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Coordinates: 35°22′51″N 139°37′34.8″E / 35.38083°N 139.626333°E / 35.38083; 139.626333
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{{Short description|Series of supercomputers for earth sciences}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{primary sources|date=October 2017}}
{{primary sources|date=October 2017}}
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The first generation of Earth Simulator, developed by the Japanese government's initiative "Earth Simulator Project", was a highly parallel vector [[supercomputer]] system for running [[global climate model]]s to evaluate the [[effects of global warming]] and problems in solid earth geophysics. The system was developed for [[JAXA|Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]], [[Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute]], and [[Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology|Japan Marine Science and Technology Center]] (JAMSTEC) in 1997. Construction started in October 1999, and the site officially opened on 11 March 2002. The project cost 60 billion [[Japanese yen|yen]].
The first generation of Earth Simulator, developed by the Japanese government's initiative "Earth Simulator Project", was a highly parallel vector [[supercomputer]] system for running [[global climate model]]s to evaluate the [[effects of global warming]] and problems in solid earth geophysics. The system was developed for [[JAXA|Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]], [[Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute]], and [[Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology|Japan Marine Science and Technology Center]] (JAMSTEC) in 1997. Construction started in October 1999, and the site officially opened on 11 March 2002. The project cost 60 billion [[Japanese yen|yen]].


Built by [[NEC]], ES was based on their [[NEC SX-6|SX-6]] architecture. It consisted of 640 nodes with eight [[vector processor]]s and 16 [[gigabyte]]s of [[computer memory]] at each node, for a total of 5120 [[central processing unit|processor]]s and 10 [[terabyte]]s of memory. Two nodes were installed per 1 metre × 1.4 metre × 2 metre cabinet. Each cabinet consumed 20&nbsp;kW of power. The system had 700 [[terabyte]]s of [[disk storage]] (450 for the system and 250 for the users) and 1.6 [[petabyte]]s of [[mass storage]] in [[tape drive]]s. It was able to run holistic simulations of global climate in both the atmosphere and the oceans down to a resolution of 10&nbsp;km. Its performance on the [[LINPACK]] benchmark was 35.86 [[TFLOPS]], which was almost five times faster than the previous fastest supercomputer, [[ASCI White]]. As of 2020, comparable performance can be achieved by using 4 Nvidia A100 GPUs, each with 9.746 FP64 TFlops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/a100-sxm4.c3506|title = NVIDIA A100 SXM4 40 GB Specs}}</ref>
Built by [[NEC]], ES was based on their [[NEC SX-6|SX-6]] architecture. It consisted of 640 nodes with eight [[vector processor]]s and 16 [[gigabyte]]s of [[computer memory]] at each node, for a total of 5120 [[central processing unit|processor]]s and 10 [[terabyte]]s of memory. Two nodes were installed per 1 metre × 1.4 metre × 2 metre cabinet. Each cabinet consumed 20&nbsp;kW of power. The system had 700 [[terabyte]]s of [[disk storage]] (450 for the system and 250 for the users) and 1.6 [[petabyte]]s of [[mass storage]] in [[tape drive]]s. It was able to run holistic simulations of global climate in both the atmosphere and the oceans down to a resolution of 10&nbsp;km. Its performance on the [[LINPACK]] benchmark was 35.86 [[TFLOPS]], which was almost five times faster than the previous fastest supercomputer, [[ASCI White]].


ES was the [[TOP500|fastest supercomputer in the world]] from 2002 to 2004. Its capacity was surpassed by [[IBM]]'s [[Blue Gene|Blue Gene/L]] prototype on 29 September 2004.
ES was the [[TOP500|fastest supercomputer in the world]] from 2002 to 2004. Its capacity was surpassed by [[IBM]]'s [[Blue Gene|Blue Gene/L]] prototype on 29 September 2004.
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| Operators =
| Operators =
| Location =
| Location =
| Architecture = Multi-architecture ([[AMD EPYC]] 7742, [[NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA]], [[NVIDIA A100]]) interconnected by [[InfiniBand]] HDR200
| Architecture = Multi-architecture ([[AMD EPYC]] 7742, [[NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA]], [[Ampere (microarchitecture)|NVIDIA A100]]) interconnected by [[InfiniBand]] HDR200
| Power =
| Power =
| OS = [[CentOS]] 8
| OS = [[CentOS]] 8
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}}
}}


The Earth Simulator 4 (ES4) uses [[AMD EPYC]] processors, with acceleration by the [[NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA]] Vector Engine and [[Ampere (microarchitecture)|NVIDIA Ampere A100]] GPUs.{{cn|date=November 2022}}
The Earth Simulator 4 (ES4) uses [[AMD EPYC]] processors, with acceleration by the [[NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA]] Vector Engine and [[Ampere (microarchitecture)|NVIDIA Ampere A100]] GPUs.<ref name=jamstec>{{cite web|url=https://www.jamstec.go.jp/es/en/system/system.html|title=Earth Simulator: System Overview|website=[[Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531212458/https://www.jamstec.go.jp/es/en/system/system.html|archive-date=31 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>


{{-}}
{{-}}
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==See also==
==See also==
* [[Supercomputing in Japan]]
* [[Supercomputing in Japan]]
* [[Attribution of recent climate change]]
* [[Effects of climate change]]
* [[NCAR]]
* [[NCAR]]
* [[HadCM3]]
* [[HadCM3]]
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==External links==
==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.jamstec.go.jp/es/en/}}
* {{Official website|http://www.jamstec.go.jp/es/en/}}
* [http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/kids/ ES for kids]
* [http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/kids/ ES for kids] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803030618/https://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/kids/ |date=3 August 2022 }}
* {{cite magazine |url= http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1934259_1934610_1934628,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title= 2002 Best Inventions |series= Robots & Tech |first= Lev |last= Grossman |author-link=Lev Grossman |date= 18 November 2002 |url-status= live |archive-date= 6 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140306224201/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1934259_1934610_1934628,00.html}}
* {{cite magazine |url= https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1934259_1934610_1934628,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title= 2002 Best Inventions |series= Robots & Tech |first= Lev |last= Grossman |author-link=Lev Grossman |date= 18 November 2002 |url-status= live |archive-date= 6 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140306224201/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1934259_1934610_1934628,00.html}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.ultrasim.info/ |title= Ultrastructure Simulations |date= July 15, 2009 |publisher= [[Krell Institute]] |quote= The U.S. faces a major challenge in scientific computation, the foundation of scientific discovery in the 21st century |url-status= dead |archive-date= July 22, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722004708/http://www.ultrasim.info/ }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.ultrasim.info/ |title= Ultrastructure Simulations |date= July 15, 2009 |publisher= [[Krell Institute]] |quote= The U.S. faces a major challenge in scientific computation, the foundation of scientific discovery in the 21st century |url-status= dead |archive-date= July 22, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722004708/http://www.ultrasim.info/ }}


Latest revision as of 04:57, 17 November 2024

The Earth Simulator (ES) (地球シミュレータ, Chikyū Shimyurēta) is a series of supercomputers deployed at Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Yokohama Institute of Earth Sciences.

Earth Simulator (first generation)

[edit]
Earth Simulator
Active2002–2009
OperatorsNASDA, JAERI, JAMSTEC
LocationJAMSTEC Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences
Architecture640 processor nodes (each consists of 8 vector arithmetic processors) interconnected by single-stage crossbar switches
Operating systemSUPER-UX
Space65 m × 50 m (213 ft × 164 ft)
Memory10 TB total
Speed40 TFLOPS (peak)
RankingTOP500: 1, June 2002

The first generation of Earth Simulator, developed by the Japanese government's initiative "Earth Simulator Project", was a highly parallel vector supercomputer system for running global climate models to evaluate the effects of global warming and problems in solid earth geophysics. The system was developed for Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, and Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) in 1997. Construction started in October 1999, and the site officially opened on 11 March 2002. The project cost 60 billion yen.

Built by NEC, ES was based on their SX-6 architecture. It consisted of 640 nodes with eight vector processors and 16 gigabytes of computer memory at each node, for a total of 5120 processors and 10 terabytes of memory. Two nodes were installed per 1 metre × 1.4 metre × 2 metre cabinet. Each cabinet consumed 20 kW of power. The system had 700 terabytes of disk storage (450 for the system and 250 for the users) and 1.6 petabytes of mass storage in tape drives. It was able to run holistic simulations of global climate in both the atmosphere and the oceans down to a resolution of 10 km. Its performance on the LINPACK benchmark was 35.86 TFLOPS, which was almost five times faster than the previous fastest supercomputer, ASCI White.

ES was the fastest supercomputer in the world from 2002 to 2004. Its capacity was surpassed by IBM's Blue Gene/L prototype on 29 September 2004.

Earth Simulator interconnection rack
Earth Simulator processing rack
Earth Simulator arithmetic processing module

Earth Simulator (second generation)

[edit]
Earth Simulator 2
Active2009–2015
Architecture160 nodes of NEC SX-9E vector computers
Operating systemSUPER-UX
Speed131 TFLOPS (peak)
RankingTOP500: 22, June 2009

ES was replaced by the Earth Simulator 2 (ES2) in March 2009.[1] ES2 is an NEC SX-9/E system, and has a quarter as many nodes each of 12.8 times the performance (3.2× clock speed, four times the processing resource per node), for a peak performance of 131 TFLOPS. With a delivered LINPACK performance of 122.4 TFLOPS,[2] ES2 was the most efficient supercomputer in the world at that point. In November 2010, NEC announced that ES2 topped the Global FFT, one of the measures of the HPC Challenge Awards, with the performance number of 11.876 TFLOPS.[3]

Earth Simulator (third generation)

[edit]
Earth Simulator 3
Active2015–2021
Architecture5120 nodes of NEC SX-ACE
Operating systemSUPER-UX
Speed1.3 PFLOPS (peak)

ES2 was replaced by the Earth Simulator 3 (ES3) in March 2015. ES3 is a NEC SX-ACE system with 5120 nodes, and a performance of 1.3 PFLOPS.[4]

ES3, from 2017 to 2018, ran alongside Gyoukou, a supercomputer with immersion cooling that can achieve up to 19 PFLOPS.

Earth Simulator 3
Earth Simulator 3

Earth Simulator (fourth generation)

[edit]
Earth Simulator 4
Activeoperational 2021
ArchitectureMulti-architecture (AMD EPYC 7742, NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA, NVIDIA A100) interconnected by InfiniBand HDR200
Operating systemCentOS 8
Speed19.5 PFLOPS (peak)[5] / 13.45 PFLOPS (peak)[6]
RankingTOP500: 39, June 2021

The Earth Simulator 4 (ES4) uses AMD EPYC processors, with acceleration by the NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA Vector Engine and NVIDIA Ampere A100 GPUs.[7]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Japan's Earth Simulator 2 open for business". 1 March 2009.
  2. ^ "Earth Simulator update breaks efficiency record". 5 June 2009.
  3. ^ ""Earth Simulator" Wins First Place in the HPC Challenge Awards". 17 November 2010.
  4. ^ CEIST, JAMSTEC. "EARTH SIMULATOR". www.jamstec.go.jp.
  5. ^ "System Overview". JAMSTEC. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  6. ^ "Earth Simulator -SX-Aurora TSUBASA - SX-Aurora TSUBASA B401-8, Vector Engine Type20B 8C 1.6GHz, Infiniband HDR200". top500.org. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  7. ^ "Earth Simulator: System Overview". Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
[edit]
Records
Preceded by
ASCI White
7.226 teraflops
 World's most powerful supercomputer
March 2002 – November 2004 		Succeeded by
Blue Gene/L
70.72 teraflops

35°22′51″N 139°37′34.8″E / 35.38083°N 139.626333°E / 35.38083; 139.626333

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