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{{Short description|Chili pepper}}
{{Infobox cultivar
{{Infobox cultivar
|name = Red Savina
|name = Red Savina
|image = Red_savina_cropped.jpg
|image = Red Savina.jpg
|image_caption = A Red Savina habanero, at near-optimum ripeness. Note characteristic deep red color.
|image_caption = Red Savina habanero
|species = ''[[Capsicum chinense]]''
|species = ''[[Capsicum chinense]]''
|cultivar='Red Savina'
|cultivar='Red Savina'
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|module = {{Infobox pepper
|module = {{Infobox pepper
| embed=yes
| embed=yes
| heat=Very Hot
| heat=Very hot
| scoville=350,000-577,000<ref name="dewittbosland2009">{{Cite book |last1=DeWitt |first1=Dave |last2=Bosland |first2=Paul W. |title=The Complete Chile Pepper Book |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-88192-920-1}}</ref>
| scoville=350,000-577,000<ref name="dewittbosland2009">{{Cite book |last1=DeWitt |first1=Dave |last2=Bosland |first2=Paul W. |title=The Complete Chile Pepper Book |year=2009 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-920-1}}</ref>
}}
}}
}}
}}
The '''Red Savina pepper''' is a [[cultivar]] of the [[habanero chili]] (''[[Capsicum chinense]]'' Jacquin), which has been [[selective breeding|selectively bred]] to produce hotter, heavier, and larger fruit.
The '''Red Savina pepper''' is a [[cultivar]] of the [[habanero chili]] (''[[Capsicum chinense]]'' Jacquin), which has been [[selective breeding|selectively bred]] to produce spicier, heavier, and larger fruit, ultimately more potent than its derivative.


Frank Garcia of GNS Spices, in [[Walnut, California]], is credited with being the developer of the ''Red Savina'' habanero. The exact method Garcia used to select the hottest strains is not publicly known.
Frank Garcia of GNS Spices, in [[Walnut, California]], is credited as the developer of the Red Savina, but the exact methodology that Garcia used to select the hottest breeding strains is not publicly known.


== Description ==
The Red Savina was protected by the U.S. [[Plant Variety Protection Act]] (PVP #9200255) until 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/showpvp.pl?pvpno=9200255 |title=Plant Variety Protection Number: 9200255 (Red Savina) |date=1992-08-26 |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2014-01-03}}</ref>
The Red Savina typically measures 2 inches by 1.5 inches (5 x 3.5&nbsp;cm),<ref name="Hildebrand2018">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ym-VswEACAAJ|title=An Anarchy of Chilies|author=Caz Hildebrand|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2018|isbn=978-0-500-02183-5}}</ref> and is described by cultivators as a "wrinkled" fruit with a "Chinese lantern" shape.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cucurbitbreeding.com/todd-wehner/publications/vegetable-cultivar-descriptions-for-north-america/pepper-m-z/|title=Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America – Pepper (M-Z) {{!}} Cucurbit Breeding|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> Unlike a conventional orange habanero, the Red Savina is distinctively dark red, and may have been bred using spicy red mutations of habanero.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pepperscale.com/red-savina-habanero/|title=Red Savina Habanero: Legendary Heat|last=Bray|first=Matt|date=2013-07-11|website=PepperScale|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> Until 2011, it was protected by the U.S. [[Plant Variety Protection Act]] (PVP #9200255).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/showpvp.pl?pvpno=9200255 |title=Plant Variety Protection Number: 9200255 (Red Savina) |date=1992-08-26 |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]] |access-date=2014-01-03}}</ref>


== Pungency ==
In February 2007, the Red Savina chili was displaced in [[Guinness World Records]] as the hottest chili in the world by the [[Bhut Jolokia chili pepper|Naga Jolokia pepper]]. The Red Savina held the record from 1994 until 2006.<ref name="redsavina2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Worlds-hottest-chile-pepper-discovered-991-1/| title=World's hottest chile pepper discovered |accessdate=2008-03-31 |publisher=American Society for Horticultural Science}}</ref>
The Red Savina chili held the record as the hottest chili in the world according to the [[Guinness World Records]] from 1994-2006.<ref name="redsavina2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Worlds-hottest-chile-pepper-discovered-991-1/| title=World's hottest chile pepper discovered |access-date=2008-03-31 |publisher=American Society for Horticultural Science}}</ref> It was displaced by the [[Bhut Jolokia|bhut jolokia chili]] (commonly and incorrectly translated to "Ghost Pepper") in February 2007.{{cn|date=October 2024}}


Red Savina peppers were reported to a score up to 577,000 on the [[Scoville scale]], but this oft-quoted figure was never verified;<ref name="dewittbosland2009" /> a comparison experiment carried out by a group of researchers including Regents Professor Paul W. Bosland at the Chile Pepper Institute at [[New Mexico State University]] in 2005 revealed an average heat level of 248,556 SHUs for Red Savina habaneros. [[Habanero chili|Orange Habaneros]] may get as hot as 357,729 SHUs, but the average [[Habanero chili|Orange Habanero]] is around 200,000 SHUs. The average [[Bhut Jolokia]] pepper is 1,019,687 SHUs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottrobertsweb.com/images/moruga-scorpion-worlds-hottest-2-million-shu.jpg|title=Chart From The Chili Pepper Institute}}</ref>
Red Savina peppers were reported to allegedly score upwards of 577,000 on the [[Scoville scale]], but this oft-quoted figure was never officially verified;<ref name="dewittbosland2009" /> a group of researchers – including Regents Professor Paul W. Bosland at the Chile Pepper Institute at [[New Mexico State University]] – conducted a comparison experiment in 2005, which revealed that the Red Savina habanero averages a relative heat level of 248,556 SHUs. The CPI lists the spiciest Red Savina individuals recorded in their labs as approximately 500,000 SHUs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpi.nmsu.edu/heat/|title=Heat|website=cpi.nmsu.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref>

As a point of reference, the average orange habanero scores approximately 200,000 SHUs in high performance liquid [[chromatography]] tests (although some individuals have achieved on the order of 357,729 SHUs). The average bhut jolokia is 1,019,687 SHUs, and "blasted past" the Red Savina by a factor of 2 to emerge as the temporary title-holder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottrobertsweb.com/images/moruga-scorpion-worlds-hottest-2-million-shu.jpg|title=Chart From The Chili Pepper Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071026162420.htm|title=World's Hottest Chile Pepper Discovered|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> However, the current Guinness World Record title-holder (as of August 2023), the [[Pepper X]], has scored a maximum value of 2,693,000 SHUs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/hottest-chili/|title=Hottest chilli pepper|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-10-17}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Race to grow the hottest pepper]]
*[[Scoville scale]]
*[[Bhut jolokia]], the Red Savina's successor for "World's Hottest Chile"
*[[Pepper X]], the current title-holder for "World's Hottest Chile"

== External links ==

* [https://cpi.nmsu.edu/ The New Mexico State University Chile Pepper Institute]
*[https://cucurbitbreeding.wordpress.ncsu.edu/ The North Carolina State University Cucurbit Breeding Project]
*[https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/hottest-chili/ The Guinness World Records]


== References ==
== References ==
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{{Capsicum Cultivars}}
{{Capsicum Cultivars}}


[[Category:1992 introductions]]
[[Category:Food and drink introduced in 1992]]
[[Category:Chili peppers]]
[[Category:Chili peppers]]
[[Category:Capsicum cultivars]]
[[Category:Capsicum cultivars]]

Latest revision as of 10:12, 17 November 2024

Red Savina
Red Savina habanero
SpeciesCapsicum chinense
Cultivar'Red Savina'
OriginCalifornia, United States
Heat Very hot
Scoville scale350,000-577,000[1] SHU

The Red Savina pepper is a cultivar of the habanero chili (Capsicum chinense Jacquin), which has been selectively bred to produce spicier, heavier, and larger fruit, ultimately more potent than its derivative.

Frank Garcia of GNS Spices, in Walnut, California, is credited as the developer of the Red Savina, but the exact methodology that Garcia used to select the hottest breeding strains is not publicly known.

Description

[edit]

The Red Savina typically measures 2 inches by 1.5 inches (5 x 3.5 cm),[2] and is described by cultivators as a "wrinkled" fruit with a "Chinese lantern" shape.[3] Unlike a conventional orange habanero, the Red Savina is distinctively dark red, and may have been bred using spicy red mutations of habanero.[4] Until 2011, it was protected by the U.S. Plant Variety Protection Act (PVP #9200255).[5]

Pungency

[edit]

The Red Savina chili held the record as the hottest chili in the world according to the Guinness World Records from 1994-2006.[6] It was displaced by the bhut jolokia chili (commonly and incorrectly translated to "Ghost Pepper") in February 2007.[citation needed]

Red Savina peppers were reported to allegedly score upwards of 577,000 on the Scoville scale, but this oft-quoted figure was never officially verified;[1] a group of researchers – including Regents Professor Paul W. Bosland at the Chile Pepper Institute at New Mexico State University – conducted a comparison experiment in 2005, which revealed that the Red Savina habanero averages a relative heat level of 248,556 SHUs. The CPI lists the spiciest Red Savina individuals recorded in their labs as approximately 500,000 SHUs.[7]

As a point of reference, the average orange habanero scores approximately 200,000 SHUs in high performance liquid chromatography tests (although some individuals have achieved on the order of 357,729 SHUs). The average bhut jolokia is 1,019,687 SHUs, and "blasted past" the Red Savina by a factor of 2 to emerge as the temporary title-holder.[8][9] However, the current Guinness World Record title-holder (as of August 2023), the Pepper X, has scored a maximum value of 2,693,000 SHUs.[10]

See also

[edit]
[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b DeWitt, Dave; Bosland, Paul W. (2009). The Complete Chile Pepper Book. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-920-1.
  2. ^ Caz Hildebrand (2018). An Anarchy of Chilies. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-02183-5.
  3. ^ "Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America – Pepper (M-Z) | Cucurbit Breeding". Retrieved 2019-11-07.
  4. ^ Bray, Matt (2013-07-11). "Red Savina Habanero: Legendary Heat". PepperScale. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
  5. ^ "Plant Variety Protection Number: 9200255 (Red Savina)". U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1992-08-26. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  6. ^ "World's hottest chile pepper discovered". American Society for Horticultural Science. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  7. ^ "Heat". cpi.nmsu.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
  8. ^ "Chart From The Chili Pepper Institute".
  9. ^ "World's Hottest Chile Pepper Discovered". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
  10. ^ "Hottest chilli pepper". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
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