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{{Expand German|topic=bio|date=April 2011|Karl Witzell}}
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'''Karl Witzell''' (18 October 1884, Hiersfeld near [[Wesel]] – 31 May 1976, [[Berlin]]) was a German naval officer who rose to the rank of [[General Admiral]] in the [[Kriegsmarine|''Kreigsmarine'']] of [[Nazi Germany]]. He was the head of the ''[[Marinewaffenhauptamt]]'' (Marine Ordnance Office) since the mid 1930s and during the [[Second World War]].
'''Karl Witzell''' (18 October 1884, Hiersfeld near [[Wesel]] – 31 May 1976, [[Berlin]]) was a German naval officer who rose to the rank of [[General Admiral]] in the [[Kriegsmarine|''Kreigsmarine'']] of [[Nazi Germany]]. He was the head of the ''[[Marinewaffenhauptamt]]'' (Marine Ordnance Office) since the mid 1930s and during the [[Second World War]].


== Naval career ==
⚫
The ''Marinewaffenhauptamt'' oversaw the development, testing and production of naval weapons of all kinds, as well as electronic counter-measures and radio communications. During the [[interwar period]], Witzell, like [[Oberbefehlshaber der Marine|Chief of the German Navy High Command]] [[Erich Raeder]], was an advocate of a powerful surface navy that included the heaviest ships. He argued that only the largest vessels could allow an Atlantic striking force to effectively break through and destroy British trade routes. Witzell, Raeder, and many others in the naval staff continued to strongly believe in the importance of capital ships and surface vessels. This perspective ultimately contributed to the development of [[Plan Z]] in January 1939.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doherty |first=Richard |title=Churchill's Greatest Fear: The Battle of the Atlantic 3 September 1939 to 7 May 1945 |publisher=Pen and Sword |year=2015 |isbn=9781473879416 |publication-date=Nov 30, 2015 |pages=20–22}}</ref>
Witzell joined the [[Imperial German Navy]] as a midshipman on April 1, 1902, and completed his basic training on the training ship ''[[SMS Moltke (1877)|Moltke]]''. He subsequently took part in various foreign voyages with a cruiser squadron. He then spent several years in the [[Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory|German leased territory of Kiautschou]], as a company officer and adjutant in the land-based [[coastal artillery]] department. After his return home, from April to September 1913, he was assigned to the 2nd Naval Inspectorate. Witzell was then transferred to the battleship ''[[SMS Oldenburg|Oldenburg]]'' as a ''[[Kapitänleutnant]]'' and artillery officer. In this capacity, he was awarded the [[Order of the Dannebrog|Knight's Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog]] and remained on the ship of the line until the start of the [[World War I|First World War]], serving there until early September 1915. He was then transferred as an artillery officer to the light cruiser ''[[SMS Elbing|Elbing]]'', with which he participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] on May 31, 1916. For his service, he was awarded both classes of the [[Iron Cross]] and the [[Friedrich-August-Kreuz|Friedrich August Cross]]. From June 2 to August 31, 1916, Witzell served as the deputy artillery officer on the light cruiser ''[[SMS Frankfurt|Frankfurt]]'' before being transferred to the ''[[SMS Graudenz|Graudenz]]'' as navigation officer and first officer, a position he held until the end of the war.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first=Dermot |title=Deutschlands Admirale 1849-1945. Die militärischen Werdegänge der See-, Ingenieur-, Sanitäts-, Waffen- und Verwaltungsoffiziere im Admiralsrang |last2=Hildebrand |first2=Hans H. |publisher=Biblio Verlag |year=1990 |isbn=3-7648-1499-3 |volume=3 |pages=586-569 |language=de |chapter=P-Z}}</ref>


On February 2, 1920, he was assigned to the [[Wilhelmshaven]] shore command as an artillery officer and became a member of a sub-commission of the Marine Peace Commission. In this role, he attempted to negotiate with the victorious powers regarding the artillery defense options for the German coast. On June 29, 1920, Witzell was promoted to ''[[Korvettenkapitän]]'', and on February 5, 1921, he was appointed head of the weapons department of the naval command. He briefly served as first officer on the ship of the line ''[[SMS Braunschweig|Braunschweig]]'' from January 11 to 31, 1926, and in the same role from February 1, 1926, to September 30, 1927, on the ''[[SMS Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig-Holstein]]'', where he was promoted to ''[[Fregattenkapitän]]'' on April 1, 1927. He then returned to his duties as a department head. On October 1, 1928, he was appointed ''Chef der Marinewaffenabteilung'' (Chief of the Naval Weapons Department) and on October 1, 1934, he became the ''Chef des Marinewaffenamtes'' (Chief of the Naval Ordnance Office). During this period, he was promoted to ''[[Kapitän zur See]]'' on December 1, 1928, and to ''[[konteradmiral]]'' on September 1, 1933. Witzell remained in his post after the creation of the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'', where he played a crucial role in the development and construction of naval weapons. The ''Marinewaffenhauptamt'' oversaw the development, testing and production of naval weapons of all kinds, as well as electronic counter-measures and radio communications.<ref name=":0" />
⚫
Witzell, along with field marshal [[Erhard Milch]], the ''Generalluftzeugmeister'' (Chief of Air Equipment) for the Air Force, and general [[Emil Leeb]], Chief of the ''[[Waffenamt]]'' (Army Ordnance Office), served on the Armaments Committee (''Rüstungsamt''). Formed on May 6, 1942, under the leadership of Reich Minister [[Albert Speer]], this committee aimed to centralize the research and development efforts of the three branches of the Armed Forces. By establishing a unified planning agency, the committee sought to streamline ordnance research and optimize resource allocation, ensuring better-coordinated advancements in military technology across the ''[[German Army (1935–1945)|Heer]]'', ''[[Luftwaffe]]'', and ''Kriegsmarine''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hentschel |first=Klaus |title=Hermann Göring et al.: Record of a Conference Regarding the Reich Research Council, July 6, 1942 |date=1996 |work=Physics and National Socialism |pages=304–308 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9008-3_99 |access-date=2024-10-27 |place=Basel |publisher=Birkhäuser Basel |isbn=978-3-0348-9865-2}}</ref>

=== Kriegsmarine ===
⚫
During the [[interwar period]], Witzell, like [[Oberbefehlshaber der Marine|Chief of the German Navy High Command]] [[Erich Raeder]], was an advocate of a powerful surface navy that included the heaviest ships. He argued that only the largest vessels could allow an Atlantic striking force to effectively break through and destroy British trade routes. Witzell, Raeder, and many others in the naval staff continued to strongly believe in the importance of capital ships and surface vessels. This perspective ultimately contributed to the development of [[Plan Z]] in January 1939.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doherty |first=Richard |title=Churchill's Greatest Fear: The Battle of the Atlantic 3 September 1939 to 7 May 1945 |publisher=Pen and Sword |year=2015 |isbn=9781473879416 |publication-date=Nov 30, 2015 |pages=20-22}}</ref>

⚫
After the outbreak of the Second World War, he became ''Chef des Marinewaffenhauptamtes'' (Head of the Naval Weapons Main Office) in the [[Oberkommando der Marine|''Kriegsmarine'' high command]] on November 7, 1939 and was promoted to ''[[General admiral|Generaladmiral]]'' on April 1, 1941. Witzell, along with field marshal [[Erhard Milch]], the ''Generalluftzeugmeister'' (Chief of Air Equipment) for the Air Force, and general [[Emil Leeb]], Chief of the ''[[Waffenamt]]'' (Army Ordnance Office), served on the ''Rüstungsamt'' (Armaments Committee). Formed on May 6, 1942, under the leadership of Reich Minister [[Albert Speer]], this committee aimed to centralize the research and development efforts of the three branches of the Armed Forces. By establishing a unified planning agency, the committee sought to streamline ordnance research and optimize resource allocation, ensuring better-coordinated advancements in military technology across the ''[[German Army (1935–1945)|Heer]]'', ''[[Luftwaffe]]'', and ''Kriegsmarine''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hentschel |first=Klaus |title=Hermann Göring et al.: Record of a Conference Regarding the Reich Research Council, July 6, 1942 |date=1996 |work=Physics and National Socialism |pages=304–308 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9008-3_99 |access-date=2024-10-27 |place=Basel |publisher=Birkhäuser Basel |isbn=978-3-0348-9865-2}}</ref>

He left active service on August 31, 1942. He was appointed as a council member of the ''[[Reichsforschungsrat]]'' (Reich Research Council) and was awarded the [[War Merit Cross|Knight's Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords]] on October 6, 1942, "in recognition of his great services to weapons development and the armament of the German Reich."<ref name=":0" />

Although his military career had ended, Witzell became a Russian prisoner of war in May 1945 and was sentenced to 25 years in prison for war crimes by a military tribunal in the Soviet Union on June 25, 1950. On October 7, 1955, he returned to West Germany with the last German prisoners of war from the Soviet Union. He later became a founding member of the ''Deutsche Gesellschaft für Wehrtechnik,'' a lobbying organization for the German arms industry.<ref name=":0" />


==Decorations==
==Decorations==
Line 43: Line 52:
** 1st Class
** 1st Class
* [[Knight's Cross of the War Merit Cross]] with Swords on 6 October 1942 as [[Generaladmiral]] and Chef des Marinewaffenhauptamtes{{sfn|Hildebrand|1989|p=569}}
* [[Knight's Cross of the War Merit Cross]] with Swords on 6 October 1942 as [[Generaladmiral]] and Chef des Marinewaffenhauptamtes{{sfn|Hildebrand|1989|p=569}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book | last = Hildebrand | first = Hans | title = P–Z|work=Deutschlands Admirale 1849–1945. Die militärischen Werdegänge der See-, Ingenieur-, Sanitäts-, Waffen- und Verwaltungsoffiziere im Admiralsrang |volume=3| publisher = Biblio| location = Osnabrück | year = 1989 | isbn = 3764814993 | language= German |pages=568–569}}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 18:35, 17 November 2024

Karl Witzell
Born(1884-10-18)18 October 1884
Hiersfeld near Wesel, Rhine Province
Died31 May 1976(1976-05-31) (aged 91)
West-Berlin
Allegiance German Empire (to 1918)
 Weimar Republic (to 1933)
 Nazi Germany
Service / branch Imperial German Navy
 Reichsmarine
 Kriegsmarine
Years of service1902–42
RankGeneraladmiral
UnitSMS Elbing
SMS Frankfurt
SMS Graudenz
SMS Schleswig-Holstein
SMS Braunschweig
Battles / warsWorld War I
World War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the War Merit Cross
Other workDeutsche Gesellschaft für Wehrtechnik

Karl Witzell (18 October 1884, Hiersfeld near Wesel – 31 May 1976, Berlin) was a German naval officer who rose to the rank of General Admiral in the Kreigsmarine of Nazi Germany. He was the head of the Marinewaffenhauptamt (Marine Ordnance Office) since the mid 1930s and during the Second World War.

[edit]

Witzell joined the Imperial German Navy as a midshipman on April 1, 1902, and completed his basic training on the training ship Moltke. He subsequently took part in various foreign voyages with a cruiser squadron. He then spent several years in the German leased territory of Kiautschou, as a company officer and adjutant in the land-based coastal artillery department. After his return home, from April to September 1913, he was assigned to the 2nd Naval Inspectorate. Witzell was then transferred to the battleship Oldenburg as a Kapitänleutnant and artillery officer. In this capacity, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog and remained on the ship of the line until the start of the First World War, serving there until early September 1915. He was then transferred as an artillery officer to the light cruiser Elbing, with which he participated in the Battle of Jutland on May 31, 1916. For his service, he was awarded both classes of the Iron Cross and the Friedrich August Cross. From June 2 to August 31, 1916, Witzell served as the deputy artillery officer on the light cruiser Frankfurt before being transferred to the Graudenz as navigation officer and first officer, a position he held until the end of the war.[1]

On February 2, 1920, he was assigned to the Wilhelmshaven shore command as an artillery officer and became a member of a sub-commission of the Marine Peace Commission. In this role, he attempted to negotiate with the victorious powers regarding the artillery defense options for the German coast. On June 29, 1920, Witzell was promoted to Korvettenkapitän, and on February 5, 1921, he was appointed head of the weapons department of the naval command. He briefly served as first officer on the ship of the line Braunschweig from January 11 to 31, 1926, and in the same role from February 1, 1926, to September 30, 1927, on the Schleswig-Holstein, where he was promoted to Fregattenkapitän on April 1, 1927. He then returned to his duties as a department head. On October 1, 1928, he was appointed Chef der Marinewaffenabteilung (Chief of the Naval Weapons Department) and on October 1, 1934, he became the Chef des Marinewaffenamtes (Chief of the Naval Ordnance Office). During this period, he was promoted to Kapitän zur See on December 1, 1928, and to konteradmiral on September 1, 1933. Witzell remained in his post after the creation of the Kriegsmarine, where he played a crucial role in the development and construction of naval weapons. The Marinewaffenhauptamt oversaw the development, testing and production of naval weapons of all kinds, as well as electronic counter-measures and radio communications.[1]

Kriegsmarine

[edit]

During the interwar period, Witzell, like Chief of the German Navy High Command Erich Raeder, was an advocate of a powerful surface navy that included the heaviest ships. He argued that only the largest vessels could allow an Atlantic striking force to effectively break through and destroy British trade routes. Witzell, Raeder, and many others in the naval staff continued to strongly believe in the importance of capital ships and surface vessels. This perspective ultimately contributed to the development of Plan Z in January 1939.[2]

After the outbreak of the Second World War, he became Chef des Marinewaffenhauptamtes (Head of the Naval Weapons Main Office) in the Kriegsmarine high command on November 7, 1939 and was promoted to Generaladmiral on April 1, 1941. Witzell, along with field marshal Erhard Milch, the Generalluftzeugmeister (Chief of Air Equipment) for the Air Force, and general Emil Leeb, Chief of the Waffenamt (Army Ordnance Office), served on the Rüstungsamt (Armaments Committee). Formed on May 6, 1942, under the leadership of Reich Minister Albert Speer, this committee aimed to centralize the research and development efforts of the three branches of the Armed Forces. By establishing a unified planning agency, the committee sought to streamline ordnance research and optimize resource allocation, ensuring better-coordinated advancements in military technology across the Heer, Luftwaffe, and Kriegsmarine.[3]

He left active service on August 31, 1942. He was appointed as a council member of the Reichsforschungsrat (Reich Research Council) and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords on October 6, 1942, "in recognition of his great services to weapons development and the armament of the German Reich."[1]

Although his military career had ended, Witzell became a Russian prisoner of war in May 1945 and was sentenced to 25 years in prison for war crimes by a military tribunal in the Soviet Union on June 25, 1950. On October 7, 1955, he returned to West Germany with the last German prisoners of war from the Soviet Union. He later became a founding member of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Wehrtechnik, a lobbying organization for the German arms industry.[1]

Decorations

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Bradley, Dermot; Hildebrand, Hans H. (1990). "P-Z". Deutschlands Admirale 1849-1945. Die militärischen Werdegänge der See-, Ingenieur-, Sanitäts-, Waffen- und Verwaltungsoffiziere im Admiralsrang (in German). Vol. 3. Biblio Verlag. pp. 586–569. ISBN 3-7648-1499-3.
  2. ^ Doherty, Richard (2015). Churchill's Greatest Fear: The Battle of the Atlantic 3 September 1939 to 7 May 1945. Pen and Sword (published 30 November 2015). pp. 20–22. ISBN 9781473879416.
  3. ^ Hentschel, Klaus (1996), "Hermann Göring et al.: Record of a Conference Regarding the Reich Research Council, July 6, 1942", Physics and National Socialism, Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, pp. 304–308, ISBN 978-3-0348-9865-2, retrieved 27 October 2024
  4. ^ Hildebrand 1989, p. 569.


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