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{{short description|American medical doctor and scientist}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Robert P. Lanza
| name = Robert P. Lanza
|image = Robert Lanza in laboratory.JPG{{!}}border
| image = Robert Lanza in laboratory (cropped).JPG{{!}}border
|image_size = 305px
| caption = Lanza in 2009
|caption = Lanza at a laboratory in October 2009.
| birth_name = Robert Lanza
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|2|11|df=yes}}
|birth_name = Robert Lanza
| birth_place = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|02|11}}
| death_date =
|birth_place = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
|death_date =
| death_place =
|death_place =
| citizenship =
| nationality = American
|residence = [[Clinton, Massachusetts|Clinton]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
| workplaces = Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine, [[Wake Forest University School of Medicine]]
|citizenship =
|nationality = American
| alma_mater = [[University of Pennsylvania]]
| doctoral_advisor =
|workplaces = Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine, [[Wake Forest University School of Medicine]]
| academic_advisors =
|alma_mater = [[University of Pennsylvania]]
| doctoral_students =
|doctoral_advisor =
| notable_students =
|academic_advisors =
| known_for = [[Stem cell]] biology, [[cloning]],<br /> [[tissue engineering]], [[#Biocentrism|biocentric universe]]
|doctoral_students =
| author_abbrev_bot =
|notable_students =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
|known_for = [[Stem cell]] biology, [[cloning]],<br /> [[tissue engineering]], [[#Biocentrism|biocentric universe]]
| awards =
|author_abbrev_bot =
| religion =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
| signature = <!--(filename only)-->
|influences = [[Jonas Salk]], [[Christiaan Barnard]],<br /> and [[B. F. Skinner]]
|influenced =
| footnotes =
|awards =
|religion =
|signature = <!--(filename only)-->
|footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Robert Lanza''' (born 11 February 1956) is an [[United States|American]] [[medical doctor]], [[scientist]] and [[philosopher]]. He is currently Head of Astellas Global Regenerative Medicine,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/02/22/ocata-chief-scientific-officer-join-astellas-head-global-regenerative-medicine/pptDFkpb3d6ei0b8x5PlKN/story.html |title= Ocata's chief scientific officer to join new parent after acquisition | newspaper= Boston Globe|accessdate= February 24, 2016}}</ref> and is Chief Scientific Officer of the Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Adjunct [[Professor]] at [[Wake Forest University]] [[Wake Forest University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]].
'''Robert Lanza''' (born 11 February 1956 in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]) is an American [[medical doctor]] and [[scientist]], currently Head of Astellas Global Regenerative Medicine,<ref name="forbes biotech provocateur">{{Cite web |last=Herper |first=Matthew |title=A Biotech Provocateur Takes On Physics |url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/03/09/lanza-theories-physics-biotech-oped-cx_mh_0309lanza.html |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/02/22/ocata-chief-scientific-officer-join-astellas-head-global-regenerative-medicine/pptDFkpb3d6ei0b8x5PlKN/story.html |title= Ocata's chief scientific officer to join new parent after acquisition |newspaper= Boston Globe |access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref> and [[Chief scientific officer|Chief Scientific Officer]] of the [[Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine]]. He is an [[Adjunct professor|Adjunct Professor]] at [[Wake Forest University]] [[Wake Forest University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://school.wakehealth.edu/research/institutes-and-centers/wake-forest-institute-for-regenerative-medicine/adjunct-faculty |title= Wake Forest University School of Medicine Adjunct Faculty |website=Wake Forest University: School of Medicine |access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref>


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Lanza was born in [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], and grew up south of there, in [[Stoughton, Massachusetts|Stoughton]], Massachusetts.
Lanza was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and grew up south of there, in [[Stoughton, Massachusetts]].
Lanza "altered the genetics of chickens in his basement," and came to the attention of [[Harvard Medical School]] researchers when he appeared at the university with his results.
Lanza "altered the genetics of chickens in his basement", and came to the attention of [[Harvard Medical School]] researchers when he appeared at the university with his results.
[[Jonas Salk]], [[B. F. Skinner]], and [[Christiaan Barnard]] mentored Lanza over the next ten years.<ref name="USNews Nov01">{{Cite journal |last=Fischer |first=Joannie |title=The First Clone |journal=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |pages=50–4, 57–8, 60–3 |date=25 November 2001 |pmid=11765373 |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/011203/archive_019784_4.htm |access-date=20 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826081744/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/011203/archive_019784_4.htm |archive-date=26 August 2008 |volume=131 |issue=23}}</ref> Lanza attended the [[University of Pennsylvania]], receiving BA and MD degrees. There, he was a Benjamin Franklin Scholar and a University Scholar. Lanza was also a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholar]]. He currently resides in [[Clinton, Massachusetts]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
[[Jonas Salk]], [[B. F. Skinner]], and [[Christiaan Barnard]] mentored Lanza over the next ten years.<ref name="USNews Nov01">{{Cite journal
|last = Fischer
|first = Joannie
|title = The First Clone
|journal = [[U.S. News & World Report]]
|pages = 1–9
|date = 2001-11-25
|pmid = 11765373
|url = https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/011203/archive_019784_4.htm
|accessdate = 2008-08-20
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080826081744/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/011203/archive_019784_4.htm
|archivedate = 2008-08-26
}}</ref>
Lanza attended the [[University of Pennsylvania]], receiving BA and MD degrees.
There, he was a Benjamin Franklin Scholar and a University Scholar. Lanza was also a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholar]]. He currently resides in [[Clinton, Massachusetts|Clinton]], [[Massachusetts]].


==Career==
==Career==
[[File:Robert Lanza and Barbara Walters.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Lanza being interviewed by [[Barbara Walters]] in 2007.]]
[[File:Robert Lanza and Barbara Walters.jpg|thumb|left|Lanza being interviewed by [[Barbara Walters]] in 2007]]


===Stem cell research===
===Stem cell research===
Lanza was part of the team that cloned the world's first early stage human embryos,<ref name="SciAm Nov01">{{Cite journal |last1=Cibelli |first1=Jose B. |last2=Lanza |first2=Robert P. |last3=West |first3=Michael D. |author3-link=Michael D. West |last4=Ezzell |first4=Carol |title=The First Human Cloned Embryo |journal=[[Scientific American]] |pages=44–51 |date=24 November 2001 |volume=286 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0102-44 |pmid=11799617 |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-first-human-cloned-em |access-date=20 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.01/clones.html |title=Wired 12.01: Seven Days of Creation |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=4 January 2009 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> as well as the first to successfully generate stem cells from adults using somatic-cell nuclear transfer ([[therapeutic cloning]]).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Chung, Young Gie |author2=Jin Hee Eum |author3=Jeoung Eun Lee |author4=Sung Han Shim |author5=Vicken Sepilian <!--plus another 8-->|display-authors=1 |title=Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells |publisher=Cell Press |doi=10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.015 |volume=14 |year=2014 |journal=Cell Stem Cell |issue=6 |pages=777–780 |pmid=24746675|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303626804579507593658361428 |title=Scientists Make First Embryo Clones From Adults |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=17 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |first=Gautam |last=Naik}}</ref>
Lanza was part of the team that cloned the world's first early stage human embryos,<ref name="SciAm Nov01">{{Cite journal
| last = Cibelli
| first = Jose B.
| last2 = Lanza
| first2 = Robert P.
| last3 = West
| first3 = Michael D.
| author3-link = Michael D. West
| last4 = Ezzell
| first4 = Carol
| title = The First Human Cloned Embryo
| journal = [[Scientific American]]
| pages = 44–51
| date = 2001-11-24
| volume = 286
| issue = 1
| doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0102-44
| pmid = 11799617
| url = http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-first-human-cloned-em
| accessdate = 2008-08-20
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.01/clones.html |title=Wired 12.01: Seven Days of Creation |website=Wired.com |date=2009-01-04 |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref> as well as the first to successfully generate stem cells from adults using somatic-cell nuclear transfer ([[therapeutic cloning]]).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cell Stem Cell |url=http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/abstract/S1934-5909(14)00137-4 |title=Access : Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells |publisher=Cell Press |accessdate=2014-04-18 |doi=10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.015 |volume=14 |year=2014 |journal=Cell Stem Cell |issue=6 |pages=777–780 |pmid=24746675}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303626804579507593658361428
|title=Scientists Make First Embryo Clones From Adults |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=2014-04-17 |accessdate=2014-04-18 |first=Gautam |last=Naik}}</ref>


Lanza demonstrated that techniques used in [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]] could be used to generate [[Embryonic stem cell#Potential method for new cell line derivation|embryonic stem cells without embryonic destruction]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Nature |title=Access : Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/nature05142 |pmid=16929302 |volume=444 |issue=7118 |pages=481–485|year=2006 }}</ref>
Lanza demonstrated that techniques used in [[preimplantation genetic diagnosis]] could be used to generate [[Embryonic stem cell#Potential method for new cell line derivation|embryonic stem cells without embryonic destruction]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Klimanskaya, Irina |author2=Chung, Young |author3=Becker, Sandy |author4=Lu, Shi-Jiang |author5=Lanza, Robert |display-authors=1 |title=Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/nature05142 |pmid=16929302 |volume=444 |issue=7118 |pages=481–485 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006Natur.444..481K |s2cid=84792371}}</ref>


In 2001, he was also the first to clone an endangered species (a [[Gaur]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0002AB9E-F4AA-1C72-9B81809EC588EF21 |title=Cloning Noah's Ark: Scientific American |publisher=Sciam.com |date=2000-11-19 |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref> and in 2003, he [[cloning|cloned]] an endangered wild ox (a [[Banteng]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1225049 |title=Wild Cows Cloned |publisher=NPR |date=2003-04-08 |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref> from the frozen skin cells of an animal that had died at the [[San Diego Zoo]] nearly a quarter-of-a-century earlier.
In 2001, he was also the first to clone an endangered species (a [[Gaur]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0002AB9E-F4AA-1C72-9B81809EC588EF21 |title=Cloning Noah's Ark: Scientific American |publisher=[[Scientific American]] |date=19 November 2000 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> and in 2003, he [[cloning|cloned]] an endangered wild ox (a [[Banteng]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1225049 |title=Wild Cows Cloned |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=8 April 2003 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> from the frozen skin cells of an animal that had died at the [[San Diego Zoo]] nearly a quarter-of-a-century earlier.


Lanza and his colleagues were the first to demonstrate that nuclear transplantation could be used to reverse the aging process<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/biology/pollack/w4065/client_edit/readings/science288_665.pdf |title=Extension of Cell Life-Span and Telomere Length in Animals Cloned from Senescent Somatic Cells |author=Robert P. Lanza, Jose B. Cibelli, Catherine Blackwell, Vincent J. Cristofalo, Mary Kay Francis, Gabriela M. Baerlocher, Jennifer Mak, Michael Schertzer, Elizabeth A. Chavez, Nancy Sawyer, Peter M. Lansdorp, Michael D. West1 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=28 April 2000}}</ref> and to generate immune-compatible tissues, including the first organ grown in the laboratory from cloned cells.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Generation of histocompatible tissues using nuclear transplantation - Nature Biotechnology |publisher=Nature.com |volume=20 |doi=10.1038/nbt703 |journal=Nature Biotechnology |pages=689–696 |year=2002 | last1 = Lanza | first1 = Robert P. |issue=7 |pmid=12089553}}</ref>
Lanza and his colleagues were the first to demonstrate that nuclear transplantation could be used to extend the lifespan of certain cells<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/biology/pollack/w4065/client_edit/readings/science288_665.pdf |title=Extension of Cell Life-Span and Telomere Length in Animals Cloned from Senescent Somatic Cells |author1=Lanza, Robert P. |author2=Jose B. Cibelli |author3=Catherine Blackwell |author4=Vincent J. Cristofalo |author5=Mary Kay Francis |author6=Gabriela M. Baerlocher |author7=Jennifer Mak |author8=Michael Schertzer |author9=Elizabeth A. Chavez |author10=Nancy Sawyer |author11=Peter M. Lansdorp |author12=Michael D. West |display-authors=1 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=28 April 2000 |volume=288 |issue=5466 |pages=665–669 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5466.665 |pmid=10784448 |bibcode=2000Sci...288..665L}}</ref> and to generate immune-compatible tissues, including the first organ grown in the laboratory from cloned cells.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Generation of histocompatible tissues using nuclear transplantation |volume=20 |doi=10.1038/nbt703 |journal=Nature Biotechnology |pages=689–696 |year=2002 |last1=Lanza |first1=Robert P. |issue=7 |pmid=12089553|s2cid=23007326}}</ref>


Lanza showed that it is feasible to generate functional oxygen-carrying red blood cells from human embryonic stem cells under conditions suitable for clinical scale-up. The blood cells could potentially serve as a source of "universal" blood.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Blood - Biological properties and enucleation of red blood cells from human embryoni |doi=10.1182/blood-2008-05-157198 |pmc=2597123 |publisher=Bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org |pmid=18713948 |volume=112 |year=2008 |journal=Blood |pages=4475–84 | last1 = Lu | first1 = SJ | last2 = Feng | first2 = Q | last3 = Park | first3 = JS | last4 = Vida | first4 = L | last5 = Lee | first5 = BS | last6 = Strausbauch | first6 = M | last7 = Wettstein | first7 = PJ | last8 = Honig | first8 = GR | last9 = Lanza | first9 = R|issue=12 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article4567387.ece] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120184302/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article4567387.ece|date=November 20, 2008}}</ref>
Lanza showed that it is feasible to generate functional oxygen-carrying red blood cells from human embryonic stem cells under conditions suitable for clinical scale-up. The blood cells could potentially serve as a source of "universal" blood.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Blood - Biological properties and enucleation of red blood cells from human embryoni |doi=10.1182/blood-2008-05-157198 |pmc=2597123 |publisher=Bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org |pmid=18713948 |volume=112 |year=2008 |journal=Blood |pages=4475–84 |last1=Lu |first1=SJ |last2=Feng |first2=Q |last3=Park |first3=JS |last4=Vida |first4=L |last5=Lee |first5=BS |last6=Strausbauch |first6=M |last7=Wettstein |first7=PJ |last8=Honig |first8=GR |last9=Lanza |first9=R|issue=12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article4567387.ece |title=Transfusion breakthrough as human blood grown from stem cells |date=20 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120184302/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article4567387.ece|archive-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead |last=Henderson |first=Mark |website=Times Online}}</ref>


His team discovered how to generate functional [[hemangioblast]]s (a population of "ambulance" cells<ref>{{cite news|last=Vergano |first=Dan |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/discoveries/2007-05-07-ambulance-cells_N.htm |title=Elusive 'ambulance' cells are created - USATODAY.com |publisher=Usatoday.Com<! |date=2007-05-08 |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref>) from human embryonic stem cells.
His team discovered how to generate functional [[hemangioblast]]s (a population of "ambulance" cells<ref>{{cite news|last=Vergano |first=Dan |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/discoveries/2007-05-07-ambulance-cells_N.htm |title=Elusive 'ambulance' cells are created - USATODAY.com |website=[[USA Today]] |date=8 May 2007 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref>) from human embryonic stem cells.
In animals, these cells quickly repaired vascular damage, cutting the death rate after a heart attack in half and restoring the blood flow to ischemic limbs that might otherwise have required amputation.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Generation of functional hemangioblasts from human embryonic stem cells - Nature Methods |publisher=Nature.com |volume=4 |issue=6 |doi=10.1038/nmeth1041 |pmid=17486087 |journal=Nature Methods |pages=501–509|pmc=3766360 |year=2007 |last1=Lu |first1=S. J. |last2=Feng |first2=Q. |last3=Caballero |first3=S. |last4=Chen |first4=Y. |last5=Moore |first5=M. A. |last6=Grant |first6=M. B. |last7=Lanza |first7=R. }}</ref>
In animals, these cells quickly repaired vascular damage, cutting the death rate after a heart attack in half and restoring the blood flow to ischemic limbs that might otherwise have required amputation.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Generation of functional hemangioblasts from human embryonic stem cells |volume=4 |issue=6 |doi=10.1038/nmeth1041 |pmid=17486087 |journal=Nature Methods |pages=501–509|pmc=3766360 |year=2007 |last1=Lu |first1=S. J. |last2=Feng |first2=Q. |last3=Caballero |first3=S. |last4=Chen |first4=Y. |last5=Moore |first5=M. A. |last6=Grant |first6=M. B. |last7=Lanza |first7=R.}}</ref>


In 2012 Lanza and a team led by [[Kim Kwang-soo|Kwang-Soo Kim]] at [[Harvard University]] reported a method for generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by incubating them with proteins, instead of genetically manipulating the cells to [[overexpression|make more]] of those proteins.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1901512,00.html |title= Researchers Hail Stem Cells Safe for Human Use | magazine= TIME | date=2009-05-28 | accessdate=2009-08-30 | first=Alice | last=Park}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324296604578177420241514666 |title= Stem-Cell Trial Without Embryo Destruction | newspaper= Wall Street Journal | date=2012-12-13 | accessdate=2013-01-14 | first=JONATHAN | last=ROCKOFF }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(09)00214-8 |title=Cell Stem Cell - Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Direct Delivery of Reprogramming Proteins |accessdate=2009-08-30 |doi=10.1016/j.stem.2009.05.005 |volume=4 |year=2009 |journal=Cell Stem Cell |pages=472–476 | last1 = Kim | first1 = Dohoon |issue=6 |pmid=19481515 |pmc=2705327}}</ref>
In 2012 Lanza and a team led by [[Kim Kwang-soo|Kwang-Soo Kim]] at [[Harvard University]] reported a method for generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by incubating them with proteins, instead of genetically manipulating the cells to [[overexpression|make more]] of those proteins.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1901512,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531082212/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1901512,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 May 2009 |title= Researchers Hail Stem Cells Safe for Human Use |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=28 May 2009 |access-date=30 August 2009 |first=Alice |last=Park}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324296604578177420241514666 |title=Stem-Cell Trial Without Embryo Destruction |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=13 December 2012 |access-date=14 January 2013 |first=Jonathan |last=Rockoff}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Cell Stem Cell - Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Direct Delivery of Reprogramming Proteins |doi=10.1016/j.stem.2009.05.005 |volume=4 |year=2009 |journal=Cell Stem Cell |pages=472–476 |last1=Kim |first1=Dohoon |issue=6 |pmid=19481515 |pmc=2705327}}</ref>


===Clinical trials for blindness===
===Clinical trials for blindness===
Lanza's team at Advanced Cell Technology were able to generate [[retinal pigmented epithelium]] cells from stem cells, and subsequent studies found that these cells could restore vision in animal models of macular degeneration.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Human Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Cells Rescue Visual Function in Dystrophic RCS Rats – Cloning Stem Cells |journal=Cloning and Stem Cells |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=189–99 |publisher=Liebertonline.com |date=2006-09-29 |doi=10.1089/clo.2006.8.189 |pmid=17009895 |last1=Lund |first1=R. D. |last2=Wang |first2=S. |last3=Klimanskaya |first3=I. |last4=Holmes |first4=T. |last5=Ramos-Kelsey |first5=R. |last6=Lu |first6=B. |last7=Girman |first7=S. |last8=Bischoff |first8=N. |last9=Sauvé |first9=Y. |last10=Lanza |first10=R. |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/14d6d05038168f2402b9fa05dc1368e487907476 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/news/2004/09/65070 |title=Stem Cells May Open Some Eyes |website=Wired.com |accessdate=2009-08-30 |date=2004-09-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815202318/http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/news/2004/09/65070 |archivedate=August 15, 2009 }}</ref> With this technology, some forms of [[blindness]] could potentially be treatable.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.robertlanza.com/mit-technology-review-two-patients-undergo-stem-cell-blindness-treatment/ | title= Two Patients Undergo Stem-Cell Blindness Treatment ||magazine= Technology Review | date= 2011-07-14 |accessdate= 2020-05-24}}</ref>
Lanza's team at Advanced Cell Technology were able to generate [[retinal pigmented epithelium]] cells from stem cells, and subsequent studies found that these cells could restore vision in animal models of macular degeneration.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Human Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Cells Rescue Visual Function in Dystrophic RCS Rats – Cloning Stem Cells |journal=Cloning and Stem Cells |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=189–99 |publisher=[[Mary Ann Liebert]] |date=29 September 2006 |doi=10.1089/clo.2006.8.189 |pmid=17009895 |last1=Lund |first1=R. D. |last2=Wang |first2=S. |last3=Klimanskaya |first3=I. |last4=Holmes |first4=T. |last5=Ramos-Kelsey |first5=R. |last6=Lu |first6=B. |last7=Girman |first7=S. |last8=Bischoff |first8=N. |last9=Sauvé |first9=Y. |last10=Lanza |first10=R. |s2cid=12566730 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/news/2004/09/65070 |title=Stem Cells May Open Some Eyes |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=30 August 2009 |date=24 September 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815202318/http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/news/2004/09/65070 |archive-date=15 August 2009 }}</ref> With this technology, some forms of [[blindness]] could potentially be treatable.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.robertlanza.com/mit-technology-review-two-patients-undergo-stem-cell-blindness-treatment/ |title=Two Patients Undergo Stem-Cell Blindness Treatment |magazine= Technology Review |date=14 July 2011 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>


In 2010, ACT received approval from the [[Food and Drug Administration]] for clinical trials of a pluripotent stem cell-based treatment for use in people with degenerative eye diseases.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= http://healthland.time.com/2010/11/22/fda-approves-second-trial-of-stem-cell-therapy/ | title= FDA Approves Second Trial of Stem-Cell Therapy | magazine= TIME | date=2010-11-22 | accessdate=2010-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://content.usatoday.com/communities/sciencefair/post/2010/11/second-human-embryonic-stem-cell-clinical-trial-to-start/1 | title= Second human embryonic stem cell clinical trial to start | newspaper= USA Today | date=2010-11-22 | accessdate=2010-12-07}}</ref> In 2011 ACT received approval from the [[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] to use its PSC-based cell therapy in the UK; this was the first approval to study a PSC-based treatment in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/sep/22/embryonic-stem-cell-trial-blindness?| title= First trial of embryonic stem cell treatment in Europe gets green light | newspaper= The Guardian | date=2011-09-22 | accessdate=2011-09-22 | location=London | first=Ian | last=Sample}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url= http://healthland.time.com/2011/09/22/first-european-embryonic-stem-cell-trial-gets-green-light/ |title= First European Embryonic Stem Cell Trial Gets Green Light |magazine= TIME | date= 2011-09-22 |accessdate= 2011-09-22}}</ref> The first person received the embryonic stem cell treatment in the UK in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/04/stem-cell-first-human-trials | title= Stem cell scientists take hope from first human trials but see long road ahead | newspaper= The Guardian | date=2012-06-04 | accessdate=2012-06-11 | location=London | first=Sarah | last=Boseley}}</ref>
In 2010, ACT received approval from the [[Food and Drug Administration]] for clinical trials of a pluripotent stem cell-based treatment for use in people with degenerative eye diseases.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://healthland.time.com/2010/11/22/fda-approves-second-trial-of-stem-cell-therapy/ |title=FDA Approves Second Trial of Stem-Cell Therapy |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=22 November 2010 |access-date=7 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/sciencefair/post/2010/11/second-human-embryonic-stem-cell-clinical-trial-to-start/1 |title=Second human embryonic stem cell clinical trial to start |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=22 November 2010 |access-date=7 December 2010}}</ref> In 2011 ACT received approval from the [[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] to use its PSC-based cell therapy in the UK; this was the first approval to study a PSC-based treatment in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/sep/22/embryonic-stem-cell-trial-blindness? |title= First trial of embryonic stem cell treatment in Europe gets green light |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=22 September 2011 |location=London |first=Ian |last=Sample}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://healthland.time.com/2011/09/22/first-european-embryonic-stem-cell-trial-gets-green-light/ |title=First European Embryonic Stem Cell Trial Gets Green Light |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=22 September 2011}}</ref> The first person received the embryonic stem cell treatment in the UK in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/04/stem-cell-first-human-trials | title= Stem cell scientists take hope from first human trials but see long road ahead | newspaper= The Guardian |date=4 June 2012 |access-date=11 June 2012 |location=London |first=Sarah |last=Boseley}}</ref>


The results of the first two clinical trials were published in the Lancet in 2012,<ref name="The Lancet">{{cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=SD |last2=Hubschman |first2=JP |last3=Heilwell |first3=G |last4=Franco-Cardenas |first4=V |last5=Pan |first5=CK |last6=Ostrick |first6=RM |last7=Mickunas |first7=E |last8=Gay |first8=R |last9=Klimanskaya |first9=I |last10=Lanza |first10=R |title=Embryonic stem cell trials for macular degeneration: a preliminary report. |journal=Lancet |date=25 February 2012 |volume=379 |issue=9817 |pages=713–20 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60028-2 |pmid=22281388|display-authors=1}} {{open access}}</ref> with a follow up paper in 2014,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt's macular dystrophy |date=2014-10-15 |pmid=25458728 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61376-3 |volume=385 |issue=9967 |journal=Lancet |pages=509–16 | last1 = Schwartz | first1 = SD | last2 = Regillo | first2 = CD | last3 = Lam | first3 = BL | last4 = Eliott | first4 = D | last5 = Rosenfeld | first5 = PJ | last6 = Gregori | first6 = NZ | last7 = Hubschman | first7 = JP | last8 = Davis | first8 = JL | last9 = Heilwell | first9 = G | last10 = Spirn | first10 = M | last11 = Maguire | first11 = J | last12 = Gay | first12 = R | last13 = Bateman | first13 = J | last14 = Ostrick | first14 = RM | last15 = Morris | first15 = D | last16 = Vincent | first16 = M | last17 = Anglade | first17 = E | last18 = Del Priore | first18 = LV | last19 = Lanza | first19 = R|display-authors=1}}</ref>which provided the first published reports of the long-term safety and possible biologic activity of pluripotent stem cell progeny into humans.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://time.com/3507094/stem-cells-eyesight/ |title= Stem Cells Allow Nearly Blind Patients to See |magazine= TIME | date= 2014-10-14 |accessdate= 2020-05-24}}</ref>
The results of the first two clinical trials were published in the Lancet in 2012,<ref name="The Lancet">{{cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=SD |last2=Hubschman |first2=JP |last3=Heilwell |first3=G |last4=Franco-Cardenas |first4=V |last5=Pan |first5=CK |last6=Ostrick |first6=RM |last7=Mickunas |first7=E |last8=Gay |first8=R |last9=Klimanskaya |first9=I |last10=Lanza |first10=R |title=Embryonic stem cell trials for macular degeneration: a preliminary report |journal=Lancet |date=25 February 2012 |volume=379 |issue=9817 |pages=713–20 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60028-2 |pmid=22281388|s2cid=2230787 |display-authors=1}} {{open access}}</ref> with a follow-up paper in 2014,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt's macular dystrophy |date=15 October 2014 |pmid=25458728 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61376-3 |volume=385 |issue=9967 |journal=Lancet |pages=509–16 |last1=Schwartz |first1=SD |last2=Regillo |first2=CD |last3=Lam |first3=BL |last4=Eliott |first4=D |last5=Rosenfeld |first5=PJ |last6=Gregori |first6=NZ |last7=Hubschman |first7=JP |last8=Davis |first8=JL |last9=Heilwell |first9=G |last10=Spirn |first10=M |last11=Maguire |first11=J |last12=Gay |first12=R |last13=Bateman |first13=J |last14=Ostrick |first14=RM |last15=Morris |first15=D |last16=Vincent |first16=M |last17=Anglade |first17=E |last18=Del Priore |first18=LV |last19=Lanza |first19=R |s2cid=85799 |display-authors=1}}</ref> which provided the first published reports of the long-term safety and possible biologic activity of pluripotent stem cell progeny into humans.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://time.com/3507094/stem-cells-eyesight/ |title= Stem Cells Allow Nearly Blind Patients to See |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=14 October 2014 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>

===[[Science policy|Science policy activism]]===
In 2001, Lanza initiated a letter to US president G.W.Bush, urging him to not block the first flow of federal dollars for research on human embryo cells. The letter was signed by 80 Nobel laureates from various areas of science and send to the White House by FAX, three weeks before a deadline to apply for NIH stem cell research grants.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/02/22/nobel-laureates-back-stem-cell-research/fb59cccc-84d8-420d-ae3a-72dd83b75d3f/ |title= Nobel Laureates Back Stem Cell Research |magazine=[[The Washington Post]] |date=22 February 2001 |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref> This was in view of the intention by the [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|Health and Human Services Secretary]] to revise the decision of the Clinton administration to generously fund stem cell research.


===Biocentrism===
===Biocentrism===
In 2007, Lanza's article "A New Theory of the Universe" appeared in ''[[The American Scholar (magazine)|The American Scholar]]''.<ref name="amschol">{{cite journal|url=http://www.theamericanscholar.org/a-new-theory-of-the-universe/|title=A New Theory of the Universe:Biocentrism builds on quantum physics by putting life into the equation |issue=Spring|year=2007|publisher=[[The American Scholar (magazine)|The American Scholar]]}}</ref> The essay addressed Lanza's idea of a ''biocentric universe'', which places biology above the other sciences.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aaron Rowe |url=https://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/news/2007/03/72910 |title=Will Biology Solve the Universe? |website=Wired.com |date=2009-01-04 |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/03/08/85328.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312054055/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/03/08/85328.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-03-12 |title=Theory of every-living-thing - Cosmic Log - msnbc.com |publisher=Cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com |date= |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://asp.usatoday.com/community/tags/topic.aspx |title=Robert Lanza - Tag Story Index - USATODAY.com |publisher=Asp.usatoday.com |date= 2008-10-16|accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref> Lanza's book ''Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the Universe'' followed in 2009, co-written with [[Bob Berman]].<ref name="biocentrism">{{Cite book | last1 = Lanza | first1 = Robert | last2 = Berman | first2 = Bob | author2link =Bob Berman| title = Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness Are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe | date = April 14, 2009 | publisher =[[BenBella Books]] | location = | isbn = 978-1-933771-69-4 | pages = }}</ref> In 2016 a second book, ''Beyond Biocentrism: Rethinking Time, Space, Consciousness, and the Illusion of Death'' was published.
In 2007 Lanza's article "A New Theory of the Universe" appeared in [[The American Scholar (magazine)|''The American Scholar'']].<ref name="amschol">{{cite magazine |url= http://www.theamericanscholar.org/a-new-theory-of-the-universe/ |title= A New Theory of the Universe: Biocentrism builds on quantum physics by putting life into the equation |last=Lanza |first=Robert |date=1 March 2007 |magazine=[[The American Scholar (magazine)|The American Scholar]]}} Spring 2007 issue</ref> The essay proposed Lanza's idea of a ''biocentric universe'', which places biology above the other sciences.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Aaron Rowe |url=https://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/news/2007/03/72910 |title=Will Biology Solve the Universe? |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=4 January 2009 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/03/08/85328.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312054055/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/03/08/85328.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 March 2007 |title=Cosmic Log: Theory of Every-Living-Thing |publisher=Cosmic Log |via=MSNBC |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://asp.usatoday.com/community/tags/topic.aspx |title=Robert Lanza - Tag Story Index |publisher=[[USA Today]] |date=16 October 2008 |access-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> Lanza's book ''Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the Universe'' followed in 2009, co-written with [[Bob Berman]].<ref name="Biocentrism">{{Cite book |last1=Lanza |first1=Robert |last2=Berman |first2=Bob |author2-link=Bob Berman |title=Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness Are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe |date=April 14, 2009 |publisher=[[BenBella Books]] |isbn=978-1-933771-69-4}}</ref>


Lanza's biocentric hypothesis met with a mixed reception.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2009/06/16/4351357-the-universe-in-your-head |title=The universe in your head |publisher=Cosmic Log |newspaper=NBC News |access-date=14 December 2016}}</ref> [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel laureate in medicine]] [[E. Donnall Thomas]] stated that "Any short statement does not do justice to such a scholarly work. The work is a scholarly consideration of science and philosophy that brings biology into the central role in unifying the whole."<ref name="forbes biotech provocateur" /> Former [[Arizona State University]] physicist and [[antitheism|antitheist]] activist [[Lawrence Krauss]] stated: "There are no scientific breakthroughs about anything, as far as I can see. It may represent interesting philosophy, but it doesn't look, at first glance, as if it will change anything about science."<ref name="forbes biotech provocateur" /> In ''[[USA Today|USA Today Online]]'', [[astrophysicist]] and [[science writer]] [[David Lindley (physicist)|David Lindley]] asserted that Lanza's concept was a "...vague, inarticulate metaphor..." and stated that "...I certainly don't see how thinking his way would lead you into any new sort of scientific or philosophical insight. That's all very nice, I would say to Lanza, but now what?"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007-03-09-lanza-response_N.htm |title=Exclusive: Response to Robert Lanza's essay |publisher=[[USA Today]] |date=9 March 2007 |access-date=17 August 2009}}</ref> [[Daniel Dennett]], a [[Tufts University]] philosopher and [[eliminative materialism|eliminative materialist]], said he did not think the concept meets the standard of a philosophical theory. "It looks like an opposite of a theory, because he doesn't explain how <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[consciousness]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> happens at all. He's stopping where the fun begins."<ref name="forbes biotech provocateur" />
Reception for Lanza's hypothesis has been mixed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2009/06/16/4351357-the-universe-in-your-head|title=The universe in your head|last=Log|first=Cosmic|newspaper=NBC News|access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref> [[Deepak Chopra]] stated “Lanza's insights into the nature of consciousness [are] original and exciting” and that “his theory of biocentrism is consistent with the most ancient wisdom traditions of the world which says that consciousness conceives, governs, and becomes a physical world. It is the ground of our Being in which both subjective and objective reality come into existence."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/industries/health-care/dr-robert-lanza-featured-guest-deepak-chopras-sirius-xm-stars-radio/ |title=Dr. Robert Lanza is Featured Guest on Deepak Chopra's SIRIUS XM Stars Radio Show |publisher=FOXBusiness.com |date= |accessdate=2009-08-17}}</ref> David Thompson, an astrophysicist at [[NASA]]’s [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] said that Lanza's “work is a wake-up call.” <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moxiestudio.com/designsamples/BenBellaBooks_Spring2009_Catalog_Final.pdf |title=Spring2009_Working01.qxd |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2009-08-17}}</ref>
[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel laureate (Physiology or Medicine)]] [[E. Donnall Thomas]] stated that "Any short statement does not do justice to such a scholarly work. The work is a scholarly consideration of science and philosophy that brings biology into the central role in unifying the whole."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/03/09/lanza-theories-physics-biotech-oped-cx_mh_0309lanza.html?partner=yahootix |title=A Biotech Provocateur Takes On Physics - Forbes.com |publisher=Forbes.com<! |date= |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref>
[[Arizona State University]] physicist [[Lawrence Krauss]] stated “It may represent interesting philosophy, but it doesn't look, at first glance, as if it will change anything about science."<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2007/03/09/lanza-theories-physics-biotech-oped-cx_mh_0309lanza.html?partner=yahootix "A Biotech Provocateur Takes On Physics"], ''Forbes.com'', 9 March 2007</ref>
Wake Forest University scientist [[Anthony Atala]] stated "This new theory is certain to revolutionize our concepts of the laws of nature for centuries to come."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/product-description/1933771690/ref=dp_proddesc_0?ie=UTF8&n=283155&s=books |title=Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness Are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe (9781933771694): Robert Lanza, Bob Berman: Books |publisher=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=2009-08-17}}</ref>
In ''[[USAToday|USAToday Online]]'', [[astrophysicist]] and [[science writer]] [[David Lindley (physicist)|David Lindley]] asserted that Lanza’s concept was a "...vague, inarticulate metaphor..." and stated that "...I certainly don't see how thinking his way would lead you into any new sort of scientific or philosophical insight. That's all very nice, I would say to Lanza, but now what?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007-03-09-lanza-response_N.htm |title=Exclusive: Response to Robert Lanza's essay |publisher=Usatoday.Com |date=2007-03-09 |accessdate=2009-08-17}}</ref> Daniel Dennett, a [[Tufts University]] philosopher, said he did not think the concept meets the standard of a philosophical theory. "It looks like an opposite of a theory, because he doesn't explain how it [ [[consciousness]] ] happens at all. He's stopping where the fun begins."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/03/09/lanza-theories-physics-biotech-oped-cx_mh_0309lanza.html?partner=yahootix |title=A Biotech Provocateur Takes On Physics |publisher=Forbes.com |date= |accessdate=2009-08-17}}</ref>


Lanza subsequently published several books that further developed his concept of biocentrism including a 2016 book, ''Beyond Biocentrism: Rethinking Time, Space, Consciousness, and the Illusion of Death'', and a third, ''The Grand Biocentric Design: How Life Creates Reality'', written with Bob Berman and theoretical physicist [[Matej Pavšič]], and published in 2020.<ref name="Biocentrism"/><ref name="Beyond Biocentrism">{{Cite book |last1=Lanza |first1=Robert |last2=Berman |first2=Bob |author2-link=Bob Berman |title=Beyond Biocentrism: Rethinking Time, Space, Consciousness, and the Illusion of Death |date=May 3, 2016 |publisher=[[BenBella Books]] |isbn=978-1942952213}}</ref><ref name="The Grand Biocentric Design">{{Cite book |last1=Lanza |first1=Robert |last2=Pavšič |first2=Matej |author2-link=Matej Pavšič |title=The Grand Biocentric Design: How Life Creates Reality |date=17 November 2020 |publisher=[[BenBella Books]] |isbn=978-1950665402}}</ref>
==Awards and public commentary==
Lanza has received numerous awards and other recognition, including TIME Magazine’s 2014 [[Time 100]] list of the "100 Most Influential People in the World",<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/72173/| title=TIME: The 100 Most Influential People - Robert Lanza| magazine= TIME.com | date=2014-04-24 |accessdate=2015-03-17}}</ref> [[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect magazine]] 2015 list of “Top 50 World Thinkers”,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/philosophy/world-thinkers-2015-robert-lanza| title=World Thinkers 2015: Robert Lanza| publisher=prospectmagazine.co.uk| date=2015-02-16 |accessdate=2018-05-18}}</ref> [[Marquis Who's Who|Marquis Who’s Who]] 2018 Lifetime Achievement Award,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://wwlifetimeachievement.com/2018/05/22/robert-lanza/ | title=Who's Who Lifetime Achievement| publisher=marquiswhoswho.com| date=2018-05-22 |accessdate=2018-05-27}}</ref> the 2013 “Il Leone di San Marco Award in Medicine” (Italian Heritage and Culture Committee, along with Regis Philbin, who received the award in Entertainment),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/185112045?q&versionId=201577072 |title=ACT's Dr. Robert Lanza to Receive the Il Leone di San Marco Award in Medicine |publisher= nla.gov |date=2013-09-24 |accessdate=2015-10-31}}</ref> a 2010 [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) Director’s Award for “Translating Basic Science Discoveries into New and Better Treatments”;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.masshightech.com/stories/2010/09/20/daily35-Stem-cell-leaders-Lanza-Kim-win-19M-NIH-award.html |title=Stem cell leaders Lanza, Kim win $1.9M NIH award |publisher=MassHighTech.com |date=2010-09-22 |accessdate=2011-09-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107160512/http://www.masshightech.com/stories/2010/09/20/daily35-Stem-cell-leaders-Lanza-Kim-win-19M-NIH-award.html |archivedate=2011-01-07 }}</ref> a 2010 “Movers and Shakers” Who Will Shape Biotech Over the Next 20 Years (BioWorld, along with [[Craig Venter]] and President [[Barack Obama]]);<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aNTpCGXbeSVE |title=Advanced Cell Technology's Chief Scientific Officer Dr. Robert Lanza Honored By BioWorld Magazine As Leader Who Could Shape Biotech Over Next 20 Years | publisher=Bloomberg.com |date=2010-05-10|accessdate=2015-10-31}}</ref> a 2005 [[Wired (magazine)|Wired magazine]] "Rave Award" for medicine “For eye-opening work on embryonic stem cells”,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/rave.html?pg=4 |title=Wired 13.03: The 2005 Wired Rave Awards |website=Wired.com |date=2009-01-04 |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref> and a 2006 Mass High Tech journal “All Star” award for biotechnology for “pushing stem cells’ future”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5917859/Dr-Robert-Lanza-Receives-2006.html |title=Dr. Robert Lanza Receives 2006 'All Star' Award for Biotechnology. Industry & Business Article - Research, News, Information, Contacts, Divisions, Subsidiaries, Business Associations |publisher=Goliath.ecnext.com |date=2006-10-24 |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.masshightech.com/stories/2009/08/10/weekly2-Robert-Lanza-on-stem-cells-and-access-to-health-care.html|title=Thought Leaders:Robert Lanza on stem cells and access to health care|last=Songini|first=Marc|date=August 14, 2009|publisher=Mass High Tech|quote=He was named a Mass High Tech All Star in 2006|accessdate=4 March 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917083512/http://www.masshightech.com/stories/2009/08/10/weekly2-Robert-Lanza-on-stem-cells-and-access-to-health-care.html|archivedate=17 September 2009}}</ref>


In January 2023, Lanza published a novel exploring biocentrism, ''[[Observer (novel)|Observer]]'' with science fiction author [[Nancy Kress]].<ref name=Boyle>{{cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Boyle |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2023/kress-lanza-observer-consciousness-quantum/ |title=Sci-fi author and scientist team up to write a novel about consciousness and quantum weirdness |website=[[GeekWire]] |date=January 9, 2023 |access-date=April 15, 2023}}</ref> Lanza said in an interview that he wanted "to bring [biocentrism] to life" in a story that would explain that "space, time, and the nature of life and death itself depends on the observer in us."<ref name=Picker>{{cite magazine |last=Picker |first=Lenny |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=160446798&site=eds-live&scope=site |title=[Q&A]: PW Talks with Robert Lanza and Nancy Kress: I See, Therefore You Are |magazine=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=November 28, 2022 |volume=269 |issue=50 |page=31}} {{subscription required |via=[https://www.ebsco.com EBSCO]'s Business Source Complete}}</ref>
==Publications==
Lanza has authored and co-edited books on topics involving [[tissue engineering]], [[cloning]], [[stem cell]]s, [[regenerative medicine]], and world health.


=== Books ===
==Bibliography==
;Non-fiction
* 1984 ''Heart Transplantation: The Present Status of Orthotopic and Heterotopic Heart Transplantation'' {{ISBN|0-85200-862-7}}
{{Expand section|date=April 2023}}
* 1985 ''Medical Science and the Advancement of World Health'' {{ISBN|0-03-071734-5}}
*''Biocentrism, How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe'' (2009) – with [[Bob Berman]]
* 1994 ''Pancreatic Islet Transplantation: Volume I Procurement of Pancreatic Islets'' {{ISBN|1-57059-133-4}}
*''Beyond Biocentrism, Rethinking Time, Space, Consciousness, and the Illusion of Death'' (2016) – with Bob Berman
* 1994 ''Pancreatic Islet Transplantation: Volume II Immunomodulation of Pancreatic Islets'' {{ISBN|1-57059-134-2}}
*''The Grand Biocentric Design, How Life Creates Reality'' (2020) – with [[Matej Pavšič]] and Bob Berman
* 1994 ''Pancreatic Islet Transplantation: Volume III [[Immunoisolate|Immunoisolation]] of Pancreatic Islets'' {{ISBN|1-57059-135-0}}

* 1996 ''One World: The Health and Survival of the Human Species in the 21st Century'' {{ISBN|0-929173-33-3}}
;Novels
* 1996 ''Yearbook of Cell and Tissue Transplantation'' {{ISBN|0-7923-3844-8}}
*''[[Observer (novel)|Observer]]'' (The Story Plant, 2023) – with [[Nancy Kress]]
* 1997 ''Principles of Tissue Engineering'' {{ISBN|1-57059-342-6}}

* 1999 ''Cell Encapsulation Technology and Therapeutics'' {{ISBN|0-8176-4010-X}}
==Awards and public commentary==
* 2000 ''Xeno: The Promise of Transplanting Animal Organs into Humans'' {{ISBN|0-19-512833-8}}
Lanza has received numerous awards and other recognition, including:
* 2000 ''Principles of Tissue Engineering, Second Edition'' {{ISBN|0-12-436630-9}}
* 2006: named "Mass High Tech All Star" at the 11th annual award reception<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/releases/-b-dr-robert-lanza-b-receives-2006-all-star-award-for-biotechnology-/ |title=Dr. Robert Lanza Receives 2006 'All Star' Award For Biotechnology |date=24 October 2006 |website=BioSpace |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.masshightech.com/stories/2009/08/10/weekly2-Robert-Lanza-on-stem-cells-and-access-to-health-care.html |title=Thought Leaders: Robert Lanza on stem cells and access to health care |first=Marc |last=Songini |date=14 August 2009 |publisher=Mass High Tech |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815153233/http://www.masshightech.com/stories/2009/08/10/weekly2-Robert-Lanza-on-stem-cells-and-access-to-health-care.html |archive-date=15 August 2009 |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>
* 2002 ''Methods of Tissue Engineering'' {{ISBN|0-12-436636-8}}
* 2010: ''BioWorld'' (publication) hailed Lanza as a "stem cell pioneer" and recognized him as one of twenty-eight "movers and shakers" who would shape biotechnology over the next twenty years<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2010/05/10/advanced-cell-technologys-chief-scientific-officer-dr-robert-lanza-honored-by-bioworld-magazine-as-leader-who-could-shape-biotech-over-next-20years-dr-lanza-recognized-as-a-stem-cell-pioneer.html |title=Advanced Cell Technology's Chief Scientific Officer Dr. Robert Lanza Honored By BioWorld Magazine As Leader Who Could Shape Biotech Over Next 20 Years Dr. Lanza Recognized as a "Stem Cell Pioneer" |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=10 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117191553/https://www.cnbc.com/2010/05/10/advanced-cell-technologys-chief-scientific-officer-dr-robert-lanza-honored-by-bioworld-magazine-as-leader-who-could-shape-biotech-over-next-20years-dr-lanza-recognized-as-a-stem-cell-pioneer.html |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>
* 2002 ''Principles of Cloning'' {{ISBN|0-12-174597-X}}
* 2010: for research in "translating basic science discoveries into new and better treatments"; won a [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) Director's Opportunity Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.masshightech.com:80/stories/2010/09/20/daily35-Stem-cell-leaders-Lanza-Kim-win-19M-NIH-award.html |title=Stem cell leaders Lanza, Kim win $1.9M NIH award |website=Mass High Tech |date=22 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925203014/http://www.masshightech.com:80/stories/2010/09/20/daily35-Stem-cell-leaders-Lanza-Kim-win-19M-NIH-award.html |archive-date=25 September 2010 |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>
* 2004 ''Handbook of Stem Cells: Volume 1 Embryonic Stem Cells'' {{ISBN|0-12-436642-2}}
* 2013: nominated to receive the Italian Heritage and Culture Committee of the Bronx and Westchester "Il Leone di San Marco Award in Medicine"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/releases/advanced-cell-technology-s-b-dr-robert-lanza-b-to-receive-the-il-leone-di-san-marco-award-in-medicine-/ |title=Advanced Cell Technology's Dr. Robert Lanza to Receive the Il Leone di San Marco Award in Medicine |date=24 September 2013 |website=BioSpace |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/185112045?q&versionId=201577072 |title=ACT's Dr. Robert Lanza to Receive the Il Leone di San Marco Award in Medicine |date=24 September 2013 |website=[[Trove]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116213357/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/185112045?q&versionId=201577072 |archive-date=16 January 2016 |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>
* 2004 ''Handbook of Stem Cells: Volume 2 Adult and Fetal Stem Cells'' {{ISBN|0-12-436644-9}}
* 2014: included in the ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine [[Time 100]] list of the "100 Most Influential People in the World"<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/72173/ |title=Time: The 100 Most Influential People - Robert Lanza |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=23 April 2014 |first=Alice |last=Park |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011354/http://time.com/72173/ |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>
* 2006 ''Essentials of Stem Cell Biology'' {{ISBN|0-12-088442-9}}
* 2015: included in the ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]'' magazine list of the "Top 50 World Thinkers"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/philosophy/world-thinkers-2015-robert-lanza |title=World Thinkers 2015: Robert Lanza |website=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |date=16 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404185333/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/philosophy/world-thinkers-2015-robert-lanza |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>
* 2006 ''Methods in Enzymology: Volume 418 Embryonic Stem Cells'' {{ISBN|0-12-373648-X}}
* 2006 ''Methods in Enzymology: Volume 419 Adult Stem Cells'' {{ISBN|0-12-373650-1}}
* 2006 ''Methods in Enzymology: Volume 420 Stem Cell Tools and Other Experimental Protocols'' {{ISBN|0-12-373651-X}}
* 2007 ''Principles of Tissue Engineering, Third Edition'' {{ISBN|0-12-370615-7}}
* 2008 ''Principles of Regenerative Medicine'' {{ISBN|978-0-12-369410-2}}
* 2009 ''Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the Universe'' {{ISBN|978-1-933771-69-4}}
* 2009 ''Essential Stem Cell Methods'' {{ISBN|978-0-12-374741-9}}
* 2009 ''Essentials of Stem Cell Biology, Second Edition'' {{ISBN|978-0-12-374729-7}}
* 2009 ''Foundations of Regenerative Medicine'' {{ISBN|978-0-12-375085-3}}
* 2010 ''Principles of Regenerative Medicine, Second Edition'' {{ISBN|978-0-12-381422-7}}
* 2012 ''Handbook of Stem Cells: Volume 1 Embryonic Stem Cells, Second Edition'' {{ISBN|0-12-385942-5}}
* 2012 ''Handbook of Stem Cells: Volume 2 Adult and Fetal Stem Cells, Second Edition'' {{ISBN|978-0-12-385942-6}}
* 2013 ''Principles of Cloning, Second Edition'' {{ISBN|978-0-12-386541-0}}
* 2013 ''Principles of Tissue Engineering, Fourth Edition'' {{ISBN|978-0-12-398358-9}}
* 2013 ''Essentials of Stem Cell Biology, Third Edition'' {{ISBN|978-0-12-409503-8}}
* 2016 ''Beyond Biocentrism: Rethinking Time, Space, Consciousness, and the Illusion of Death'' {{ISBN|978-1942952213}}
* 2017 ''Cellular Therapies for Retinal Disease'' {{ISBN|978-3319494777}}
* 2018 ''Principles of Regenerative Medicine, Third Edition'' {{ISBN| 978-0128098806}}
* 2020 ''Principles of Tissue Engineering, Fifth Edition'' {{ISBN| 978-0128184226}}


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.robertlanza.com Personal website]: blog, and archive of books, articles and news.
*[http://www.robertlanza.com Personal website]: blog, and archive of books, articles and news.


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[[Category:Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fulbright Scholars]]
[[Category:American science writers]]
[[Category:American science writers]]
[[Category:Stem cell researchers]]
[[Category:Stem cell researchers]]

Latest revision as of 10:08, 17 November 2024

Robert P. Lanza
Lanza in 2009
Born
Robert Lanza

(1956-02-11) 11 February 1956 (age 68)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Pennsylvania
Known forStem cell biology, cloning,
tissue engineering, biocentric universe
Scientific career
InstitutionsAstellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Robert Lanza (born 11 February 1956 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American medical doctor and scientist, currently Head of Astellas Global Regenerative Medicine,[1][2] and Chief Scientific Officer of the Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine. He is an Adjunct Professor at Wake Forest University School of Medicine.[3]

Early life and education

[edit]

Lanza was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and grew up south of there, in Stoughton, Massachusetts. Lanza "altered the genetics of chickens in his basement", and came to the attention of Harvard Medical School researchers when he appeared at the university with his results. Jonas Salk, B. F. Skinner, and Christiaan Barnard mentored Lanza over the next ten years.[4] Lanza attended the University of Pennsylvania, receiving BA and MD degrees. There, he was a Benjamin Franklin Scholar and a University Scholar. Lanza was also a Fulbright Scholar. He currently resides in Clinton, Massachusetts.[citation needed]

Career

[edit]
Lanza being interviewed by Barbara Walters in 2007

Stem cell research

[edit]

Lanza was part of the team that cloned the world's first early stage human embryos,[5][6] as well as the first to successfully generate stem cells from adults using somatic-cell nuclear transfer (therapeutic cloning).[7][8]

Lanza demonstrated that techniques used in preimplantation genetic diagnosis could be used to generate embryonic stem cells without embryonic destruction.[9]

In 2001, he was also the first to clone an endangered species (a Gaur),[10] and in 2003, he cloned an endangered wild ox (a Banteng)[11] from the frozen skin cells of an animal that had died at the San Diego Zoo nearly a quarter-of-a-century earlier.

Lanza and his colleagues were the first to demonstrate that nuclear transplantation could be used to extend the lifespan of certain cells[12] and to generate immune-compatible tissues, including the first organ grown in the laboratory from cloned cells.[13]

Lanza showed that it is feasible to generate functional oxygen-carrying red blood cells from human embryonic stem cells under conditions suitable for clinical scale-up. The blood cells could potentially serve as a source of "universal" blood.[14][15]

His team discovered how to generate functional hemangioblasts (a population of "ambulance" cells[16]) from human embryonic stem cells. In animals, these cells quickly repaired vascular damage, cutting the death rate after a heart attack in half and restoring the blood flow to ischemic limbs that might otherwise have required amputation.[17]

In 2012 Lanza and a team led by Kwang-Soo Kim at Harvard University reported a method for generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by incubating them with proteins, instead of genetically manipulating the cells to make more of those proteins.[18][19][20]

Clinical trials for blindness

[edit]

Lanza's team at Advanced Cell Technology were able to generate retinal pigmented epithelium cells from stem cells, and subsequent studies found that these cells could restore vision in animal models of macular degeneration.[21][22] With this technology, some forms of blindness could potentially be treatable.[23]

In 2010, ACT received approval from the Food and Drug Administration for clinical trials of a pluripotent stem cell-based treatment for use in people with degenerative eye diseases.[24][25] In 2011 ACT received approval from the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency to use its PSC-based cell therapy in the UK; this was the first approval to study a PSC-based treatment in Europe.[26][27] The first person received the embryonic stem cell treatment in the UK in 2012.[28]

The results of the first two clinical trials were published in the Lancet in 2012,[29] with a follow-up paper in 2014,[30] which provided the first published reports of the long-term safety and possible biologic activity of pluripotent stem cell progeny into humans.[31]

Science policy activism

[edit]

In 2001, Lanza initiated a letter to US president G.W.Bush, urging him to not block the first flow of federal dollars for research on human embryo cells. The letter was signed by 80 Nobel laureates from various areas of science and send to the White House by FAX, three weeks before a deadline to apply for NIH stem cell research grants.[32] This was in view of the intention by the Health and Human Services Secretary to revise the decision of the Clinton administration to generously fund stem cell research.

Biocentrism

[edit]

In 2007 Lanza's article "A New Theory of the Universe" appeared in The American Scholar.[33] The essay proposed Lanza's idea of a biocentric universe, which places biology above the other sciences.[34][35][36] Lanza's book Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the Universe followed in 2009, co-written with Bob Berman.[37]

Lanza's biocentric hypothesis met with a mixed reception.[38] Nobel laureate in medicine E. Donnall Thomas stated that "Any short statement does not do justice to such a scholarly work. The work is a scholarly consideration of science and philosophy that brings biology into the central role in unifying the whole."[1] Former Arizona State University physicist and antitheist activist Lawrence Krauss stated: "There are no scientific breakthroughs about anything, as far as I can see. It may represent interesting philosophy, but it doesn't look, at first glance, as if it will change anything about science."[1] In USA Today Online, astrophysicist and science writer David Lindley asserted that Lanza's concept was a "...vague, inarticulate metaphor..." and stated that "...I certainly don't see how thinking his way would lead you into any new sort of scientific or philosophical insight. That's all very nice, I would say to Lanza, but now what?"[39] Daniel Dennett, a Tufts University philosopher and eliminative materialist, said he did not think the concept meets the standard of a philosophical theory. "It looks like an opposite of a theory, because he doesn't explain how [consciousness] happens at all. He's stopping where the fun begins."[1]

Lanza subsequently published several books that further developed his concept of biocentrism including a 2016 book, Beyond Biocentrism: Rethinking Time, Space, Consciousness, and the Illusion of Death, and a third, The Grand Biocentric Design: How Life Creates Reality, written with Bob Berman and theoretical physicist Matej Pavšič, and published in 2020.[37][40][41]

In January 2023, Lanza published a novel exploring biocentrism, Observer with science fiction author Nancy Kress.[42] Lanza said in an interview that he wanted "to bring [biocentrism] to life" in a story that would explain that "space, time, and the nature of life and death itself depends on the observer in us."[43]

Bibliography

[edit]
Non-fiction
  • Biocentrism, How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe (2009) – with Bob Berman
  • Beyond Biocentrism, Rethinking Time, Space, Consciousness, and the Illusion of Death (2016) – with Bob Berman
  • The Grand Biocentric Design, How Life Creates Reality (2020) – with Matej Pavšič and Bob Berman
Novels

Awards and public commentary

[edit]

Lanza has received numerous awards and other recognition, including:

  • 2006: named "Mass High Tech All Star" at the 11th annual award reception[44][45]
  • 2010: BioWorld (publication) hailed Lanza as a "stem cell pioneer" and recognized him as one of twenty-eight "movers and shakers" who would shape biotechnology over the next twenty years[46]
  • 2010: for research in "translating basic science discoveries into new and better treatments"; won a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director's Opportunity Award[47]
  • 2013: nominated to receive the Italian Heritage and Culture Committee of the Bronx and Westchester "Il Leone di San Marco Award in Medicine"[48][49]
  • 2014: included in the Time magazine Time 100 list of the "100 Most Influential People in the World"[50]
  • 2015: included in the Prospect magazine list of the "Top 50 World Thinkers"[51]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Herper, Matthew. "A Biotech Provocateur Takes On Physics". Forbes. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  2. ^ "Ocata's chief scientific officer to join new parent after acquisition". Boston Globe. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  3. ^ "Wake Forest University School of Medicine Adjunct Faculty". Wake Forest University: School of Medicine. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  4. ^ Fischer, Joannie (25 November 2001). "The First Clone". U.S. News & World Report. 131 (23): 50–4, 57–8, 60–3. PMID 11765373. Archived from the original on 26 August 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
  5. ^ Cibelli, Jose B.; Lanza, Robert P.; West, Michael D.; Ezzell, Carol (24 November 2001). "The First Human Cloned Embryo". Scientific American. 286 (1): 44–51. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0102-44. PMID 11799617. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
  6. ^ "Wired 12.01: Seven Days of Creation". Wired. 4 January 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  7. ^ Chung, Young Gie; et al. (2014). "Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells". Cell Stem Cell. 14 (6). Cell Press: 777–780. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.015. PMID 24746675.
  8. ^ Naik, Gautam (17 April 2014). "Scientists Make First Embryo Clones From Adults". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  9. ^ Klimanskaya, Irina; et al. (2006). "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres". Nature. 444 (7118): 481–485. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..481K. doi:10.1038/nature05142. PMID 16929302. S2CID 84792371.
  10. ^ "Cloning Noah's Ark: Scientific American". Scientific American. 19 November 2000. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  11. ^ "Wild Cows Cloned". NPR. 8 April 2003. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  12. ^ Lanza, Robert P.; et al. (28 April 2000). "Extension of Cell Life-Span and Telomere Length in Animals Cloned from Senescent Somatic Cells" (PDF). Science. 288 (5466): 665–669. Bibcode:2000Sci...288..665L. doi:10.1126/science.288.5466.665. PMID 10784448.
  13. ^ Lanza, Robert P. (2002). "Generation of histocompatible tissues using nuclear transplantation". Nature Biotechnology. 20 (7): 689–696. doi:10.1038/nbt703. PMID 12089553. S2CID 23007326.
  14. ^ Lu, SJ; Feng, Q; Park, JS; Vida, L; Lee, BS; Strausbauch, M; Wettstein, PJ; Honig, GR; Lanza, R (2008). "Blood - Biological properties and enucleation of red blood cells from human embryoni". Blood. 112 (12). Bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org: 4475–84. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-05-157198. PMC 2597123. PMID 18713948.
  15. ^ Henderson, Mark (20 August 2008). "Transfusion breakthrough as human blood grown from stem cells". Times Online. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008.
  16. ^ Vergano, Dan (8 May 2007). "Elusive 'ambulance' cells are created - USATODAY.com". USA Today. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  17. ^ Lu, S. J.; Feng, Q.; Caballero, S.; Chen, Y.; Moore, M. A.; Grant, M. B.; Lanza, R. (2007). "Generation of functional hemangioblasts from human embryonic stem cells". Nature Methods. 4 (6): 501–509. doi:10.1038/nmeth1041. PMC 3766360. PMID 17486087.
  18. ^ Park, Alice (28 May 2009). "Researchers Hail Stem Cells Safe for Human Use". Time. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  19. ^ Rockoff, Jonathan (13 December 2012). "Stem-Cell Trial Without Embryo Destruction". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  20. ^ Kim, Dohoon (2009). "Cell Stem Cell - Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Direct Delivery of Reprogramming Proteins". Cell Stem Cell. 4 (6): 472–476. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2009.05.005. PMC 2705327. PMID 19481515.
  21. ^ Lund, R. D.; Wang, S.; Klimanskaya, I.; Holmes, T.; Ramos-Kelsey, R.; Lu, B.; Girman, S.; Bischoff, N.; Sauvé, Y.; Lanza, R. (29 September 2006). "Human Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Cells Rescue Visual Function in Dystrophic RCS Rats – Cloning Stem Cells". Cloning and Stem Cells. 8 (3). Mary Ann Liebert: 189–99. doi:10.1089/clo.2006.8.189. PMID 17009895. S2CID 12566730.
  22. ^ "Stem Cells May Open Some Eyes". Wired. 24 September 2004. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  23. ^ "Two Patients Undergo Stem-Cell Blindness Treatment". Technology Review. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  24. ^ "FDA Approves Second Trial of Stem-Cell Therapy". Time. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  25. ^ "Second human embryonic stem cell clinical trial to start". USA Today. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  26. ^ Sample, Ian (22 September 2011). "First trial of embryonic stem cell treatment in Europe gets green light". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  27. ^ "First European Embryonic Stem Cell Trial Gets Green Light". Time. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  28. ^ Boseley, Sarah (4 June 2012). "Stem cell scientists take hope from first human trials but see long road ahead". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
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  32. ^ "Nobel Laureates Back Stem Cell Research". The Washington Post. 22 February 2001. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  33. ^ Lanza, Robert (1 March 2007). "A New Theory of the Universe: Biocentrism builds on quantum physics by putting life into the equation". The American Scholar. Spring 2007 issue
  34. ^ Aaron Rowe (4 January 2009). "Will Biology Solve the Universe?". Wired. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  35. ^ "Cosmic Log: Theory of Every-Living-Thing". Cosmic Log. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2009 – via MSNBC.
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  39. ^ "Exclusive: Response to Robert Lanza's essay". USA Today. 9 March 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
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  41. ^ Lanza, Robert; Pavšič, Matej (17 November 2020). The Grand Biocentric Design: How Life Creates Reality. BenBella Books. ISBN 978-1950665402.
  42. ^ Boyle, Alan (9 January 2023). "Sci-fi author and scientist team up to write a novel about consciousness and quantum weirdness". GeekWire. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
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