traveller Ambrosio de Morales in Valladolid in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sites.lsa.umich.edu/ryanszpiech/wp-content/uploads/sites/88/2014/08/CMR4.Szpiech.finalprint.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-02-26 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023829/http://sites.lsa.umich.edu/ryanszpiech/wp-content/uploads/sites/88/2014/08/CMR4.Szpiech.finalprint.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==''Milhamoth ha-Shem'' of Yiḥyeh Qafeḥ, 1931==<!--This section is linked from [[Yiḥyah Qafiḥ]] and [[Dor Daim]] and [[Amram Qorah]] ([[MOS:HEAD]])-->
-The seminal work composed by [[Yiḥyah Qafiḥ|Yiḥyeh Qafeḥ]] (Hebrew: {{Hebrew|רבי יחיא בן שלמה קאפח}}), Chief Rabbi of [[Sana'a]], Yemen and protagonist of the [[Dor Daim|Dor Deah]] movement in Orthodox Judaism. Qafeḥ's ''Milḥamot HaShem'' (1931), which he began to write in 1914,<ref>http://www.yahadut.org.il/zohar/milhamot-hashem.pdf</ref> argues that the [[Zohar]] is not authentic.
+The seminal work composed by [[Yiḥyah Qafiḥ|Yiḥyeh Qafeḥ]] (Hebrew: {{Script/Hebrew|רבי יחיא בן שלמה קאפח}}), Chief Rabbi of [[Sana'a]], Yemen and protagonist of the [[Dor Daim|Dor Deah]] movement in Orthodox Judaism. Qafeḥ's ''Milḥamot HaShem'' (1931), which he began to write in 1914,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.yahadut.org.il/ZOHAR/MILHAMOT-HASHEM.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-08-18 |archive-date=2021-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818191929/https://www.yahadut.org.il/ZOHAR/MILHAMOT-HASHEM.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> argues that the [[Zohar]] is not authentic.
 ==References==