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{{Short description|Palestinian female militant who headed the 1978 Coastal Road massacre}}
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{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
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|native_name_lang = ar
|native_name_lang = ar
|image = Dalal Mughrabi.jpg
|image = Dalal Mughrabi.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = c. 1959
|birth_date = c. 1959
|birth_place = [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]
|birth_place = [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]
|death_date = {{death date|1978|03|11|df=yes}}
|death_date = {{death date and age |1978|03|11|1959|||df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Highway 2 (Israel)|Coastal Highway]], [[Israel]]
|death_place = [[Highway 2 (Israel)|Coastal Highway]], [[Israel]]
|residence =
|nationality = Palestinian
|nationality = Palestinian
|alma_mater =
|alma_mater =
|occupation = Militant
|occupation = Militant
|years_active =
|years_active =
|net_worth =
|boards =
|boards =
|religion =
|spouse =
|spouse =
|children =
|children =
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}}
}}


'''Dalal Mughrabi''' ({{lang-ar|دلال المغربي}}, {{transl|ar|Dalāl al-Muɣrabī}}; ''c.'' 1959 – 11 March 1978) was a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] militant who was a member of the [[Fatah]] faction of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) and participated in the 1978 [[Coastal Road massacre]] in [[Israel]]. The attack resulted in the death of 38 [[Israelis|Israeli]] civilians, including 13 children.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |title=Palestinians Honor a Figure Reviled in Israel as a Terrorist|last=Kershner|first=Isabel|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/12/world/middleeast/12westbank.html|date=11 March 2010}}</ref> Mughrabi and eight other militants were also killed in the course of the operation.<ref name=Ricolfi>[http://www.prio.no/upload/suicide_missions.pdf Suicide missions in the Palestinian area: a new database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401022647/http://www.prio.no/upload/suicide_missions.pdf |date=2010-04-01 }} by Luca Ricolfi and Paolo Campana</ref><ref name=Guardian>{{cite news |title=Israel-Hizbullah prisoner exchange: profiles|last1=Black|first1=Ian|last2=McLeod|first2=Hugh|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/16/lebanon.israelandthepalestinians1|date=11 March 2010}}</ref> She has been hailed as a martyr and a national hero among some Palestinians,<ref>{{citation|title=Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement|last=Peteet|first=Julie|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=1992|page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wopfWwEV6EAC&pg=PA155}}</ref><ref name="AP 2010-03-24">{{cite news|author= |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/03/24/world/main6328654.shtml |title=Israel Balks as Palestine Honors Militants |publisher=CBS News|date=24 March 2010|accessdate=25 June 2010}}</ref> while in Israel and some other countries<ref name="ToI201705"/> she is seen as a terrorist.<ref name="nyt"/>
'''Dalal Mughrabi''' ({{langx|ar|دلال المغربي}}, {{transliteration|ar|Dalāl al-Muɣrabī}}; ''c.'' 1959 – 11 March 1978) was a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] militant who was a member of the [[Fatah]] faction of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) and participated in the 1978 [[Coastal Road massacre]] in [[Israel]]. The attack resulted in the death of 38 [[Israelis|Israeli]] civilians, including 13 children.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |title=Palestinians Honor a Figure Reviled in Israel as a Terrorist|last=Kershner|first=Isabel|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/12/world/middleeast/12westbank.html|date=11 March 2010}}</ref> Mughrabi and eight other militants were also killed in the course of the operation.<ref name=Ricolfi>[http://www.prio.no/upload/suicide_missions.pdf Suicide missions in the Palestinian area: a new database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401022647/http://www.prio.no/upload/suicide_missions.pdf |date=2010-04-01 }} by Luca Ricolfi and Paolo Campana</ref><ref name=Guardian>{{cite news |title=Israel-Hizbullah prisoner exchange: profiles|last1=Black|first1=Ian|last2=McLeod|first2=Hugh|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/16/lebanon.israelandthepalestinians1|date=11 March 2010}}</ref> While she has been hailed as a martyr and a national hero among many Palestinians,<ref>{{citation|title=Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement|last=Peteet|first=Julie|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=1992|page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wopfWwEV6EAC&pg=PA155|isbn=9780231516051}}</ref><ref name="AP 2010-03-24">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-balks-as-palestine-honors-militants/ |title=Israel Balks as Palestine Honors Militants |work=CBS News|date=24 March 2010|access-date=25 June 2010}}</ref> Israel and the [[United Nations]] have described her as a terrorist.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 May 2017 |title=Note to Correspondents: In answer to questions on the naming of a community center in Burqa village in the occupied Palestinian territory |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2017-05-28/note-correspondents-answer-questions-naming-community |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721033425/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2017-05-28/note-correspondents-answer-questions-naming-community |archive-date=21 July 2017 |access-date=24 April 2019 |website=The United Nations}}</ref><ref name="nyt"/><ref name="ToI201705"/><ref name="Ynetnote"/>


==Early life==
==Early life==
Mughrabi was born and raised in the [[Palestinian refugee camp]] of Sabra in [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]].<ref name=Amir>{{cite news |title=Palestinian Dalal Al Mughrabi's body to be handed over to Hezbollah|last=al Amir|first=Khitam |newspaper=[[Gulf News]] |date=15 July 2008|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/palestinian-territories/palestinian-dalal-al-mughrabi-s-body-to-be-handed-over-to-hezbollah-1.118415}}</ref> Her father was a Palestinian refugee whose family home prior to the [[1948 Palestine war]] was in [[Jaffa]], [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. Her mother was Lebanese.<ref>https://books.google.co.il/books?id=VJc3Yhdc48wC&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
Mughrabi was born and raised in the [[Palestinian refugee camp]] of Sabra in [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]].<ref name=Amir>{{cite news |title=Palestinian Dalal Al Mughrabi's body to be handed over to Hezbollah|last=al Amir|first=Khitam |newspaper=[[Gulf News]] |date=15 July 2008|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/palestinian-territories/palestinian-dalal-al-mughrabi-s-body-to-be-handed-over-to-hezbollah-1.118415}}</ref> Her father was a Palestinian refugee whose family home prior to the [[1948 Palestine war]] was in [[Jaffa]], [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. Her mother was Lebanese.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJc3Yhdc48wC&pg=PA166 | title=Landscape of Hope and Despair: Palestinian Refugee Camps| isbn=978-0812200317| last1=Peteet| first1=Julie| date=2011-06-03| publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press}}</ref>


Originally educated as a [[nurse]], Dalal Mughrabi decided to devote her life to politics when the [[Lebanese Civil War]] broke out in 1975. She joined Fatah and began working within the organization's communications service. She took part in the fighting against the [[Army of Syria|Syrian army]] in the mountains southeast of Beirut when Syrian forces entered Lebanon in 1976 to assist the [[Phalangists]] and their allies. In 1977 she completed a three-month training course attaining her the rank of [[lieutenant]]. She was offered a post in Italy by Fatah as political officer working at the PLO office, but she declined choosing instead a military career.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tveit|first=Odd Karsten|authorlink=Odd Karsten Tveit |title=Nederlag. Israels krig i Libanon|year=1985|publisher=[[J.W. Cappelens Forlag|Cappelen]]|language=Norwegian|ISBN=82-02-09346-5|page=23}}</ref>
Originally educated as a [[nurse]], Mughrabi decided to devote her life to politics when the [[Lebanese Civil War]] broke out in 1975. She joined Fatah and began working within the organization's communications service. She took part in the fighting against the [[Army of Syria|Syrian army]] in the mountains southeast of Beirut when Syrian forces entered Lebanon in 1976 to assist the [[Phalangists]] and their allies. In 1977 she completed a three-month training course attaining her the rank of [[lieutenant]]. She was offered a post in [[Italy]] by Fatah as political officer working at the PLO office, but she declined choosing instead a military career.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tveit|first=Odd Karsten|author-link=Odd Karsten Tveit |title=Nederlag. Israels krig i Libanon|year=1985|publisher=[[J.W. Cappelens Forlag|Cappelen]]|language=no|isbn=82-02-09346-5|page=23}}</ref>


==1978 operation==
==1978 operation==
{{main|Coastal Road massacre}}
Mughrabi was part of a group of eleven Palestinian and Lebanese militants who landed on March 11, 1978, on the coastal plain near [[Tel Aviv]].<ref name=Guardian/><ref name=Amir/> Mughrabi allegedly led the group, though reports differ.<ref name=haaretz>{{cite news |last=Issacharoff |first=Avi |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/coastal-road-terrorist-refuses-to-apologize-says-peace-important-1.281409 |title=Coastal Road terrorist refuses to apologize, says peace 'important' |newspaper=[[Ha'aretz]] |date=2009-08-05 |accessdate= }}</ref> The timing was aimed at scuttling peace talks between [[Menachem Begin]] and [[Anwar Sadat]],<ref name=Sabbath>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919454,00.html |title=A Sabbath of Terror|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=20 March 1978}}</ref> and the intent was to attack the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|ministry of defence]] in [[Tel Aviv]]<ref name=Guardian/> or to "reach the Knesset and demand the release of Palestinian prisoners."<ref name=Waked>[http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3757857,00.html "Israelis forced my sister to carry out attack in 1978" – Ali Waked – YNET news]</ref> or to "kill as many Israelis as possible".<ref name=Sabbath/>
Mughrabi was part of a group of eleven Palestinian and Lebanese militants who landed on March 11, 1978, on the coastal plain near [[Tel Aviv]].<ref name=Guardian/><ref name=Amir/> Mughrabi allegedly led the group, though reports differ.<ref name=haaretz>{{cite news |last=Issacharoff |first=Avi |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/coastal-road-terrorist-refuses-to-apologize-says-peace-important-1.281409 |title=Coastal Road terrorist refuses to apologize, says peace 'important' |newspaper=[[Ha'aretz]] |date=2009-08-05 }}</ref> The timing was aimed at scuttling peace talks between [[Menachem Begin]] and [[Anwar Sadat]],<ref name=Sabbath>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919454,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629225811/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919454,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2007 |title=A Sabbath of Terror|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=20 March 1978}}</ref> and the intent was to attack the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|ministry of defence]] in [[Tel Aviv]]<ref name=Guardian/> or to "reach the Knesset and demand the release of Palestinian prisoners"<ref name=Waked>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/category/13341|title=ynetnews - sorry page|website=ynetnews}}</ref> or to "kill as many Israelis as possible".<ref name=Sabbath/>


===Murder of Gail Rubin===
===Murder of Gail Rubin===
Landing at the beach, Mughrabi's group met American photographer Gail Rubin, who was taking nature photographs on the beach, and asked her where they were, after which they killed her.<ref name="tragedy">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916011,00.html?promoid=googlep |title=Tragedy of errors |accessdate=4 November 2015 |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] March 27, 1978 |date=March 27, 1978}}</ref> Both surviving members of the group later confirmed that it was Mughrabi who killed Rubin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=40198 |title=IMRA - Monday, August 4, 2008 MEMRITV: Fatah Terrorists Who Participated in a 1978 Attack Commanded by Dalal Al-Maghrabi Describe the Murder of U.S. Journalist Gail Rubin |publisher= |accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref> who was the niece of US Senator [[Abraham A. Ribicoff]].<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Born Photographer Was First Victim in the Raid |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990DE4DD1631E632A25750C1A9659C946990D6CF |work=The New York Times |date=13 March 1978 |page=11 |accessdate=4 November 2015 }}</ref>
Landing at the beach, Mughrabi's group met American photographer [[Gail Rubin]], who was taking nature photographs on the beach, and asked her where they were, after which they killed her.<ref name="tragedy">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916011,00.html?promoid=googlep |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114084403/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916011,00.html?promoid=googlep |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 14, 2009 |title=Tragedy of errors |access-date=4 November 2015 |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] March 27, 1978 |date=March 27, 1978}}</ref> Both surviving members of the group later confirmed that it was Mughrabi who killed Rubin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=40198 |title=IMRA - Monday, August 4, 2008 MEMRITV: Fatah Terrorists Who Participated in a 1978 Attack Commanded by Dalal Al-Maghrabi Describe the Murder of U.S. Journalist Gail Rubin |access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> who was the niece of US Senator [[Abraham A. Ribicoff]].<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Born Photographer Was First Victim in the Raid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/13/archives/us-born-photographer-was-first-victim-in-the-raid.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 March 1978 |page=11 |access-date=4 November 2015 }}</ref>


===Hijacking===
===Hijacking===
The militants opened fire at passing traffic and hijacked a taxi, killing its occupants.<ref name=Sabbath/> They seized a bus and headed to [[Tel Aviv]],<ref name=haaretz/><ref name=Sabbath/> and then hijacked another bus, moving the hostages (now numbering 71) to the first bus.<ref name=Sabbath/>
The militants opened fire at passing traffic and hijacked a taxi, killing its occupants.<ref name=Sabbath/> They seized a bus and headed to Tel Aviv,<ref name=haaretz/><ref name=Sabbath/> and then hijacked another bus, moving the hostages (now numbering 71) to the first bus.<ref name=Sabbath/>


Israeli forces stopped the bus, and a shooting battle ensued before it exploded.<ref name=Guardian/><ref name=Sabbath/><ref name=Ynet/> During the shootout Mughrabi allegedly raised the [[Palestinian flag]] and declared the establishment of a Palestinian state.<ref name=Guardian/> Israel says the bus exploded after Mughrabi blew it up with a grenade, while Palestinians say it was struck by fire from an Israeli helicopter gunship.<ref name=Guardian/><ref name=Sabbath/> A total of 38 Israelis, including 13 children, were killed and 72 were wounded; Mughrabi and eight other militants died as well.<ref name="Ricolfi"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Dead Palestinian militant clouds peace efforts |url=http://www.salon.com/wires/world/2010/03/24/D9EKVP2O0_ml_israel_palestinians_militant_glorified/index.html |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=24 March 2010}}</ref>
Israeli forces stopped the bus, and a shooting battle ensued before it exploded.<ref name=Guardian/><ref name=Sabbath/><ref name=Ynet/> During the shootout Mughrabi allegedly raised the [[Palestinian flag]] and declared the establishment of a Palestinian state.<ref name=Guardian/> Israel says the bus exploded after Mughrabi blew it up with a grenade, while Palestinians say it was struck by fire from an Israeli helicopter gunship.<ref name=Guardian/><ref name=Sabbath/> A total of 38 Israelis, including 13 children, were killed and 72 were wounded; Mughrabi and eight other militants died as well.<ref name="Ricolfi"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Dead Palestinian militant clouds peace efforts |url=http://www.salon.com/wires/world/2010/03/24/D9EKVP2O0_ml_israel_palestinians_militant_glorified/index.html |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=24 March 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


==Release of remains==
==Release of remains==
As part of the [[2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange]], Mughrabi's remains were supposed to be exhumed and returned to [[Lebanon]]. Dalal was buried in a "cemetery for enemy dead" but the [[Israel Defense Forces]] apparently could not locate the body due to underground currents moving the coffins in the cemetery.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/787/196.html |title=גופת המחבלת דלאל אל מוגרבי נעלמה מקברה (Body of the terrorist Dalal al-Mughrabi disappeared from the grave) |publisher=Maariv |author=Nadav Zeevi |date=15 September 2008 |accessdate=6 January 2012 |quote=<br>תקוותיהם של הפלסטינים נגוזו ב-16 ביולי. הם ציפו לקבל בחזרה את גופת הגיבורה שלהם, המחבלת דלאל אל-מוגרבי, במסגרת עסקת חילופי השבויים עם חיזבאללה, ולפרוץ בשורת חגיגות ניצחון. אבל ישראל לא העבירה את הגופה, ולא בשל תרגיל של הרגע האחרון. הסיבה אחרת לגמרי: זרמים תת קרקעיים סחפו את גופתה של אל-מוגרבי מבית העלמין לחללי אויב, ו"הכלה מיפו" נעלמה. <br>The hopes of the Palestinians vanished on July 16th. They expected to get back the body of their hero, the terrorist Dalal Mughrabi, as part of the prisoner exchange with Hezbollah, and to break out in a series of victory celebrations. But Israel did not transfer the body, and not because of a last minute trick. There was a completely different reason: underground currents swept Dalal Mughrabi's body away from the cemetery for enemy dead, and the "Bride from Jaffa" disappeared.}}</ref> Dalal's sister said to [[Ma'an News Agency]] that the family received a coffin that contained "just dirt and stones".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=216714 |title=Israel failed to return Dalal Al-Mughrabi's remains, says sister |publisher=Ma'an News Agency (MNA) |date=8 March 2009 |accessdate=6 January 2012}}</ref>
As part of the [[2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange]], Mughrabi's remains were supposed to be exhumed and returned to [[Lebanon]]. She was buried in a "cemetery for enemy dead" but the [[Israel Defense Forces]] apparently could not locate the body due to underground currents moving the coffins in the cemetery.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/787/196.html |title=גופת המחבלת דלאל אל מוגרבי נעלמה מקברה (Body of the terrorist Dalal al-Mughrabi disappeared from the grave) |publisher=Maariv |author=Nadav Zeevi |date=15 September 2008 |access-date=6 January 2012 |quote=<br>תקוותיהם של הפלסטינים נגוזו ב-16 ביולי. הם ציפו לקבל בחזרה את גופת הגיבורה שלהם, המחבלת דלאל אל-מוגרבי, במסגרת עסקת חילופי השבויים עם חיזבאללה, ולפרוץ בשורת חגיגות ניצחון. אבל ישראל לא העבירה את הגופה, ולא בשל תרגיל של הרגע האחרון. הסיבה אחרת לגמרי: זרמים תת קרקעיים סחפו את גופתה של אל-מוגרבי מבית העלמין לחללי אויב, ו"הכלה מיפו" נעלמה. <br>The hopes of the Palestinians vanished on July 16th. They expected to get back the body of their hero, the terrorist Dalal Mughrabi, as part of the prisoner exchange with Hezbollah, and to break out in a series of victory celebrations. But Israel did not transfer the body, and not because of a last minute trick. There was a completely different reason: underground currents swept Dalal Mughrabi's body away from the cemetery for enemy dead, and the "Bride from Jaffa" disappeared.}}</ref> Mughrabi's sister told [[Ma'an News Agency]] that the family received a coffin that contained "just dirt and stones".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=216714 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905223048/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=216714 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |title=Israel failed to return Dalal Al-Mughrabi's remains, says sister |publisher=Ma'an News Agency (MNA) |date=8 March 2009 |access-date=6 January 2012 }}</ref>


==Commemoration of martyrhood==
==Commemoration as a martyr==
Among many Palestinians, Mughrabi is viewed as a martyr in the struggle for the liberation of Palestine.<ref name=Amirnote>{{cite news|title=Palestinian Dalal Al Mughrabi's body to be handed over to Hezbollah |last=al Amir |first=Khitam |newspaper=[[Gulf News]] |date=15 July 2008 |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/palestinian-territories/palestinian-dalal-al-mughrabi-s-body-to-be-handed-over-to-hezbollah-1.118415}} "'Point your guns in only one direction - your enemy – Israel', exhorted Dalal Al Mughrabi in her final wish just before she laid down her life for Palestine... According to her mother, who was speaking to an Arabic TV channel, 'Dalal will never be forgotten as she will remain an admirable symbol of the Palestinian women's struggle and an example to be emulated by young Palestinian men and women who will pursue the armed struggle until the liberation of Palestine.'"</ref><ref name=Ynetnote>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3861003,00.html PA won't honor terrorist, for now] by Ali Waked in [[YNET]]: "Al-Mughrabi is a popular figure, considered by the Palestinian public to be a major hero of their struggle, with many legends linked to her name over the years."</ref> Among Israelis, she is viewed as a terrorist responsible for the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of the State of Israel.<ref name=Ynet>Ali Waked, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3861003,00.html PA won't honor terrorist, for now], ynetnews.com; accessed 10 March 2018.</ref>
Among many Palestinians, Mughrabi is viewed as a martyr in the struggle for the liberation of Palestine.<ref name=Amirnote>{{cite news|title=Palestinian Dalal Al Mughrabi's body to be handed over to Hezbollah |last=al Amir |first=Khitam |newspaper=[[Gulf News]] |date=15 July 2008 |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/palestinian-territories/palestinian-dalal-al-mughrabi-s-body-to-be-handed-over-to-hezbollah-1.118415}} "'Point your guns in only one direction - your enemy – Israel', exhorted Dalal Al Mughrabi in her final wish just before she laid down her life for Palestine... According to her mother, who was speaking to an Arabic TV channel, 'Dalal will never be forgotten as she will remain an admirable symbol of the Palestinian women's struggle and an example to be emulated by young Palestinian men and women who will pursue the armed struggle until the liberation of Palestine.'"</ref><ref name=Ynetnote>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3861003,00.html PA won't honor terrorist, for now] by Ali Waked in [[YNET]]: "Al-Mughrabi is a popular figure, considered by the Palestinian public to be a major hero of their struggle, with many legends linked to her name over the years."</ref> Among Israelis, she is viewed as a terrorist responsible for one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in the history of the State of Israel.<ref name=Ynet>Ali Waked, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3861003,00.html PA won't honor terrorist, for now], ynetnews.com; accessed 10 March 2018.</ref>


Numerous Palestinian sites and institutions, some inaugurated by the [[Palestinian Authority]], bear her name, including a public square, schools, a computer center, a soccer tournament, and a summer camp.<ref name="nyt"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Hillary Cinton's unfortunate mistake|last1=Marcus|first1=Itamar|last2=Zilberdik|first2=Nan Jacques|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=24 March 2010|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=171698}}</ref>
Numerous Palestinian sites and institutions, some inaugurated by the [[Palestinian Authority]], bear her name, including a public square, schools, a computer center, a soccer tournament, and a summer camp.<ref name="nyt"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Hillary Cinton's unfortunate mistake|last1=Marcus|first1=Itamar|last2=Zilberdik|first2=Nan Jacques|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=24 March 2010|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=171698}}</ref>


The dedication of the public square in the city of [[al-Bireh]] was controversial. It was initially scheduled for March 2010 on the 32nd anniversary of the Coastal Road attack, and would also have coincided with a visit to the region by U.S. Vice President [[Joe Biden]].<ref name="jpost"/><ref>{{cite news|title=PA cancels ceremony honoring hijacker|agency=JTA|date=11 March 2010|url=http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/03/11/1011033/pa-cancels-ceremony-honoring-hijacker}}</ref>
The dedication of the public square in the city of [[al-Bireh]] was controversial. It was initially scheduled for March 2010 on the 32nd anniversary of the Coastal Road attack, and would also have coincided with a visit to the region by U.S. Vice President [[Joe Biden]].<ref name="jpost"/><ref>{{cite news|title=PA cancels ceremony honoring hijacker|agency=JTA|date=11 March 2010|url=http://www.jta.org/news/article/2010/03/11/1011033/pa-cancels-ceremony-honoring-hijacker}}</ref>


Public condemnation came from [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], Israel's Prime Minister, who said the honoring of Mughrabi was anti-Israel incitement that "encourages terrorism",<ref name="nyt"/> and United States Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]], who said such actions were "provocations... needlessly inflaming tensions and imperiling prospects for a comprehensive peace."<ref name="AP 2010-03-24"/> Dozens of Palestinian teenagers from Fatah's youth division and a senior Fatah official gathered at the square.<ref name="nyt"/>
Public condemnation came from [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], Israel's Prime Minister, who said the honoring of Mughrabi was anti-Israel incitement that "encourages terrorism",<ref name="nyt"/> and United States Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]], who said such actions were "provocations... needlessly inflaming tensions and imperiling prospects for a comprehensive peace."<ref name="AP 2010-03-24"/> Dozens of Palestinian teenagers from Fatah's youth division and a senior Fatah official gathered at the square.<ref name="nyt"/>
Line 62: Line 60:
In addition, the PA launched a seminar called "Martyr Dalal Mughrabi Camp," to be held in [[Jericho]].<ref name="jpost">{{cite news|title=Fatah holds ceremony naming square after terrorist|author=Khaled Abu Toameh|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=171031|date=15 March 2010}}</ref>
In addition, the PA launched a seminar called "Martyr Dalal Mughrabi Camp," to be held in [[Jericho]].<ref name="jpost">{{cite news|title=Fatah holds ceremony naming square after terrorist|author=Khaled Abu Toameh|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=171031|date=15 March 2010}}</ref>
In May 2017, the Palestinian Authority via its organisation Women's Affairs Technical Committee (WATC) named a women's center in the town of Burqa after Mughrabi and celebrated her as a [[role model]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.b.dk/globalt/danmark-strammer-betingelserne-for-bistand-til-palaestinenserne|title=Danmark strammer betingelserne for bistand til palæstinenserne|date=22 December 2017|work=www.b.dk|access-date=10 March 2018|language=da}}</ref>
In May 2017, the Palestinian Authority via its organisation Women's Affairs Technical Committee (WATC) named a women's center in the town of Burqa after Mughrabi and celebrated her as a [[role model]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.b.dk/globalt/danmark-strammer-betingelserne-for-bistand-til-palaestinenserne|title=Danmark strammer betingelserne for bistand til palæstinenserne|date=22 December 2017|work=www.b.dk|access-date=10 March 2018|language=da}}</ref>


The center was built with the aid of the government of [[Norway]] and [[UN Women]]. Norway's Foreign Minister demanded that Norway's funding for the building be repaid and its logo removed from the building. He said that "Norway will not allow itself to be associated with institutions that take the names of terrorists in this way".<ref name="Jpost201705">{{cite web|last=Keinon|first=Herb|title=Norway slams PA for glorifying terrorists with its money|website=JPost.com|date=27 May 2017|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Norway-slams-PA-for-glorifying-terrorists-with-its-money-494076|access-date=27 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="ToI201705">{{cite web|last=Issacharoff|first=Avi|title=Norway demands PA return funds for women’s center named after terrorist|website=The Times of Israel|date=27 May 2017|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/norway-demands-pa-return-funds-for-womens-center-named-after-terrorist|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="NorGov">{{cite web|last=Affairs|first=Ministry of Foreign|title=Unacceptable glorification of terrorist attacks|website=Government.no|date=26 May 2017|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/unacceptable-glorification-of-terrorist-attacks/id2554704|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>
The center was built with the aid of the government of [[Norway]] and [[UN Women]]. Norway's Foreign Minister demanded that Norway's funding for the building be repaid and its logo removed from the building. He said that "Norway will not allow itself to be associated with institutions that take the names of terrorists in this way".<ref name="Jpost201705">{{cite web|last=Keinon|first=Herb|title=Norway slams PA for glorifying terrorists with its money|website=JPost.com|date=27 May 2017|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Norway-slams-PA-for-glorifying-terrorists-with-its-money-494076|access-date=27 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="ToI201705">{{cite web|last=Issacharoff|first=Avi|title=Norway demands PA return funds for women's center named after terrorist|website=The Times of Israel|date=27 May 2017|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/norway-demands-pa-return-funds-for-womens-center-named-after-terrorist|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="NorGov">{{cite web|last=Affairs|first=Ministry of Foreign|title=Unacceptable glorification of terrorist attacks|website=Government.no|date=26 May 2017|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/unacceptable-glorification-of-terrorist-attacks/id2554704|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>


The [[United Nations]] also condemned the naming as "glorification of terrorism" and demanded its logo be removed from the building.<ref name="UN2017">{{cite web|last=Wootliff|first=Raoul|title=UN chief's office slams 'glorification of terrorism' at Palestinian women's center|website=The Times of Israel|date=28 May 2017|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/un-chiefs-office-slams-glorification-of-terrorism-at-palestinian-womens-center|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>
The [[United Nations]] also condemned the naming as "glorification of terrorism" and demanded its logo be removed from the building.<ref name="UN2017">{{cite web|last=Wootliff|first=Raoul|title=UN chief's office slams 'glorification of terrorism' at Palestinian women's center|website=The Times of Israel|date=28 May 2017|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/un-chiefs-office-slams-glorification-of-terrorism-at-palestinian-womens-center|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>


The [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] started its own investigations of WATC and found it had withheld central information about the naming of the centre and terminated the working relationship with WATC. As a result of the findings, Denmark ceased funding 23 other NGOs in Palestine.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://um.dk/da/nyheder-fra-udenrigsministeriet/NewsDisplayPage/?newsID=957947BD-A1A0-4AAA-B66A-50B5F89530F2|title=Udenrigsminister Anders Samuelsen strammer betingelser for dansk bistand til NGO'er i Palæstina efter undersøgelse|last=Udenrigsministeriet|work=Udenrigsministeriet|access-date=28 December 2017|language=da}}</ref>
The [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] started its own investigations of WATC and found it had withheld central information about the naming of the centre and terminated the working relationship with WATC. As a result of the findings, Denmark ceased funding 23 other NGOs in Palestine.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://um.dk/da/nyheder-fra-udenrigsministeriet/NewsDisplayPage/?newsID=957947BD-A1A0-4AAA-B66A-50B5F89530F2|title=Udenrigsminister Anders Samuelsen strammer betingelser for dansk bistand til NGO'er i Palæstina efter undersøgelse|last=Udenrigsministeriet|work=Udenrigsministeriet|access-date=28 December 2017|language=da|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171853/http://um.dk/da/nyheder-fra-udenrigsministeriet/NewsDisplayPage/?newsID=957947BD-A1A0-4AAA-B66A-50B5F89530F2|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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*[[Abu Jihad]]
*[[Abu Jihad]]
*[[Palestinian political violence]]
*[[Palestinian political violence]]
*[[Salah Al-Zawawi]]


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919454,00.html Time magazine article]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629225811/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919454,00.html Time magazine article]
* [http://www.alshamsi.net/anasheed/dalal_maq.html AlShamsi.Net article] {{ar icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106183456/http://www.alshamsi.net/anasheed/dalal_maq.html AlShamsi.Net article] {{in lang|ar}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughrabi, Dalal}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughrabi, Dalal}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Palestinian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Palestinian women]]
[[Category:Fatah members]]
[[Category:Fatah members]]
[[Category:Palestinian women nurses]]
[[Category:Palestinian nurses]]
[[Category:Palestinian nurses]]
[[Category:Palestinian militants]]
[[Category:Palestinian militants]]
[[Category:Palestinian female murderers]]
[[Category:Palestinian female murderers]]
[[Category:Palestinian mass murderers]]
[[Category:Palestinian mass murderers]]
[[Category:People from Beirut]]
[[Category:People killed by Israeli security forces]]

Latest revision as of 07:24, 17 November 2024

Dalal Mughrabi
دلال المغربي
Bornc. 1959
Beirut, Lebanon
Died11 March 1978(1978-03-11) (aged 18–19)
Coastal Highway, Israel
NationalityPalestinian
OccupationMilitant
Known forCoastal Road massacre

Dalal Mughrabi (Arabic: دلال المغربي, Dalāl al-Muɣrabī; c. 1959 – 11 March 1978) was a Palestinian militant who was a member of the Fatah faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and participated in the 1978 Coastal Road massacre in Israel. The attack resulted in the death of 38 Israeli civilians, including 13 children.[1] Mughrabi and eight other militants were also killed in the course of the operation.[2][3] While she has been hailed as a martyr and a national hero among many Palestinians,[4][5] Israel and the United Nations have described her as a terrorist.[6][1][7][8]

Early life

Mughrabi was born and raised in the Palestinian refugee camp of Sabra in Beirut, Lebanon.[9] Her father was a Palestinian refugee whose family home prior to the 1948 Palestine war was in Jaffa, Palestine. Her mother was Lebanese.[10]

Originally educated as a nurse, Mughrabi decided to devote her life to politics when the Lebanese Civil War broke out in 1975. She joined Fatah and began working within the organization's communications service. She took part in the fighting against the Syrian army in the mountains southeast of Beirut when Syrian forces entered Lebanon in 1976 to assist the Phalangists and their allies. In 1977 she completed a three-month training course attaining her the rank of lieutenant. She was offered a post in Italy by Fatah as political officer working at the PLO office, but she declined choosing instead a military career.[11]

1978 operation

Main article: Coastal Road massacre

Mughrabi was part of a group of eleven Palestinian and Lebanese militants who landed on March 11, 1978, on the coastal plain near Tel Aviv.[3][9] Mughrabi allegedly led the group, though reports differ.[12] The timing was aimed at scuttling peace talks between Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat,[13] and the intent was to attack the ministry of defence in Tel Aviv[3] or to "reach the Knesset and demand the release of Palestinian prisoners"[14] or to "kill as many Israelis as possible".[13]

Murder of Gail Rubin

Landing at the beach, Mughrabi's group met American photographer Gail Rubin, who was taking nature photographs on the beach, and asked her where they were, after which they killed her.[15] Both surviving members of the group later confirmed that it was Mughrabi who killed Rubin,[16] who was the niece of US Senator Abraham A. Ribicoff.[17]

Hijacking

The militants opened fire at passing traffic and hijacked a taxi, killing its occupants.[13] They seized a bus and headed to Tel Aviv,[12][13] and then hijacked another bus, moving the hostages (now numbering 71) to the first bus.[13]

Israeli forces stopped the bus, and a shooting battle ensued before it exploded.[3][13][18] During the shootout Mughrabi allegedly raised the Palestinian flag and declared the establishment of a Palestinian state.[3] Israel says the bus exploded after Mughrabi blew it up with a grenade, while Palestinians say it was struck by fire from an Israeli helicopter gunship.[3][13] A total of 38 Israelis, including 13 children, were killed and 72 were wounded; Mughrabi and eight other militants died as well.[2][19]

Release of remains

As part of the 2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange, Mughrabi's remains were supposed to be exhumed and returned to Lebanon. She was buried in a "cemetery for enemy dead" but the Israel Defense Forces apparently could not locate the body due to underground currents moving the coffins in the cemetery.[20] Mughrabi's sister told Ma'an News Agency that the family received a coffin that contained "just dirt and stones".[21]

Commemoration as a martyr

Among many Palestinians, Mughrabi is viewed as a martyr in the struggle for the liberation of Palestine.[22][8] Among Israelis, she is viewed as a terrorist responsible for one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in the history of the State of Israel.[18]

Numerous Palestinian sites and institutions, some inaugurated by the Palestinian Authority, bear her name, including a public square, schools, a computer center, a soccer tournament, and a summer camp.[1][23]

The dedication of the public square in the city of al-Bireh was controversial. It was initially scheduled for March 2010 on the 32nd anniversary of the Coastal Road attack, and would also have coincided with a visit to the region by U.S. Vice President Joe Biden.[24][25]

Public condemnation came from Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel's Prime Minister, who said the honoring of Mughrabi was anti-Israel incitement that "encourages terrorism",[1] and United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who said such actions were "provocations... needlessly inflaming tensions and imperiling prospects for a comprehensive peace."[5] Dozens of Palestinian teenagers from Fatah's youth division and a senior Fatah official gathered at the square.[1]

In March 2011, an official ceremony was held, installing a plaque that depicted Mughrabi cradling a rifle against a map of Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip.[26]

In addition, the PA launched a seminar called "Martyr Dalal Mughrabi Camp," to be held in Jericho.[24]

In May 2017, the Palestinian Authority via its organisation Women's Affairs Technical Committee (WATC) named a women's center in the town of Burqa after Mughrabi and celebrated her as a role model.[27]

The center was built with the aid of the government of Norway and UN Women. Norway's Foreign Minister demanded that Norway's funding for the building be repaid and its logo removed from the building. He said that "Norway will not allow itself to be associated with institutions that take the names of terrorists in this way".[28][7][29]

The United Nations also condemned the naming as "glorification of terrorism" and demanded its logo be removed from the building.[30]

The Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs started its own investigations of WATC and found it had withheld central information about the naming of the centre and terminated the working relationship with WATC. As a result of the findings, Denmark ceased funding 23 other NGOs in Palestine.[27][31]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Kershner, Isabel (11 March 2010). "Palestinians Honor a Figure Reviled in Israel as a Terrorist". The New York Times.
  2. ^ a b Suicide missions in the Palestinian area: a new database Archived 2010-04-01 at the Wayback Machine by Luca Ricolfi and Paolo Campana
  3. ^ a b c d e f Black, Ian; McLeod, Hugh (11 March 2010). "Israel-Hizbullah prisoner exchange: profiles". The Guardian.
  4. ^ Peteet, Julie (1992), Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement, Columbia University Press, p. 155, ISBN 9780231516051
  5. ^ a b "Israel Balks as Palestine Honors Militants". CBS News. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  6. ^ "Note to Correspondents: In answer to questions on the naming of a community center in Burqa village in the occupied Palestinian territory". The United Nations. 28 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  7. ^ a b Issacharoff, Avi (27 May 2017). "Norway demands PA return funds for women's center named after terrorist". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  8. ^ a b PA won't honor terrorist, for now by Ali Waked in YNET: "Al-Mughrabi is a popular figure, considered by the Palestinian public to be a major hero of their struggle, with many legends linked to her name over the years."
  9. ^ a b al Amir, Khitam (15 July 2008). "Palestinian Dalal Al Mughrabi's body to be handed over to Hezbollah". Gulf News.
  10. ^ Peteet, Julie (2011-06-03). Landscape of Hope and Despair: Palestinian Refugee Camps. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812200317.
  11. ^ Tveit, Odd Karsten (1985). Nederlag. Israels krig i Libanon (in Norwegian). Cappelen. p. 23. ISBN 82-02-09346-5.
  12. ^ a b Issacharoff, Avi (2009-08-05). "Coastal Road terrorist refuses to apologize, says peace 'important'". Ha'aretz.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g "A Sabbath of Terror". Time. 20 March 1978. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007.
  14. ^ "ynetnews - sorry page". ynetnews.
  15. ^ "Tragedy of errors". Time March 27, 1978. March 27, 1978. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  16. ^ "IMRA - Monday, August 4, 2008 MEMRITV: Fatah Terrorists Who Participated in a 1978 Attack Commanded by Dalal Al-Maghrabi Describe the Murder of U.S. Journalist Gail Rubin". Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  17. ^ "U.S. Born Photographer Was First Victim in the Raid". The New York Times. 13 March 1978. p. 11. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  18. ^ a b Ali Waked, PA won't honor terrorist, for now, ynetnews.com; accessed 10 March 2018.
  19. ^ "Dead Palestinian militant clouds peace efforts". Associated Press. 24 March 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  20. ^ Nadav Zeevi (15 September 2008). "גופת המחבלת דלאל אל מוגרבי נעלמה מקברה (Body of the terrorist Dalal al-Mughrabi disappeared from the grave)". Maariv. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
    תקוותיהם של הפלסטינים נגוזו ב-16 ביולי. הם ציפו לקבל בחזרה את גופת הגיבורה שלהם, המחבלת דלאל אל-מוגרבי, במסגרת עסקת חילופי השבויים עם חיזבאללה, ולפרוץ בשורת חגיגות ניצחון. אבל ישראל לא העבירה את הגופה, ולא בשל תרגיל של הרגע האחרון. הסיבה אחרת לגמרי: זרמים תת קרקעיים סחפו את גופתה של אל-מוגרבי מבית העלמין לחללי אויב, ו"הכלה מיפו" נעלמה.
    The hopes of the Palestinians vanished on July 16th. They expected to get back the body of their hero, the terrorist Dalal Mughrabi, as part of the prisoner exchange with Hezbollah, and to break out in a series of victory celebrations. But Israel did not transfer the body, and not because of a last minute trick. There was a completely different reason: underground currents swept Dalal Mughrabi's body away from the cemetery for enemy dead, and the "Bride from Jaffa" disappeared.
  21. ^ "Israel failed to return Dalal Al-Mughrabi's remains, says sister". Ma'an News Agency (MNA). 8 March 2009. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  22. ^ al Amir, Khitam (15 July 2008). "Palestinian Dalal Al Mughrabi's body to be handed over to Hezbollah". Gulf News. "'Point your guns in only one direction - your enemy – Israel', exhorted Dalal Al Mughrabi in her final wish just before she laid down her life for Palestine... According to her mother, who was speaking to an Arabic TV channel, 'Dalal will never be forgotten as she will remain an admirable symbol of the Palestinian women's struggle and an example to be emulated by young Palestinian men and women who will pursue the armed struggle until the liberation of Palestine.'"
  23. ^ Marcus, Itamar; Zilberdik, Nan Jacques (24 March 2010). "Hillary Cinton's unfortunate mistake". The Jerusalem Post.
  24. ^ a b Khaled Abu Toameh (15 March 2010). "Fatah holds ceremony naming square after terrorist". The Jerusalem Post.
  25. ^ "PA cancels ceremony honoring hijacker". JTA. 11 March 2010.
  26. ^ Palestinians honor Fatah terrorist, despite Israel's protests, haaretz.com; accessed 10 March 2018.
  27. ^ a b "Danmark strammer betingelserne for bistand til palæstinenserne". www.b.dk (in Danish). 22 December 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  28. ^ Keinon, Herb (27 May 2017). "Norway slams PA for glorifying terrorists with its money". JPost.com. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  29. ^ Affairs, Ministry of Foreign (26 May 2017). "Unacceptable glorification of terrorist attacks". Government.no. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  30. ^ Wootliff, Raoul (28 May 2017). "UN chief's office slams 'glorification of terrorism' at Palestinian women's center". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  31. ^ Udenrigsministeriet. "Udenrigsminister Anders Samuelsen strammer betingelser for dansk bistand til NGO'er i Palæstina efter undersøgelse". Udenrigsministeriet (in Danish). Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
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