Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement: Difference between revisions

Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement Office
Agency overview
Formed	February 25, 2017
Dissolved	June 11, 2021
Parent department	Department of Homeland Security
Parent agency	Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Key document	Executive Order 13768;
Website	www.ice.gov/voice

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The Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement (VOICE) Office was a U.S. government agency established within the Department of Homeland Security under the Trump administration in February 2017.^[1]^[2] President Donald Trump directed it be established by Executive Order 13768.^[3] The office was dissolved by the Biden administration on June 11, 2021, replaced by the Victims Engagement and Services Line (VESL).^[4]

The office's mission was to "provide proactive, timely, adequate, and professional services to victims of crimes committed by removable aliens".^[5] The office's purpose was to act as a liaison between U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the victims and their families to ensure they would be provided information about the offender, including the offender's immigration and custody status so that their questions and concerns regarding immigration enforcement efforts would be addressed.^[2]

The VOICE office was to issue quarterly reports studying the effects of the victimization by criminal aliens present in the United States.^[2]^[6] Only one report, in June 2018, was issued through the agency's existence.^[7]

Establishment

The office was established pursuant to section 13 of the January 25, 2017, Executive Order 13768 – Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States, which states:

Sec. 13. Office for Victims of Crimes Committed by Removable Aliens. The Secretary shall direct the Director of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to take all appropriate and lawful action to establish within U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement an office to provide proactive, timely, adequate, and professional services to victims of crimes committed by removable aliens and the family members of such victims. This office shall provide quarterly reports studying the effects of the victimization by criminal aliens present in the United States.^[8]

Purpose and background

The stated purpose of the office is to provide information about offenders to victims, and address questions and concerns of victims regarding immigration enforcement efforts.^[2]^[9] In a speech on February 28, 2017, President Trump discussed the new office and referred to the murders of Jamiel Shaw, Deputy Sheriff Danny Oliver and Detective Michael Davis as victims of immigrant crime.^[10] He asserted that victims of immigrant crime have been "ignored by our media, and silenced by special interests".^[9]

Reactions

Support

Maria Espinoza, director of the Remembrance Project, an anti-illegal immigration organization, said that such an office was needed "because the perpetrators are illegally in the U.S. If they are here illegally they should be removed from the country".^[11] Mark Krikorian, director of the Center for Immigration Studies said "highlighting some victims of criminal aliens doesn't suggest that all immigrants are criminals. Shame on those advocacy groups that are trying to minimize the experience of these families."^[9]

Hans von Spakovsky of The Heritage Foundation said, "that every crime that is committed by someone who is here illegally is a crime that would not occur if they weren't in the country."^[12] John Fonte, a senior fellow at the Hudson Institute, said that "the office would serve several good purposes that are directly related to immigration policy, politics, and civic morality."^[13]

Criticism

Critics said that the office overlapped and duplicated the mission of the existing Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) within the Department of Justice (DOJ), which was established in the 1980s and serves the victims of all types of crime.^[11] The executive director of the National Center for Victims of Crime said of the plan: "It's complete and utter duplication and there's no need. I'm not sure what this office would do or what services it would offer different than what is available at DOJ."^[11] Criminologist James Alan Fox, the Lipman Professor of Criminology, Law and Public Policy at Northeastern University, criticized the creation of VOICE, saying that it duplicated the mission of OVC.^[14]

An editorial in the Baltimore Sun said that Trump's claim of victims being ignored and silenced was false, noting that crimes by immigrants generally received disproportionate attention in the media. It referred to Trump's statement as "race-baiting".^[15]

Tessa Stuart of Rolling Stone said, "The memo doesn't mention it, but presumably the [VOICE] office would distribute the weekly list of criminal actions committed by undocumented immigrants that Trump promised in a recent executive order."^[16]

New York City mayor Bill de Blasio and writer Peter Beinart have said that Trump's establishment of the office is a form of scapegoating.^[17]^[18] Daniel Benjamin, a former U.S. State Department counter-terrorism official now at Dartmouth College, wrote that the office was not intended to meet a real need, but rather was aimed at promoting the view that immigrants are dangerous.^[19]

The Washington Post fact-checked Trump's claims regarding immigration and crime and found that "the vast majority of illegal immigrants do not fit Trump's description of aggravated felons", citing studies by the Congressional Research Service.^[20]^[21]^[22]^[a] Kevin Drum noted that even the anti-illegal immigration Center for Immigration Studies said that there was "no clear evidence that immigrants commit crimes at higher or lower rates than others."^[23]^[b] Anti-immigration organizations dispute the relevance of this, as they consider immigrant crime per se a sign of ineffective vetting and enforcement policies.^[9]^[12]

Amanda Erickson wrote in The Washington Post that publishing regular reports on the illicit behavior of undocumented immigrants – as well as singling out a particular group – "was employed to great effect by Adolf Hitler and his allies. In the 1930s, the Nazis used a similar tactic to stir up anger and hatred toward Jews".^[25] Historian Richard Weikart, who has written about the Third Reich said that drawing a direct parallel between Trump and Hitler was "misguided", adding that "this issue doesn't really rise to that level".^[25] Erickson said that "a regular government report is a far cry from the Nazis' aggressive, constant drumbeat against the Jews", but added that "The point is not that VOICE equals the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. But when leaders use the levers of government to drum up fear of one group of people, we should all be worried."^[25]

Notes

^ The Congressional Research Service found that of the approximately 10.8 to 11.5 million unauthorized resident aliens in the U.S. in 2011, the number of incarcerated criminal aliens was 173,000. Applying national rates of non-incarcerated criminals (i.e., those on parole and probation) they estimated that the total number of criminal aliens nationally to be 519,000. Note that, according to the report, unauthorized entry alone is normally a civil offense, and does not contribute to classification as a criminal alien.^[21]^{: 2, 3–4}
^ The Center for Immigration Studies piece continues, "Even though immigrant incarceration rates are high in some populations, there is no clear evidence that immigrants commit crimes at higher or lower rates than others. Nevertheless, it also would be a mistake to conclude that immigrant crime is insignificant or that offenders' immigration status is irrelevant in local policing. The newer information available as a result of better screening of the incarcerated population suggests that, in many parts of the country, immigrants are responsible for a significant share of crime. This indicates that there are legitimate public safety reasons for local law enforcement agencies to determine the immigration status of offenders and to work with federal immigration authorities."^[24]

References

^ "DHS Orders Creation of VOICE Office to Help Victims of Criminal Aliens". Fox News. February 21, 2017. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Enforcement of the Immigration Laws to Serve the National Interest" (PDF). Department of Homeland Security. February 20, 2017. p. 4. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
^ Griffin, Andrew (March 1, 2017). "Donald Trump creates Voice agency to publish list of crimes by immigrants". The Independent. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
^ "Biden administration dismantles Trump-era office for victims of immigrant crime". CBS News. Associated Press. June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
^ Bump, Philip (June 28, 2017). "The director of ICE just declined to support a central argument of Trump's candidacy" (Analysis). Washington Post.
^ Kopan, Tal (March 1, 2017). "What is VOICE? Trump highlights crimes by undocumented immigrants". CNN. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
^ "Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement Quarterly Report" (PDF). United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement. June 2018. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
^ "Executive Order: Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States". The White House. Office of the Press Secretary. January 25, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rhodan, Maya. "Trump Wants to Highlight Immigrant Crime. Democrats Aren't the Only Ones Booing". Time Magazine. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
^ "Transcript of President Trump's February 28, 2017 Speech". February 28, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Suzanne Gamboa, Advocates: Trump’s Immigrant Crime Office Is Political Bait, NBC News (March 1, 2017).
^ ^a ^b Tal Kopan. "What is VOICE? Trump highlights crimes by undocumented immigrants". CNN. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
^ "Trump's VOICE against Sanctuary Cities". National Review. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
^ James Alan Fox, "Five flaws in Trump's crime agenda:" James Alan Fox, USA Today (March 1, 2017).
^ "Giving 'voice' to race-baiting". The Baltimore Sun. March 1, 2017. Archived from the original (Opinion) on April 15, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
^ "Why Trump's Immigration Policy Is a Legal Mess". March 2, 2017. Archived from the original (Opinion) on November 22, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
^ Azi Paybarah. "De Blasio: Trump 'scapegoating' on immigration could backfire" (Opinion). Politico.
^ "Trump Scapegoats Unauthorized Immigrants for Crime" (Opinion). The Atlantic. March 3, 2017.
^ Benjamin, Daniel (March 2, 2017). "Donald Trump Changed His Tone But Not His Message: Be Afraid" (Opinion). Time. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
^ Lee, Michelle (March 1, 2017). "Fact check: Trump claim on murders by unauthorized immigrants". Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Interior Immigration Enforcement: Programs Targeting Criminal Aliens" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. December 20, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
^ Doleac, Jennifer (February 14, 2017). "Are Immigrants More Likely to Commit Crimes?". Econofact. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
^ Drum, Kevin. "No, immigrants are not on a crime spree against native-born Americans". Mother Jones. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
^ Vaughan, Jessica; Camarota, Steven (November 18, 2009). "Immigration and Crime: Assessing a Conflicted Issue". Center for Immigration Studies. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Erickson, Amanda (March 2, 2017). "Adolf Hitler also published a list of crimes committed by groups he didn't like". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2024.

[23] The Congressional Research Service found that of the approximately 10.8 to 11.5 million unauthorized resident aliens in the U.S. in 2011, the number of incarcerated criminal aliens was 173,000. Applying national rates of non-incarcerated criminals (i.e., those on parole and probation) they estimated that the total number of criminal aliens nationally to be 519,000. Note that, according to the report, unauthorized entry alone is normally a civil offense, and does not contribute to classification as a criminal alien.^[21]^{: 2, 3–4}

[26] The Center for Immigration Studies piece continues, "Even though immigrant incarceration rates are high in some populations, there is no clear evidence that immigrants commit crimes at higher or lower rates than others. Nevertheless, it also would be a mistake to conclude that immigrant crime is insignificant or that offenders' immigration status is irrelevant in local policing. The newer information available as a result of better screening of the incarcerated population suggests that, in many parts of the country, immigrants are responsible for a significant share of crime. This indicates that there are legitimate public safety reasons for local law enforcement agencies to determine the immigration status of offenders and to work with federal immigration authorities."^[24]

[1] "DHS Orders Creation of VOICE Office to Help Victims of Criminal Aliens". Fox News. February 21, 2017. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2024.

[DHS-2] "Enforcement of the Immigration Laws to Serve the National Interest" (PDF). Department of Homeland Security. February 20, 2017. p. 4. Retrieved March 1, 2017.

[theindependentcreates-3] Griffin, Andrew (March 1, 2017). "Donald Trump creates Voice agency to publish list of crimes by immigrants". The Independent. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2024.

[4] "Biden administration dismantles Trump-era office for victims of immigrant crime". CBS News. Associated Press. June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.

[5] Bump, Philip (June 28, 2017). "The director of ICE just declined to support a central argument of Trump's candidacy" (Analysis). Washington Post.

[6] Kopan, Tal (March 1, 2017). "What is VOICE? Trump highlights crimes by undocumented immigrants". CNN. Retrieved March 2, 2017.

[7] "Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement Quarterly Report" (PDF). United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement. June 2018. Retrieved June 15, 2021.

[8] "Executive Order: Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States". The White House. Office of the Press Secretary. January 25, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[time-4687557-9] Rhodan, Maya. "Trump Wants to Highlight Immigrant Crime. Democrats Aren't the Only Ones Booing". Time Magazine. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[10] "Transcript of President Trump's February 28, 2017 Speech". February 28, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2017.

[Gamboa-11] Suzanne Gamboa, Advocates: Trump’s Immigrant Crime Office Is Political Bait, NBC News (March 1, 2017).

[CNNkopan-12] Tal Kopan. "What is VOICE? Trump highlights crimes by undocumented immigrants". CNN. Retrieved March 6, 2017.

[13] "Trump's VOICE against Sanctuary Cities". National Review. Retrieved March 20, 2017.

[14] James Alan Fox, "Five flaws in Trump's crime agenda:" James Alan Fox, USA Today (March 1, 2017).

[15] "Giving 'voice' to race-baiting". The Baltimore Sun. March 1, 2017. Archived from the original (Opinion) on April 15, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2017.

[16] "Why Trump's Immigration Policy Is a Legal Mess". March 2, 2017. Archived from the original (Opinion) on November 22, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.

[17] Azi Paybarah. "De Blasio: Trump 'scapegoating' on immigration could backfire" (Opinion). Politico.

[18] "Trump Scapegoats Unauthorized Immigrants for Crime" (Opinion). The Atlantic. March 3, 2017.

[BenjaminBeAfraid-19] Benjamin, Daniel (March 2, 2017). "Donald Trump Changed His Tone But Not His Message: Be Afraid" (Opinion). Time. Retrieved March 2, 2017.

[wapo1-20] Lee, Michelle (March 1, 2017). "Fact check: Trump claim on murders by unauthorized immigrants". Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[CRS-21] "Interior Immigration Enforcement: Programs Targeting Criminal Aliens" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. December 20, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2017.

[22] Doleac, Jennifer (February 14, 2017). "Are Immigrants More Likely to Commit Crimes?". Econofact. Retrieved March 10, 2017.

[24] Drum, Kevin. "No, immigrants are not on a crime spree against native-born Americans". Mother Jones. Retrieved March 6, 2017.

[25] Vaughan, Jessica; Camarota, Steven (November 18, 2009). "Immigration and Crime: Assessing a Conflicted Issue". Center for Immigration Studies. Retrieved March 10, 2017.

[auto-27] Erickson, Amanda (March 2, 2017). "Adolf Hitler also published a list of crimes committed by groups he didn't like". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2024.

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-| formed            = {{Start date and age|2017|02|25}}
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@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
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-The '''Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement''' ('''VOICE''') Office is a U.S. government agency established within the [[Department of Homeland Security]] under the [[Trump administration]] in February 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=DHS Orders Creation of VOICE Office to Help Victims of Criminal Aliens|url=http://insider.foxnews.com/2017/02/21/dhs-orders-creation-voice-office-work-behalf-victims-criminal-aliens|access-date=1 March 2017|agency=Fox News|date=February 21, 2017}}</ref><ref name=DHS>{{cite news|title=Enforcement of the Immigration Laws to Serve the National Interest|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/17_0220_S1_Enforcement-of-the-Immigration-Laws-to-Serve-the-National-Interest.pdf|access-date=1 March 2017|page=4|agency=Department of Homeland Security|date=February 20, 2017}}</ref> [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]] directed it be established by [[Executive Order 13768]].<ref name="theindependentcreates">{{cite news|last1=Griffin|first1=Andrew|title=Donald Trump creates Voice agency to publish list of crimes by immigrants|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-speech-voice-immigrants-crimes-list-agency-donald-joint-address-congress-a7604836.html|access-date=March 1, 2017|work=The Independent|date=March 1, 2017}}</ref>
+The '''Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement''' ('''VOICE''') Office was a U.S. government agency established within the [[Department of Homeland Security]] under the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] in February 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=DHS Orders Creation of VOICE Office to Help Victims of Criminal Aliens|url=http://insider.foxnews.com/2017/02/21/dhs-orders-creation-voice-office-work-behalf-victims-criminal-aliens|url-status=deviated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222145123/http://insider.foxnews.com/2017/02/21/dhs-orders-creation-voice-office-work-behalf-victims-criminal-aliens|archive-date=February 22, 2017|access-date=5 August 2024|agency=Fox News|date=February 21, 2017}}</ref><ref name=DHS>{{cite news|title=Enforcement of the Immigration Laws to Serve the National Interest|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/17_0220_S1_Enforcement-of-the-Immigration-Laws-to-Serve-the-National-Interest.pdf|access-date=1 March 2017|page=4|agency=Department of Homeland Security|date=February 20, 2017}}</ref> [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]] directed it be established by [[Executive Order 13768]].<ref name="theindependentcreates">{{cite news|last1=Griffin|first1=Andrew|title=Donald Trump creates Voice agency to publish list of crimes by immigrants|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-speech-voice-immigrants-crimes-list-agency-donald-joint-address-congress-a7604836.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309041146/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-speech-voice-immigrants-crimes-list-agency-donald-joint-address-congress-a7604836.html |archive-date=March 9, 2017 |url-status=live|access-date=August 5, 2024|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=March 1, 2017}}</ref> The office was dissolved by the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration]] on June 11, 2021, replaced by the Victims Engagement and Services Line (VESL).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-administration-dismantles-trump-era-office-victims-immigrant-crime/|title=Biden administration dismantles Trump-era office for victims of immigrant crime|date=12 June 2021|work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>
-The office's mission is to "provide proactive, timely, adequate, and professional services to victims of crimes committed by [[Removal proceedings|removable]] [[Alien (law)|aliens]]".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bump|first1=Philip|title=Analysis {{!}} The director of ICE just declined to support a central argument of Trump's candidacy|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/06/28/the-director-of-ice-just-declined-to-support-a-central-argument-of-donald-trumps-candidacy/|work=Washington Post|date=28 June 2017}}</ref> The office will act as a liaison between [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] and the victims and their families to ensure they are provided information about the offender, including the offender's immigration and custody status so that their questions and concerns regarding immigration enforcement efforts are addressed.<ref name=DHS/>
+The office's mission was to "provide proactive, timely, adequate, and professional services to victims of crimes committed by [[Removal proceedings|removable]] [[Alien (law)|aliens]]".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bump|first1=Philip|title=The director of ICE just declined to support a central argument of Trump's candidacy|format=Analysis |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/06/28/the-director-of-ice-just-declined-to-support-a-central-argument-of-donald-trumps-candidacy/|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=28 June 2017}}</ref> The office's purpose was to act as a liaison between [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] and the victims and their families to ensure they would be provided information about the offender, including the offender's immigration and custody status so that their questions and concerns regarding immigration enforcement efforts would be addressed.<ref name=DHS/>
-The VOICE office will issue quarterly reports studying the effects of the victimization by criminal aliens present in the United States.<ref name=DHS/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/28/politics/donald-trump-voice-victim-reporting/ |title=What is VOICE? Trump highlights crimes by undocumented immigrants|last=Kopan |first=Tal |date=March 1, 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>
+The VOICE office was to issue quarterly reports studying the effects of the victimization by criminal aliens present in the United States.<ref name=DHS/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/28/politics/donald-trump-voice-victim-reporting/ |title=What is VOICE? Trump highlights crimes by undocumented immigrants|last=Kopan |first=Tal |date=March 1, 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Only one report, in June 2018, was issued through the agency's existence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report/2018/voice-quarterlyreport.pdf|title=Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement Quarterly Report|date=June 2018|publisher=United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>
 ==Establishment==
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 ==Purpose and background==
 {{see also|Executive Order 13768#Section 13 - VOICE office{{!}}Executive Order 13768, Section 13}}
-The stated purpose of the office is to provide information about offenders to victims, and address questions and concerns of victims regarding immigration enforcement efforts.<ref name=DHS/><ref name="time-4687557">{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/4687557/trump-congress-address-immigrant-crime-voice/ |title=Trump Wants to Highlight Immigrant Crime. Democrats Aren't the Only Ones Booing |last=Rhodan |first=Maya |magazine=Time Magazine |access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> In a speech on February 28, 2017, President Trump discussed the new office and referred to the murders of [[Murder of Jamiel Shaw II|Jamiel Shaw]], [[2014 shooting of Sacramento police officers|Deputy Sheriff Danny Oliver and Detective Michael Davis]] as victims of immigrant crime.<ref>{{cite news|title=Transcript of President Trump's February 28, 2017 Speech|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/28/politics/donald-trump-speech-transcript-full-text/|access-date=1 March 2017|date=February 28, 2017}}</ref> He asserted that victims of immigrant crime have been "ignored by our media, and silenced by special interests".<ref name="time-4687557"/>
+The stated purpose of the office is to provide information about offenders to victims, and address questions and concerns of victims regarding immigration enforcement efforts.<ref name=DHS/><ref name="time-4687557">{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/4687557/trump-congress-address-immigrant-crime-voice/ |title=Trump Wants to Highlight Immigrant Crime. Democrats Aren't the Only Ones Booing |last=Rhodan |first=Maya |magazine=Time Magazine |access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> In a speech on February 28, 2017, President Trump discussed the new office and referred to the murders of [[Murder of Jamiel Shaw II|Jamiel Shaw]], [[2014 shooting of Sacramento police officers|Deputy Sheriff Danny Oliver and Detective Michael Davis]] as victims of immigrant crime.<ref>{{cite news|title=Transcript of President Trump's February 28, 2017 Speech|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/28/politics/donald-trump-speech-transcript-full-text/|access-date=1 March 2017|date=February 28, 2017}}</ref> He asserted that victims of immigrant crime have been "ignored by our media, and silenced by special interests".<ref name="time-4687557"/>
 ==Reactions==
 ===Support===
-Maria Espinoza, director of the [[Remembrance Project]], an anti-illegal immigration organization, said that such an office was needed "because the perpetrators are illegally in the U.S. If they are here illegally they should be removed from the country".<ref name="Gamboa" /> [[Mark Krikorian]], director of the [[Center for Immigration Studies]] said "highlighting some victims of criminal aliens doesn't suggest that all immigrants are criminals. Shame on those advocacy groups that are trying to minimize the experience of these families."<ref name="time-4687557" /> [[Hans von Spakovsky]] of the [[Heritage Foundation]] said "that every crime that is committed by someone who is here illegally is a crime that would not occur if they weren't in the country."<ref name=CNNkopan>{{cite news|last1=CNN|first1=Tal Kopan|title=What is VOICE? Trump highlights crimes by undocumented immigrants|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/28/politics/donald-trump-voice-victim-reporting/|access-date=6 March 2017|work=CNN}}</ref> John Fonte, a senior fellow at the [[Hudson Institute]], said that "the office would serve several good purposes that are directly related to immigration policy, politics, and civic morality."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/445646/illegal-immigrant-crime-voice-registry|title=Trump's VOICE against Sanctuary Cities|work=National Review|access-date=2017-03-20|language=en}}</ref>
+Maria Espinoza, director of the [[Remembrance Project]], an anti-illegal immigration organization, said that such an office was needed "because the perpetrators are illegally in the U.S. If they are here illegally they should be removed from the country".<ref name="Gamboa" /> [[Mark Krikorian (activist)|Mark Krikorian]], director of the [[Center for Immigration Studies]] said "highlighting some victims of criminal aliens doesn't suggest that all immigrants are criminals. Shame on those advocacy groups that are trying to minimize the experience of these families."<ref name="time-4687557" />
+[[Hans von Spakovsky]] of [[The Heritage Foundation]] said, "that every crime that is committed by someone who is here illegally is a crime that would not occur if they weren't in the country."<ref name=CNNkopan>{{cite news|author=Tal Kopan|title=What is VOICE? Trump highlights crimes by undocumented immigrants|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/28/politics/donald-trump-voice-victim-reporting/|access-date=6 March 2017|work=CNN}}</ref> John Fonte, a senior fellow at the [[Hudson Institute]], said that "the office would serve several good purposes that are directly related to immigration policy, politics, and civic morality."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/445646/illegal-immigrant-crime-voice-registry|title=Trump's VOICE against Sanctuary Cities|work=National Review|access-date=2017-03-20|language=en}}</ref>
 ===Criticism===
 Critics said that the office overlapped and duplicated the mission of the existing [[Office for Victims of Crime]] (OVC) within the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] (DOJ), which was established in the 1980s and serves the victims of all types of crime.<ref name="Gamboa">Suzanne Gamboa, [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/advocates-trump-s-immigrant-crime-office-political-bait-n727726 Advocates: Trump’s Immigrant Crime Office Is Political Bait], NBC News (March 1, 2017).</ref> The executive director of the [[National Center for Victims of Crime]] said of the plan: "It's complete and utter duplication and there's no need. I'm not sure what this office would do or what services it would offer different than what is available at DOJ."<ref name="Gamboa"/> Criminologist [[James Alan Fox]], the Lipman Professor of Criminology, Law and Public Policy at [[Northeastern University]], criticized the creation of VOICE, saying that it duplicated the mission of OVC.<ref>James Alan Fox, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/03/01/trump-address-crime-immigration-guns-james-alan-fox-column/98553878/ "Five flaws in Trump's crime agenda:" James Alan Fox], ''USA Today'' (March 1, 2017).</ref>
-An editorial in the ''[[Baltimore Sun]]'' said that Trump's claim of victims being ignored and silenced was false, noting that crimes by immigrants generally received disproportionate attention in the media. It referred to Trump's statement as "race-baiting".<ref>{{cite news|title=Giving 'voice' to race-baiting|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bs-ed-trump-immigrants-20170301-story.html|newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|format=Opinion|access-date=22 March 2017|date=1 March 2017}}</ref>
+An editorial in the ''[[Baltimore Sun]]'' said that Trump's claim of victims being ignored and silenced was false, noting that crimes by immigrants generally received disproportionate attention in the media. It referred to Trump's statement as "race-baiting".<ref>{{cite news|title=Giving 'voice' to race-baiting|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bs-ed-trump-immigrants-20170301-story.html|newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|format=Opinion|access-date=22 March 2017|date=1 March 2017|archive-date=April 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415114234/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bs-ed-trump-immigrants-20170301-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-Tessa Stuart of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' said, "The memo doesn't mention it, but presumably the [VOICE] office would distribute the weekly list of criminal actions committed by undocumented immigrants that Trump [[Executive Order 13768#Section 9(b) - Publication of list of crimes by immigrants|promised in a recent executive order]]."<ref>{{cite news|title=Why Trump's Immigration Policy Is a Legal Mess|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/why-trumps-immigration-policy-is-a-legal-mess-w468346|format=Opinion|access-date=2 March 2017|date=2 March 2017}}</ref>
+Tessa Stuart of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' said, "The memo doesn't mention it, but presumably the [VOICE] office would distribute the weekly list of criminal actions committed by undocumented immigrants that Trump [[Executive Order 13768#Section 9(b) - Publication of list of crimes by immigrants|promised in a recent executive order]]."<ref>{{cite news|title=Why Trump's Immigration Policy Is a Legal Mess|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/why-trumps-immigration-policy-is-a-legal-mess-w468346|format=Opinion|access-date=2 March 2017|date=2 March 2017|archive-date=November 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122080228/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/why-trumps-immigration-policy-is-a-legal-mess-w468346|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-New York City mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] and writer [[Peter Beinart]] have said that Trump's establishment of the office is a form of [[scapegoating]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Azi Paybarah|title=De Blasio: Trump 'scapegoating' on immigration could backfire|url=http://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2017/03/in-trumps-crime-policy-de-blasio-sees-scapegoating-and-potentially-ammunition-109995|newspaper=Politico|format=Opinion}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump Scapegoats Unauthorized Immigrants for Crime|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/trump-scapegoats-unauthorized-immigrants-for-crime/518238/|format=Opinion|date=March 3, 2017|magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref> Daniel Benjamin, a former U.S. State Department counter-terrorism official now at [[Dartmouth College]], wrote that the office was not intended to meet a real need, but rather was aimed at promoting the view that immigrants are dangerous.<ref name="BenjaminBeAfraid">{{cite news|last1=Benjamin|first1=Daniel|title=Donald Trump Changed His Tone But Not His Message: Be Afraid|url=http://time.com/4688628/donald-trump-congress-fear/|access-date=2 March 2017|magazine=Time|date=2 March 2017|format=Opinion}}</ref>
+New York City mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] and writer [[Peter Beinart]] have said that Trump's establishment of the office is a form of [[scapegoating]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Azi Paybarah|author-link=Azi Paybarah|title=De Blasio: Trump 'scapegoating' on immigration could backfire|url=http://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2017/03/in-trumps-crime-policy-de-blasio-sees-scapegoating-and-potentially-ammunition-109995|newspaper=Politico|format=Opinion}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump Scapegoats Unauthorized Immigrants for Crime|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/trump-scapegoats-unauthorized-immigrants-for-crime/518238/|format=Opinion|date=March 3, 2017|magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref> Daniel Benjamin, a former U.S. State Department counter-terrorism official now at [[Dartmouth College]], wrote that the office was not intended to meet a real need, but rather was aimed at promoting the view that immigrants are dangerous.<ref name="BenjaminBeAfraid">{{cite news|last1=Benjamin|first1=Daniel|title=Donald Trump Changed His Tone But Not His Message: Be Afraid|url=https://time.com/4688628/donald-trump-congress-fear/|access-date=2 March 2017|magazine=Time|date=2 March 2017|format=Opinion}}</ref>
-''[[The Washington Post]]'' fact-checked Trump's claims regarding [[Immigration and crime#United States|immigration and crime]] and found that "the vast majority of illegal immigrants do not fit Trump's description of aggravated felons", citing studies by the [[Congressional Research Service]].<ref name="wapo1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2017/live-updates/trump-white-house/real-time-fact-checking-and-analysis-of-trumps-address-to-congress/fact-check-trump-claim-on-murders-by-unauthorized-immigrants/ |title=Fact check: Trump claim on murders by unauthorized immigrants |last=Lee |first=Michelle  |date=1 March 2017 |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=2017-03-03}}</ref><ref name="CRS">{{cite web|title=Interior Immigration Enforcement: Programs Targeting Criminal Aliens|url=http://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R42057.pdf|website=Congressional Research Service|access-date=10 March 2017|date=20 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Are Immigrants More Likely to Commit Crimes?|url=http://econofact.org/are-immigrants-more-likely-to-commit-crimes|website=Econofact|access-date=10 March 2017|date=14 February 2017|first=Jennifer|last=Doleac}}</ref>{{efn|The Congressional Research Service found that of the approximately 10.8 to 11.5 million unauthorized resident aliens in the U.S. in 2011, the number of incarcerated criminal aliens was 173,000. Applying national rates of non-incarcerated criminals (i.e., those on parole and probation) they estimated that the total number of criminal aliens nationally to be 519,000. Note that, according to the report, unauthorized entry alone is normally a civil offense, and does not contribute to classification as a criminal alien.<ref name="CRS"/>{{rp|2, 3–4}}}} [[Kevin Drum]] noted that even the anti-illegal immigration Center for Immigration Studies said that there was "no clear evidence that immigrants commit crimes at higher or lower rates than others."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Drum|first1=Kevin|title=No, immigrants are not on a crime spree against native-born Americans|url=https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2017/03/no-immigrants-are-not-crime-spree-against-native-born-americans|access-date=6 March 2017|work=Mother Jones}}</ref>{{efn|The Center for Immigration Studies piece continues, "Even though immigrant incarceration rates are high in some populations, there is no clear evidence that immigrants commit crimes at higher or lower rates than others. Nevertheless, it also would be a mistake to conclude that immigrant crime is insignificant or that offenders' immigration status is irrelevant in local policing. The newer information available as a result of better screening of the incarcerated population suggests that, in many parts of the country, immigrants are responsible for a significant share of crime. This indicates that there are legitimate public safety reasons for local law enforcement agencies to determine the immigration status of offenders and to work with federal immigration authorities."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vaughan|first1=Jessica|last2=Camarota|first2=Steven|title=Immigration and Crime: Assessing a Conflicted Issue|url=http://cis.org/ImmigrantCrime|website=Center for Immigration Studies|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>}} Anti-immigration organizations dispute the relevance of this, as they consider immigrant crime ''per se'' a sign of ineffective vetting and enforcement policies.<ref name="time-4687557" /><ref name="CNNkopan" />
+''[[The Washington Post]]'' fact-checked Trump's claims regarding [[Immigration and crime#United States|immigration and crime]] and found that "the vast majority of illegal immigrants do not fit Trump's description of aggravated felons", citing studies by the [[Congressional Research Service]].<ref name="wapo1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2017/live-updates/trump-white-house/real-time-fact-checking-and-analysis-of-trumps-address-to-congress/fact-check-trump-claim-on-murders-by-unauthorized-immigrants/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302093810/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2017/live-updates/trump-white-house/real-time-fact-checking-and-analysis-of-trumps-address-to-congress/fact-check-trump-claim-on-murders-by-unauthorized-immigrants/ |archive-date=2017-03-02 |title=Fact check: Trump claim on murders by unauthorized immigrants |last=Lee |first=Michelle  |date=1 March 2017 |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=2017-03-03}}</ref><ref name="CRS">{{cite web|title=Interior Immigration Enforcement: Programs Targeting Criminal Aliens|url=http://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R42057.pdf|website=Congressional Research Service|access-date=10 March 2017|date=20 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Are Immigrants More Likely to Commit Crimes?|url=http://econofact.org/are-immigrants-more-likely-to-commit-crimes|website=Econofact|access-date=10 March 2017|date=14 February 2017|first=Jennifer|last=Doleac|author-link=Jennifer Doleac}}</ref>{{efn|The Congressional Research Service found that of the approximately 10.8 to 11.5 million unauthorized resident aliens in the U.S. in 2011, the number of incarcerated criminal aliens was 173,000. Applying national rates of non-incarcerated criminals (i.e., those on parole and probation) they estimated that the total number of criminal aliens nationally to be 519,000. Note that, according to the report, unauthorized entry alone is normally a civil offense, and does not contribute to classification as a criminal alien.<ref name="CRS"/>{{rp|2, 3–4}}}} [[Kevin Drum]] noted that even the anti-illegal immigration Center for Immigration Studies said that there was "no clear evidence that immigrants commit crimes at higher or lower rates than others."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Drum|first1=Kevin|title=No, immigrants are not on a crime spree against native-born Americans|url=https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2017/03/no-immigrants-are-not-crime-spree-against-native-born-americans|access-date=6 March 2017|work=Mother Jones}}</ref>{{efn|The Center for Immigration Studies piece continues, "Even though immigrant incarceration rates are high in some populations, there is no clear evidence that immigrants commit crimes at higher or lower rates than others. Nevertheless, it also would be a mistake to conclude that immigrant crime is insignificant or that offenders' immigration status is irrelevant in local policing. The newer information available as a result of better screening of the incarcerated population suggests that, in many parts of the country, immigrants are responsible for a significant share of crime. This indicates that there are legitimate public safety reasons for local law enforcement agencies to determine the immigration status of offenders and to work with federal immigration authorities."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vaughan|first1=Jessica|last2=Camarota|first2=Steven|title=Immigration and Crime: Assessing a Conflicted Issue|url=http://cis.org/ImmigrantCrime|website=Center for Immigration Studies|date=November 18, 2009|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>}} Anti-immigration organizations dispute the relevance of this, as they consider immigrant crime ''per se'' a sign of ineffective vetting and enforcement policies.<ref name="time-4687557" /><ref name="CNNkopan" />
-Amanda Erickson wrote in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' that publishing regular reports on the illicit behavior of undocumented immigrants&nbsp;– as well as singling out a particular group&nbsp;– "was employed to great effect by Adolf Hitler and his allies. In the 1930s, the Nazis used a similar tactic to stir up anger and hatred toward Jews".<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last=Erickson |first=Amanda |title=Adolf Hitler also published a list of crimes committed by groups he didn't like |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/03/02/adolf-hitler-also-published-a-list-of-crimes-committed-by-groups-he-didnt-like/ |work=The Washington Post |access-date=5 April 2017 |date=2 March 2017}}</ref> Historian [[Richard Weikart]], who has written about the Third Reich said that drawing a direct parallel between Trump and Hitler was "misguided", adding that "this issue doesn't really rise to that level".<ref name="auto" /> Erickson said that "a regular government report is a far cry from the Nazis' aggressive, constant drumbeat against the Jews", but added that "The point is not that VOICE equals the [[Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda]]. But when leaders use the levers of government to drum up fear of one group of people, we should all be worried."<ref name="auto" />
+Amanda Erickson wrote in ''The Washington Post'' that publishing regular reports on the illicit behavior of undocumented immigrants&nbsp;– as well as singling out a particular group&nbsp;– "was employed to great effect by Adolf Hitler and his allies. In the 1930s, the Nazis used a similar tactic to stir up anger and hatred toward Jews".<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last=Erickson |first=Amanda |title=Adolf Hitler also published a list of crimes committed by groups he didn't like |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/03/02/adolf-hitler-also-published-a-list-of-crimes-committed-by-groups-he-didnt-like/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505213642/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/03/02/adolf-hitler-also-published-a-list-of-crimes-committed-by-groups-he-didnt-like/ |archive-date=5 May 2017 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=5 August 2024 |date=2 March 2017}}</ref> Historian [[Richard Weikart]], who has written about the Third Reich said that drawing a direct parallel between Trump and Hitler was "misguided", adding that "this issue doesn't really rise to that level".<ref name="auto" /> Erickson said that "a regular government report is a far cry from the Nazis' aggressive, constant drumbeat against the Jews", but added that "The point is not that VOICE equals the [[Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda]]. But when leaders use the levers of government to drum up fear of one group of people, we should all be worried."<ref name="auto" />
 ==See also==
@@ Line 82: / Line 83: @@
 [[Category:2017 establishments in Washington, D.C.]]
+[[Category:2021 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.]]
 [[Category:Illegal immigration to the United States]]
-[[Category:Internal affairs ministries]]
-[[Category:Ministries established in 2017]]
 [[Category:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]
 [[Category:Organizations established in 2017]]
+[[Category:Organizations disestablished in 2021]]
 [[Category:Public safety ministries]]
 [[Category:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]]