Ptolemy IX Soter: Difference between revisions

Ptolemy IX Soter
Ptolemy IX Soter
	Probable bust of Ptolemy IX
Pharaoh
	King of the Ptolemaic Kingdom
Reign	116–107 BC with Cleopatra III; 88–81 BC;
Predecessor	Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III (116 BC); Ptolemy X Alexander I (88 BC)
Successor	Ptolemy X Alexander I (107 BC); Berenice III (81 BC)
Horus name
Horus name
Nebty name
Golden Horus
Prenomen (Praenomen)
Nomen
	ptwlmis Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mri-ptḥ; Petulemis Ankhdjet meryptah; Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Ptah
	;
Consorts	Cleopatra IV of Egypt (m. 119 BC; divorced 115 BC); Cleopatra Selene (m. 115 BC; divorced 107 BC)
Children	Two legitimate sons; Berenice III, Queen of Egypt; Ptolemy XII, King of Egypt; Ptolemy, King of Cyprus; Cleopatra V, Queen of Egypt (perhaps);
Father	Ptolemy VIII of Egypt
Mother	Cleopatra III of Egypt
Born	143/2 BC or 140/39 BC
Died	December 81 BC
Dynasty	Ptolemaic dynasty

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Ptolemy IX Soter II^{[note 1]} (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ, Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr 'Ptolemy the Saviour'), commonly nicknamed Lathyros (Λάθυρος, Láthuros 'chickpea'),^[3] was twice King of Ptolemaic Egypt. He was the son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III. He reigned as Ptolemy Philometor Soter in joint rule with his grandmother Cleopatra II and mother Cleopatra III from 116 to 107 BC, and then again as Ptolemy Soter from 88 to 81 BC.

Ptolemy IX became the heir apparent after the murder of his half-brother Ptolemy Memphites in 130 BC, during a civil war between Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II. On his father's death in 116 BC, he became co-regent with Cleopatra II (until 115 BC) and with Cleopatra III. He eventually quarrelled with his mother and in 107 BC, she deposed him and replaced him with his younger brother, Ptolemy X. However, Ptolemy IX succeeded in seizing control of Cyprus. From there he invaded Judaea, but was prevented by Ptolemy X from invading Egypt (103–102 BC). In 88 BC, the Alexandrians expelled Ptolemy X and restored Ptolemy IX to the throne. He reigned alone until 81 BC, when he appointed his daughter Berenice III as co-regent shortly before his own death. She succeeded him as ruler.

Background and early life

When the Ptolemaic king Ptolemy V died in 180 BC, he left three children: Ptolemy VI, Cleopatra II, and Ptolemy VIII. All three ruled together from 169 BC until 164 BC, when Ptolemy VIII expelled his brother from power. In 163 BC, he was expelled in turn and forced to withdraw to Cyrene. However, when Ptolemy VI died in 145 BC, Ptolemy VIII was invited back to Egypt to serve as king, marrying his sister Cleopatra II, also sister and widow of Ptolemy VI. The relationship between Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II rapidly deteriorated, especially when Ptolemy VIII took Cleopatra III, daughter of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, as a second wife. The conflict eventually led to a civil war with Cleopatra II on one side and Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III on the other (132-126 BC). Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III were victorious, but reconciled with Cleopatra II and restored her as co-regent in 124 BC.^[4]

Ptolemy IX was the son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III. The exact date of his birth is a bit unclear. As pharaoh, his Horus name was "Distinguished through his birth together with the living Apis; twin in his birthplace with the son of Isis" which seems to indicate that he was born in the same year as an Apis bull, i.e. 143/2 BC.^[1] This would put his birth two years before his parents' marriage, which took place in 141 BC.^[5] Some historians, like Günther Hölbl, consider this insuperable and propose to place his birth in 140 or 139 BC instead.^[2]

Initially, Ptolemy IX was not the heir to the throne – that was Ptolemy Memphites, the son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, who was roughly the same age as him. In 134/3 BC, Ptolemy IX served as the annual priest of Alexander the Great, the year after Ptolemy Memphites had done the same.^[6]^[1] However, during the civil war, in 130 BC, Cleopatra II attempted to have Ptolemy Memphites crowned as her co-ruler, so Ptolemy VIII had him murdered, leaving Ptolemy IX as the heir.

Around 117 BC, Ptolemy IX was sent to Cyprus, reportedly at his mother's request, where he served as governor of the island (strategos, nauarchos, archiereus, archikynegos).^[7] Shortly before this he had married his sister Cleopatra IV, who probably gave birth to two sons while the couple was on Cyprus: the future Ptolemy XII in 117 BC and Ptolemy, future king of Cyprus, c. 116 BC.^[8]

First reign (116–107 BC)

Will of Ptolemy VIII

On 28 June 116, Ptolemy VIII died. According to Justin, Ptolemy VIII's will left Cleopatra III in charge of Egypt, with the right to choose either Ptolemy IX or his younger brother Ptolemy X as her co-regent. Cyrene was left to Ptolemy VIII's illegitimate son, Ptolemy Apion. Justin further claims that Cleopatra III wanted to choose Ptolemy X, but the people of Alexandria rioted and forced her to choose Ptolemy IX.^[9] Pausanias implies that Cleopatra III's request to send Ptolemy IX to Cyprus in 117 BC had been intended to get him out of the way in order to enable Ptolemy X's succession.^[10]

Some historians have found this account plausible.^[11] However, Chris Bennett argues that it is a false story that was invented by Cleopatra III at a later date. He points out that Justin's story assumes that Cleopatra III was the only living queen at the time of Ptolemy VIII's death. Documentary evidence shows that Cleopatra II was still alive in 116 BC, which makes it unlikely that Cleopatra III would have been allowed sole power to decide who would be king.^[12]

At any rate, Cleopatra II, Cleopatra III, and Ptolemy IX (in that order) are listed together as co-rulers in surviving papyrus documents from October 116 BC. Ptolemy IX received the epithet Philometor Soter (Mother-loving Saviour). This was the same epithet that Cleopatra II and taken on during her civil war with Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III, which suggests that she played a controlling role in the new regime.^[11] Ptolemy X was sent to Cyprus to serve as governor of Cyprus soon after Ptolemy IX's accession.

Divorce, remarriage, and intervention in Seleucid civil war

Cleopatra II died some time before April 115 BC and at this point Cleopatra III became the dominant force in the government. Ptolemy IX was forced to divorce his sister-wife Cleopatra IV, who went off and married her cousin, the Seleucid king Antiochus IX (r. 115–95 BC), whose mother Cleopatra Thea^[13] was Cleopatra III's sister.^[14] Antiochus IX was waging a war against his half-brother Antiochus VIII (r. 125–96 BC), who was married to Cleopatra IV's elder sister Tryphaena. On the way to meet Antiochus IX, Cleopatra IV stopped in Cyprus, where she recruited an army and seized control of the Cypriot fleet, in order to aid Antiochus IX.^[15] Perhaps as a result of this, in 114/113 BC, Ptolemy X proclaimed himself 'King of Cyprus', openly declaring his opposition to Ptolemy IX.^[16]^[11]

Meanwhile, Ptolemy IX married his younger sister, Cleopatra Selene, with whom he soon had a daughter, Berenice III.^[1] Cleopatra Selene was not made co-regent with her new husband, as would have been normal. Instead, in documents from this period, the royal couple were Cleopatra III and Ptolemy IX, who were integrated into the Ptolemaic dynastic cult as the Theoi Philometores Soteres (The Mother-loving Saviour Gods).^[17]

Ptolemy IX supported Antiochus IX in his conflict with Antiochus VIII. In 114 BC, Cleopatra IV had been captured and murdered by Antiochus VIII's wife Tryphaena, who was murdered in turn by Antiochus IX in 111 BC.^[17] In 109 BC, Ptolemy IX sent Antiochus IX fresh troops to aid him in a campaign against the Jewish ruler Hyrcanus I of the Hasmonean dynasty.^[18]

Expulsion from Alexandria

In autumn 107 BC, a new conflict broke out between Cleopatra III and Ptolemy IX. Pausanias claims that Cleopatra III wounded a number of her own eunuch servants and displayed them to the people as evidence that her son had attempted to have her assassinated, causing the Alexandrians to riot and expel Ptolemy IX from the city. While this was taking place, Ptolemy X had left Cyprus and sailed to Pelusium. Cleopatra III then had him brought to Alexandria and placed on the throne as her new co-regent.^[19]^[3]^[17] Ptolemy IX had left his two sons behind when he fled Alexandria. He also abandoned Cleopatra Selene, who now seems to have been married to Ptolemy X.^[20]

King of Cyprus (107–88 BC)

After his expulsion from Alexandria, Ptolemy IX went to the isle of Cyprus. There forces loyal to Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X rebuffed him, forcing him to retreat to Seleucia in Pieria. From there he mounted another invasion of Cyprus in 106 BC, which succeeded in conquering the island.^[21] He initially maintained control of Cyrene, but it seems to have come under the control of his half brother Ptolemy Apion some time after 105 BC. Apion protected his position by publishing a will which left all his territories to Rome in the event that he died without heirs, a method which was often used by Hellenistic kings to prevent rivals from attempting to depose or assassinate them. However, he actually died without heirs in 96 BC, meaning that Rome inherited the territory.^[22]^[18]

In 103 BC, the new Hasmonean King Alexander Jannaeus led an army to conquer Ptolemais Akko. The city appealed to Ptolemy IX for help and he sailed over and caused Jannaeus to lift his siege. He then invaded Galilee, defeated Jannaeus in a battle at Asophon near the River Jordan, and despoiled Judaea with impunity.^[23] Fearing that Ptolemy IX was planning to use Judaea as a springboard for an invasion of Egypt, Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X invaded Judaea themselves. Ptolemy X invaded Phoenicia by sea and then marched inland to Damascus, while Cleopatra III besieged Ptolemais Akko. Ptolemy IX attempted to slip past them and into Egypt, but Ptolemy X managed to rush back and stop him. Ptolemy IX spent the winter encamped at Gaza, before deciding to sail back to Cyprus in early 102 BC. Nothing further is known about his activities until 88 BC.^[18]

Second reign (88–81 BC)

Restoration

The army and people of Alexandria turned against Ptolemy X in spring 88 BC and expelled him from Egypt. The Alexandrians then recalled Ptolemy IX to the throne. Ptolemy IX was formally re-crowned as Pharaoh at Memphis in November. In his first reign, Ptolemy had borne the epithet Philometor Soter (Mother-loving saviour), but on his return he dropped the Philometor, since it recalled his mother. The cults and memory of Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X seem to have been officially suppressed.^[24]

When Ptolemy IX returned to Egypt, the south of the country had been under the control of Egyptian rebels since 91 BC. Ptolemy sent a large force south in November 88 BC, under the command of the general Hierax. Thebes was quickly recaptured and severely sacked.^[25] Ptolemaic control was restored as far south as Philae, but Lower Nubia, which had come under the control of the kingdom of Meroe during the revolt, was not reclaimed.^[24]

Roman claims and First Mithridatic War

After his expulsion from Alexandria, Ptolemy X made an attempt to invade Cyprus and recapture control, but was killed in the attempt. Before his death, however, he had taken out a large loan from the Roman Republic, in return for which he produced a will which left his kingdom to the Romans. Although they chose not to take advantage of this, the possibility of Roman intervention hung over Ptolemy IX for the rest of his reign and forced him to adopt a highly deferential posture with the Romans.^[24]

In 86 BC, a Roman fleet commanded by Lucullus arrived in Alexandria seeking financial and military support against Mithridates VI of Pontus, with whom the Romans were fighting the First Mithridatic War (89-84 BC).^[26] Ptolemy hosted Lucullus magnificently, but did not offer him any material support.^[27] This was probably partially due to the confused political situation – the Roman war effort was being led by Sulla, but he had been declared an outlaw by the government in Rome led by Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Moreover, Mithridates VI had managed to capture Ptolemy's sons, who had been on Cos since 103 BC.^[24]

Death and succession

On 5 August 81 BC, Ptolemy IX promoted his daughter Berenice III, who had previously been the wife and co-regent of Ptolemy X, to the status of co-regent. Some sources claim that Ptolemy IX had made Berenice III his co-regent at the start of his second reign in 88 BC, but all documentary evidence shows that he reigned alone until 81BC. Ptolemy died shortly thereafter, probably in December of the same year, leaving her alone on the throne. After a few months of sole rule, her cousin Ptolemy XI was placed on the throne as her co-regent, murdered her, was murdered himself, and was replaced by Ptolemy XII, another child of Ptolemy IX.^[1]^[24]^[3]

Regime

In August 115 BC, Ptolemy IX travelled down the Nile to Elephantine in order to celebrate the festival there in honour of the Great God of the Nile – a traditional Pharaonic duty which was meant to give thanks for the inundation and ensure the success of the next. The fact that Ptolemy IX carried this ritual out personally, rather than letting a local priest carry it out in his stead, shows the extent to which Ptolemy embraced the Pharaonic role.^[28]

It is possible that construction of certain buildings occurred during the first reign of Ptolemy IX. This would have included work on the Dendera Temple complex and on the temple in Edfu.

Relationship with Rome

A Roman embassy led by the senator Lucius Memmius, arrived in Egypt in 112 BC. As part of his visit, he was given a tour of the Fayyum region. Papyrus letters survive that instruct all local officials to treat him with the greatest respect and provide him with the most luxurious accommodation. The visit is a sign of the extent to which the Ptolemies now sought to conciliate the Roman Republic. It is also an early example of Roman tourism in Egypt, which would become a major phenomenon in the Roman imperial period. A set of four graffiti at Philae provide evidence for another set of early Roman tourists. Dated to 116 BC, they are the earliest known examples of the Latin language to be found in Egypt.^[17]

Marriages and issue

Ptolemy IX is only known to have married twice, first to Cleopatra IV from c. 119 BC until he was forced to divorce her in 115 BC, and secondly to Cleopatra Selene from 115 BC, until he abandoned her during his flight from Alexandria in 107 BC.

At least three children are attested for Ptolemy IX. The birth dates and parentage of his two sons Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus are disputed.^[30] According to Justin, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy IX had two children.^[31] The historian John Whitehorne noted that the existence of those two children is doubted and they might have died at a young age.^[32]

Ptolemy XII is referred to by Cicero and other ancient sources as an illegitimate son; Pompeius Trogus called him a "nothos" (bastard), while Pausanias wrote that Berenice III was Ptolemy IX's only legitimate offspring.^[33] This has discouraged the identification of Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus with the two sons mentioned by Justin. Michael Grant suggested that Ptolemy XII's mother was a Syrian or a partly Greek concubine while Günther Hölbl suggested that she was a member of the Egyptian elite.^[34] However, John Pentland Mahaffy and Christopher Bennett argue that they were considered illegitimate simply because their mother had not been a co-regnant queen. They propose Cleopatra IV as the mother, in which case Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus would have been born in 117 and 116 BC respectively. Bennett further proposes that Ptolemy XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus are identical with the two sons mentioned by Justin.^[1]

The mother of Ptolemy IX's daughter, Berenice III is not certain either. Cleopatra IV and Cleopatra Selene are candidates, with the former favoured by modern scholarship.^[35] Bennett noted that Berenice III's legitimacy was never questioned by ancient historians, and the illegitimacy of Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra IV's marriage makes it more probable that Berenice III was the result of a legitimate marriage, that is between her father and Cleopatra Selene.^[36]^[37]

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
Ptolemy XII	117 or c. 98 BC	February/March 51 BC	King of Egypt (80-58 & 55-51 BC)
Ptolemy	116 or c. 96 BC?	58 BC	King of Cyprus (80-58 BC)
Berenice III	Late 115 or early 114 BC	April 80 BC	Co-regent with Ptolemy X (101-88 BC), Queen of Egypt (81-80 BC)

Notes

^ Numbering the Ptolemies is a modern convention. Older sources may give a number one higher or lower. The most reliable way of determining which Ptolemy is being referred to in any given case is by epithet (e.g. "Philopator"). Ptolemy IX also took the same title 'Soter' as Ptolemy I. In older references and in more recent references by the German historian Huss, Ptolemy IX may be numbered VIII.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy IX". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
^ ^a ^b Hölbl 2001, p. 203
^ ^a ^b ^c Ptolemy Soter II and Ptolemy Alexander I at LacusCurtius — (Chapter XI of E. R Bevan's House of Ptolemy, 1923)
^ Hölbl 2001, pp. 172–203
^ Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra III". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
^ Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy Memphites". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
^ Pausanias 1.9.1; OGIS 143
^ Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra IV". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
^ Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 39.3.1
^ Pausanias 1.9.1
^ ^a ^b ^c Hölbl 2001, pp. 204–205
^ Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra II". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
^ Antiochus IX at Livius.org
^ Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II at Livius.org
^ Justin 39.3.2
^ Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy X". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hölbl 2001, pp. 206–207
^ ^a ^b ^c Hölbl 2001, pp. 207–210
^ Justin (historian), Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 39.4.1; Pausanias 1.9.2
^ Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra Selene". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
^ Diodorus, Bibliotheca 34/35.39a; Justin 39.4.1-2
^ Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy Apion". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
^ Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 13.324-364
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hölbl 2001, pp. 211–213
^ Pausanias 1.9.3
^ Plutarch Life of Lucullus 2-3; Appian, Mithridatica 33
^ Cicero Ac. 1.2.11
^ Hölbl 2001, pp. 205–206
^ Ioannis Svoronos, Ta nomismata tou kratous ton Ptolemaion, Athens, 1904, vol. I-II, p. 302 (n°1838), & vol. III-IV, plate LXI, n°22, 23.
^ Werner Huß, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit. C. H. Beck, Munich 2001, p. 674-675
^ Justin Epitome of the Philippic History 39.4
^ Whitehorne 1994, p. 176.
^ Sullivan 1990, p. 92.
^ Fletcher 2008, p. 353.
^ Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2013) [2012]. "Cleopatra V Berenike III". In Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.). Vol. III: Be-Co. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-405-17935-5.
^ Bennett 1997, p. 54.
^ Bennett, Chris. "Berenice III". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 16 November 2019.

Bibliography

Bennett, Christopher J. (1997). "Cleopatra V Tryphæna and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies". Ancient Society. 28. Peeters Publishers: 39–66. doi:10.2143/AS.28.0.630068. ISSN 0066-1619.
Fletcher, Joann (2008). Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-83173-1.
Hölbl, Günther (2001). A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415201454.
Sullivan, Richard (1990). Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100–30 BC. Phoenix: Supplementary Volume. Vol. 24. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-802-02682-8.
Whitehorne, John (1994). Cleopatras. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-05806-3.

External links

Ptolemy IX Lathyrus entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
Ptolemy IX (Soter) at Thebes by Robert Ritner

Regnal titles
Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemaic dynasty Born: 143/2 BC Died: 81 BC
Preceded by Helenus of Cyrene	Governor of Cyprus 117 BC-116 BC	Succeeded by Ptolemy X
Preceded by Ptolemy VIII	Pharaoh of Egypt 116 BC–107 BC with Cleopatra III and Cleopatra IV	Succeeded by Cleopatra III Ptolemy X
Preceded by Helenus of Cyrene	King of Cyprus 105-88 BC	Succeeded by Chaereas?
Preceded by Ptolemy X Berenice III	Pharaoh of Egypt 88 BC–81 BC	Succeeded by Berenice III

[3] Numbering the Ptolemies is a modern convention. Older sources may give a number one higher or lower. The most reliable way of determining which Ptolemy is being referred to in any given case is by epithet (e.g. "Philopator"). Ptolemy IX also took the same title 'Soter' as Ptolemy I. In older references and in more recent references by the German historian Huss, Ptolemy IX may be numbered VIII.

[CBP9-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy IX". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 11 November 2019.

[H203-2] Hölbl 2001, p. 203

[Ptolemy-4] Ptolemy Soter II and Ptolemy Alexander I at LacusCurtius — (Chapter XI of E. R Bevan's House of Ptolemy, 1923)

[5] Hölbl 2001, pp. 172–203

[CBC3-6] Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra III". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 11 November 2019.

[CBPM-7] Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy Memphites". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 11 November 2019.

[8] Pausanias 1.9.1; OGIS 143

[CBC4-9] Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra IV". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.

[10] Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 39.3.1

[11] Pausanias 1.9.1

[H2045-12] Hölbl 2001, pp. 204–205

[CBC2-13] Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra II". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.

[AntiochusIX-14] Antiochus IX at Livius.org

[15] Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II at Livius.org

[16] Justin 39.3.2

[CBP10-17] Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy X". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.

[H2067-18] Hölbl 2001, pp. 206–207

[H20710-19] Hölbl 2001, pp. 207–210

[20] Justin (historian), Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 39.4.1; Pausanias 1.9.2

[CBCS-21] Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra Selene". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.

[22] Diodorus, Bibliotheca 34/35.39a; Justin 39.4.1-2

[CBPA-23] Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy Apion". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 12 November 2019.

[24] Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 13.324-364

[H2113-25] Hölbl 2001, pp. 211–213

[26] Pausanias 1.9.3

[27] Plutarch Life of Lucullus 2-3; Appian, Mithridatica 33

[28] Cicero Ac. 1.2.11

[29] Hölbl 2001, pp. 205–206

[30] Ioannis Svoronos, Ta nomismata tou kratous ton Ptolemaion, Athens, 1904, vol. I-II, p. 302 (n°1838), & vol. III-IV, plate LXI, n°22, 23.

[Huß-31] Werner Huß, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit. C. H. Beck, Munich 2001, p. 674-675

[32] Justin Epitome of the Philippic History 39.4

[FOOTNOTEWhitehorne1994176-33] Whitehorne 1994, p. 176.

[FOOTNOTESullivan199092-34] Sullivan 1990, p. 92.

[FOOTNOTEFletcher2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6iXN8tPrJEQCpgPT346_353]-35] Fletcher 2008, p. 353.

[36] Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2013) [2012]. "Cleopatra V Berenike III". In Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.). Vol. III: Be-Co. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-405-17935-5.

[FOOTNOTEBennett199754-37] Bennett 1997, p. 54.

[CBB3-38] Bennett, Chris. "Berenice III". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 16 November 2019.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Infobox pharaoh
 |Name         = Ptolemy IX Soter
-|Image        = PtolemyIX-StatueHead MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png
+|Image        = Head of a Ptolemy - Getty Museum (83.AA.330).jpg
 |Caption      = Probable bust of Ptolemy&nbsp;IX
-|Reign        = 116–107 BC<br />88–81 BC<br />
+|role         = [[Basileus|King]] of the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]
-|Predecessor  = [[Ptolemy VIII]] and [[Cleopatra III]]
+|Reign        = 116–107 BC with [[Cleopatra III]]<br />88–81 BC<br />
+|Predecessor  = [[Ptolemy VIII]] and [[Cleopatra III]] (116 BC)<br>[[Ptolemy X Alexander I]] (88 BC)
-|Successor    = [[Berenice III]]
+|Successor    = [[Ptolemy X Alexander I]] (107 BC)<br>[[Berenice III]] (81 BC)
 |horus = ''ḏsr-mswt-ḥnꜤ-ḥpw-Ꜥnḫ nṯrj-ḫpr(w) snsn-msḫn(t)-nt-zꜢ-Ꜣst''<br/>''Djosermesuthenahapuankh netjerikheperu sensenmesekhenetsa'Aset''<br/>Distinguished through his birth together with the living Apis, godlike at conception, twin in his birthplace with the son of Isis {{Infobox pharaoh/Serekh|Horus=<hiero>G6:r-ms-s-Z3-D21:V28-Aa5:p-zA-anx-E1-?-xpr:r-A26\-A26-ms-s-x*nw:N37-nw:t-zA*Z1-Q1:t-B9</hiero>}}<br/>Second Horus Name:<br/>''kꜢ-nḫt jty-psḏ-m-tꜢmrj-mj-ḥpw-Ꜥnḫ rdj-n.f-ḥꜢbw-sd-ꜤšꜢw-wrw-mj-ptḥ-tꜢṯnn-jt-nṯrw''<br/>''Kanakht itypesedjemtamerimihapuankh redjenefhabusedashauwerumiptah-tatjenenitnetjeru''<br/>The strong bull and sovereign who shines in Ta-mery like the living Apis bull, whom has been given many Sed festivals like Ptah Ta-tjenen, and father of the gods{{Infobox pharaoh/Serekh|Horus=<hiero>E1-Z9:D40-mi-i-U33-i-i-A22-Dd-</hiero>[[File:Egyptian-M.png]]<hiero>-N8-N17:t:O5*O49-anx-E1-mi-r:t:a-n:f-O23:Z2-I1:Z2-wr:Z2-mi-p:Z1-H-C18-t:f:Z1:f-G5*Z3</hiero>}}
 | nebty           = ''sḫꜤi-sw-mwt.f-ḥr-nst-jt.f jṯj-tꜢwj m mꜢꜤ-ḫrw''<br/>''Sekhasumutefhernesutitef ititawy em Maat-kheru''<br/>{{Infobox pharaoh/Nebty|Nebty=<hiero>s-xa:a:Y1-sw-w-t*G14-f:D2*Z1-g:pr-t:f:Z1:f-V15:f-M12-wAD</hiero>[[File:Egyptian-M.png]]<hiero>-Sw-P8</hiero>}}<br/>Second Nebty name:<br/>'' wr-pḥti ḫnti-š-nḥḥ smn-hpw-mi-ḏḥwti-ꜤꜢ-ꜤꜢ''<br/>''Werpehty Khentishenehe Semenhepumidjehutia'a''<br/>{{Infobox pharaoh/Nebty|Nebty=<hiero>wr:r-F9*F9:Z9:D40-W17-N37:N36-H-ra-H-s-U32-h:p-H6:Z2-mi-G26-O29-O29</hiero>}}<br/>Third Nebty name:<br/>''wr-pḥti sḫm-WꜢḏ-wr iti-iwꜤ-tꜢwi-m-mꜢꜤ-ḫrw mnḫ-ib-ḫr-nṯrw-rmṯw''<br/>''Werpehty Sekhemwadjwer Itiiwatawyemmaatkheru Menkhibkhernetjeruremetju''<br/>{{Infobox pharaoh/Nebty|Nebty=<hiero>wr:r-F9*F9:Z9:D40-Dsr-M14-wr:N36-V15-F44-xpr:N21-xpr:N21-Aa15:Sw*P8-mnx-ib:Z1-N37:r-G7*Z1</hiero>}}
@@ Line 13: / Line 14: @@
 | nomen           = '' ptwlmis Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mri-ptḥ''<br/>''Petulemis Ankhdjet meryptah''<br/>Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Ptah
 | nomen_hiero     = <hiero>p:t-wA-l:M-i-i-s-anx-D&t:N17:-p:t-H-N36</hiero>
-|Dynasty      = [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic]]
+|Dynasty      = [[Ptolemaic dynasty]]
 |birth_date   = 143/2 BC<ref name=CBP9>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Ptolemy&nbsp;IX|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_ix_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> or 140/39 BC<ref name=H203>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|p=203}}</ref>
 |birth_place  =
-|death_date   = December 81 BC (aged 60–62)
+|death_date   = December 81 BC
 |death_place  =
-|Children     = {{ubl|Two legitimate sons<!--By Cleopatra Selene-->|[[Berenice III, Queen of Egypt]]|[[Ptolemy XII, King of Egypt]]|[[Ptolemy, King of Cyprus]]|[[Cleopatra V, Queen of Egypt]] (perhaps)}}
+|Children     = {{ubl|Two legitimate sons<!--By Cleopatra Selene-->|[[Berenice III, Queen of Egypt]]|[[Ptolemy XII, King of Egypt]]|[[Ptolemy, King of Cyprus]]
+|{{nowrap|[[Cleopatra V, Queen of Egypt]] (perhaps)}}}}
 |Father       = [[Ptolemy VIII of Egypt]]
 |Mother       = [[Cleopatra III of Egypt]]
-|spouses=[[Cleopatra IV of Egypt]]<br />[[Cleopatra Selene of Syria|Cleopatra Selene]]}}
+|spouses=[[Cleopatra IV of Egypt]] {{nowrap|({{abbr|m.|married}} 119 BC; divorced 115 BC)}}<br />[[Cleopatra Selene of Syria|Cleopatra Selene]] {{nowrap|({{abbr|m.|married}} 115 BC; divorced 107 BC)}}}}
-'''Ptolemy&nbsp;IX Soter II'''<ref group="note">{{Ptolemy}} Ptolemy&nbsp;IX also took the same title 'Soter' as [[Ptolemy&nbsp;I]]. In older references and in more recent references by the German historian Huss, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX may be numbered VIII.</ref> ({{lang-el|Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ}}, ''Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr'' "Ptolemy [[Soter|the Saviour]]"), commonly nicknamed '''Lathyros''' (Λάθυρος, ''Láthuros'' "[[chickpea]]"),<ref name="Ptolemy">[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/11*.html Ptolemy Soter II and Ptolemy Alexander I at LacusCurtius] &mdash; (Chapter&nbsp;XI of E.&nbsp;R&nbsp;Bevan's ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923)</ref> was twice [[Pharaoh|King]] of [[Ptolemaic Egypt]]. He was the son of [[Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII]] and [[Cleopatra&nbsp;III]]. He reigned as '''Ptolemy Philometor Soter''' in joint rule with his grandmother [[Cleopatra&nbsp;II]] and mother Cleopatra&nbsp;III from 116 to 107 BC, and then again as '''Ptolemy Soter''' from 88 to 81 BC.
+'''Ptolemy&nbsp;IX Soter II'''<ref group="note">{{Ptolemy}} Ptolemy&nbsp;IX also took the same title 'Soter' as [[Ptolemy&nbsp;I]]. In older references and in more recent references by the German historian Huss, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX may be numbered VIII.</ref> ({{langx|el|Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ}}, ''Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr'' 'Ptolemy [[Soter|the Saviour]]'), commonly nicknamed '''Lathyros''' (Λάθυρος, ''Láthuros'' '[[chickpea]]'),<ref name="Ptolemy">[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/11*.html Ptolemy Soter II and Ptolemy Alexander I at LacusCurtius] &mdash; (Chapter&nbsp;XI of E.&nbsp;R&nbsp;Bevan's ''House of Ptolemy'', 1923)</ref> was twice [[Pharaoh|King]] of [[Ptolemaic Egypt]]. He was the son of [[Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII]] and [[Cleopatra&nbsp;III]]. He reigned as '''Ptolemy Philometor Soter''' in joint rule with his grandmother [[Cleopatra&nbsp;II]] and mother Cleopatra&nbsp;III from 116 to 107 BC, and then again as '''Ptolemy Soter''' from 88 to 81 BC.
 Ptolemy&nbsp;IX became the heir apparent after the murder of his half-brother [[Ptolemy Memphites]] in 130 BC, during a civil war between Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII and Cleopatra&nbsp;II. On his father's death in 116 BC, he became co-regent with Cleopatra&nbsp;II (until 115 BC) and with Cleopatra&nbsp;III. He eventually quarrelled with his mother and in 107 BC, she deposed him and replaced him with his younger brother, [[Ptolemy&nbsp;X]]. However, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX succeeded in seizing control of Cyprus. From there he invaded [[Judaea]], but was prevented by Ptolemy&nbsp;X from invading Egypt (103–102 BC). In 88 BC, the Alexandrians expelled Ptolemy&nbsp;X and restored Ptolemy&nbsp;IX to the throne. He reigned alone until 81 BC, when he appointed his daughter [[Berenice&nbsp;III]] as co-regent shortly before his own death. She succeeded him as ruler.
 ==Background and early life==
-[[File:Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII.jpg|thumb|left|Coin of [[Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII]]]]
+[[File:Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII.jpg|thumb|left|Coin of [[Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII]]|195x195px]]
-When the Ptolemaic king [[Ptolemy&nbsp;V]] died in 180 BC, he left three children: [[Ptolemy&nbsp;VI]], [[Cleopatra&nbsp;II]], and [[Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII]]. All three ruled together from 169 BC until 164 BC, when Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII expelled his brother from power. In 163 BC, he was expelled in turn and forced to withdraw to [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]]. However, when Ptolemy&nbsp;VI died in 145 BC, Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII was invited back to Egypt to serve as king, marrying his sister Cleopatra&nbsp;II, also sister and widow of Ptolemy&nbsp;VI. The relationship between Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII and Cleopatra&nbsp;II rapidly deteriorated, especially when Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII took [[Cleopatra&nbsp;III]], daughter of Ptolemy&nbsp;VI and Cleopatra&nbsp;II, as a second wife. The conflict eventually led to a civil war with Cleopatra&nbsp;II on one side and Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII and Cleopatra&nbsp;III on the other (132-126 BC). Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII and Cleopatra&nbsp;III were victorious, but reconciled with Cleopatra&nbsp;II and restored her as co-regent in 124 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|p=172-203}}</ref>
+When the Ptolemaic king [[Ptolemy&nbsp;V]] died in 180 BC, he left three children: [[Ptolemy&nbsp;VI]], [[Cleopatra&nbsp;II]], and [[Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII]]. All three ruled together from 169 BC until 164 BC, when Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII expelled his brother from power. In 163 BC, he was expelled in turn and forced to withdraw to [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]]. However, when Ptolemy&nbsp;VI died in 145 BC, Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII was invited back to Egypt to serve as king, marrying his sister Cleopatra&nbsp;II, also sister and widow of Ptolemy&nbsp;VI. The relationship between Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII and Cleopatra&nbsp;II rapidly deteriorated, especially when Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII took [[Cleopatra&nbsp;III]], daughter of Ptolemy&nbsp;VI and Cleopatra&nbsp;II, as a second wife. The conflict eventually led to a civil war with Cleopatra&nbsp;II on one side and Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII and Cleopatra&nbsp;III on the other (132-126 BC). Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII and Cleopatra&nbsp;III were victorious, but reconciled with Cleopatra&nbsp;II and restored her as co-regent in 124 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|pp=172–203}}</ref>
 Ptolemy&nbsp;IX was the son of Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII and Cleopatra&nbsp;III. The exact date of his birth is a bit unclear. As pharaoh, his [[Horus name]] was "Distinguished through his birth together with the living [[Apis bull|Apis]]; twin in his birthplace with the son of Isis" which seems to indicate that he was born in the same year as an Apis bull, i.e. 143/2 BC.<ref name=CBP9/> This would put his birth two years before his parents' marriage, which took place in 141 BC.<ref name=CBC3>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Cleopatra&nbsp;III|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_iii_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> Some historians, like Günther Hölbl, consider this insuperable and propose to place his birth in 140 or 139 BC instead.<ref name=H203/>
@@ Line 34: / Line 36: @@
 Initially, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX was not the heir to the throne – that was [[Ptolemy Memphites]], the son of Ptolemy&nbsp;VI and Cleopatra&nbsp;II, who was roughly the same age as him. In 134/3 BC, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX served as the annual [[Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great|priest of Alexander the Great]], the year after Ptolemy Memphites had done the same.<ref name=CBPM>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Ptolemy Memphites|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/memphites.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=CBP9/> However, during the civil war, in 130 BC, Cleopatra&nbsp;II attempted to have Ptolemy Memphites crowned as her co-ruler, so Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII had him murdered, leaving Ptolemy&nbsp;IX as the heir.
-Around 117 BC, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX was sent to Cyprus, reportedly at his mother's request, where he served as governor of the island (''strategos, nauarchos, archiereus, archikynegos'').<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] 1.9.1; ''[[OGIS]]'' 143</ref> Shortly before this he had married his sister [[Cleopatra&nbsp;IV]], who probably gave birth to two sons while the couple was on Cyprus: the future [[Ptolemy&nbsp;XII]] in 117 BC and [[Ptolemy of Cyprus|Ptolemy]], future king of Cyprus, around 116 BC.<ref name=CBC4>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Cleopatra&nbsp;IV|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_iv_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>
+Around 117 BC, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX was sent to Cyprus, reportedly at his mother's request, where he served as governor of the island (''strategos, nauarchos, archiereus, archikynegos'').<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] 1.9.1; ''[[OGIS]]'' 143</ref> Shortly before this he had married his sister [[Cleopatra&nbsp;IV]], who probably gave birth to two sons while the couple was on Cyprus: the future [[Ptolemy&nbsp;XII]] in 117 BC and [[Ptolemy of Cyprus|Ptolemy]], future king of Cyprus, {{circa|116&nbsp;BC}}.<ref name=CBC4>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Cleopatra&nbsp;IV|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_iv_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>
 ==First reign (116–107 BC)==
@@ Line 41: / Line 43: @@
 On 28 June 116, Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII died. According to [[Justin (historian)|Justin]], Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII's will left Cleopatra&nbsp;III in charge of Egypt, with the right to choose either Ptolemy&nbsp;IX or his younger brother [[Ptolemy&nbsp;X]] as her co-regent. [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] was left to Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII's illegitimate son, [[Ptolemy Apion]]. Justin further claims that Cleopatra&nbsp;III wanted to choose Ptolemy&nbsp;X, but the people of [[Alexandria]] rioted and forced her to choose Ptolemy&nbsp;IX.<ref>[[Justin (historian)|Justin]], ''Epitome of Pompeius Trogus'' 39.3.1</ref> [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] implies that Cleopatra&nbsp;III's request to send Ptolemy&nbsp;IX to Cyprus in 117 BC had been intended to get him out of the way in order to enable Ptolemy&nbsp;X's succession.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] 1.9.1</ref>
-Some historians have found this account plausible.<ref name=H2045>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|p=204-205}}</ref> However, Chris Bennett argues that it is a false story that was invented by Cleopatra&nbsp;III at a later date. He points out that Justin's story assumes that Cleopatra&nbsp;III was the only living queen at the time of Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII's death. Documentary evidence shows that Cleopatra&nbsp;II was still alive in 116 BC, which makes it unlikely that Cleopatra&nbsp;III would have been allowed sole power to decide who would be king.<ref name=CBC2>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Cleopatra&nbsp;II|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_ii_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>
+Some historians have found this account plausible.<ref name=H2045>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|pp=204–205}}</ref> However, Chris Bennett argues that it is a false story that was invented by Cleopatra&nbsp;III at a later date. He points out that Justin's story assumes that Cleopatra&nbsp;III was the only living queen at the time of Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII's death. Documentary evidence shows that Cleopatra&nbsp;II was still alive in 116 BC, which makes it unlikely that Cleopatra&nbsp;III would have been allowed sole power to decide who would be king.<ref name=CBC2>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Cleopatra&nbsp;II|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_ii_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>
 At any rate, Cleopatra&nbsp;II, Cleopatra&nbsp;III, and Ptolemy&nbsp;IX (in that order) are listed together as co-rulers in surviving [[papyrus]] documents from October 116 BC. Ptolemy&nbsp;IX received the epithet ''Philometor Soter'' (Mother-loving Saviour). This was the same epithet that Cleopatra&nbsp;II and taken on during her civil war with Ptolemy&nbsp;VIII and Cleopatra&nbsp;III, which suggests that she played a controlling role in the new regime.<ref name=H2045/> Ptolemy&nbsp;X was sent to Cyprus to serve as governor of Cyprus soon after Ptolemy&nbsp;IX's accession.
@@ Line 48: / Line 50: @@
 Cleopatra&nbsp;II died some time before April 115 BC and at this point Cleopatra&nbsp;III became the dominant force in the government. Ptolemy&nbsp;IX was forced to divorce his sister-wife Cleopatra&nbsp;IV, who went off and married her cousin, the Seleucid king [[Antiochus&nbsp;IX]] (r. 115–95 BC), whose mother [[Cleopatra Thea]]<ref name="AntiochusIX">[https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antiochus-ix-cyzicenus/ Antiochus&nbsp;IX at Livius.org]</ref> was Cleopatra&nbsp;III's sister.<ref>[https://www.livius.org/articles/person/ptolemy-vi-philometor/ Ptolemy&nbsp;VI Philometor] and [https://www.livius.org/articles/person/cleopatra-ii/ Cleopatra&nbsp;II] at Livius.org</ref> Antiochus&nbsp;IX was waging a war against his half-brother [[Antiochus&nbsp;VIII]] (r. 125–96 BC), who was married to Cleopatra&nbsp;IV's elder sister [[Tryphaena]]. On the way to meet Antiochus&nbsp;IX, Cleopatra&nbsp;IV stopped in Cyprus, where she recruited an army and seized control of the Cypriot fleet, in order to aid Antiochus&nbsp;IX.<ref>[[Justin (historian)|Justin]] 39.3.2</ref> Perhaps as a result of this, in 114/113 BC, Ptolemy&nbsp;X proclaimed himself 'King of Cyprus', openly declaring his opposition to Ptolemy&nbsp;IX.<ref name=CBP10>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Ptolemy&nbsp;X|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_x_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=H2045/>
-Meanwhile, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX married his younger sister, [[Cleopatra Selene of Syria|Cleopatra Selene]], with whom he soon had a daughter, [[Berenice&nbsp;III]].<ref name=CBP9/> Cleopatra Selene was not made co-regent with her new husband, as would have been normal. Instead, in documents from this period, the royal couple were Cleopatra&nbsp;III and Ptolemy&nbsp;IX, who were integrated into the Ptolemaic dynastic cult as the ''Theoi Philometores Soteres'' (The Mother-loving Saviour Gods).<ref name=H2067>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|p=206-207}}</ref>
+Meanwhile, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX married his younger sister, [[Cleopatra Selene of Syria|Cleopatra Selene]], with whom he soon had a daughter, [[Berenice&nbsp;III]].<ref name=CBP9/> Cleopatra Selene was not made co-regent with her new husband, as would have been normal. Instead, in documents from this period, the royal couple were Cleopatra&nbsp;III and Ptolemy&nbsp;IX, who were integrated into the Ptolemaic dynastic cult as the ''Theoi Philometores Soteres'' (The Mother-loving Saviour Gods).<ref name=H2067>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|pp=206–207}}</ref>
 Ptolemy&nbsp;IX supported Antiochus&nbsp;IX in his conflict with Antiochus&nbsp;VIII. In 114 BC, Cleopatra&nbsp;IV had been captured and murdered by Antiochus&nbsp;VIII's wife Tryphaena, who was murdered in turn by Antiochus&nbsp;IX in 111 BC.<ref name=H2067/> In 109 BC, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX sent Antiochus&nbsp;IX fresh troops to aid him in a campaign against the Jewish ruler [[Hyrcanus I]] of the [[Hasmonean dynasty]].<ref name=H20710/>
@@ Line 56: / Line 58: @@
 ==King of Cyprus (107–88 BC)==
-After his expulsion from Alexandria, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX went to the isle of [[Cyprus]]. There forces loyal to Cleopatra&nbsp;III and Ptolemy&nbsp;X rebuffed him, forcing him to retreat to [[Seleucia in Pieria]]. From there he mounted another invasion of Cyprus in 106 BC, which succeeded in conquering the island.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus|Diodorus]], ''Bibliotheca'' 34/35.39a; [[Justin (historian)|Justin]] 39.4.1-2</ref> He initially maintained control of Cyrene, but it seems to have come under the control of his half brother Ptolemy Apion some time after 105 BC. Apion protected his position by publishing a will which left all his territories to Rome in the event that he died without heirs, a method which was often used by Hellenistic kings to prevent rivals from attempting to depose or assassinate them. However, he actually died without heirs in 96 BC, meaning that Rome inherited the territory.<ref name=CBPA>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Ptolemy Apion|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/apion_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=H20710>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|p=207-210}}</ref>
+After his expulsion from Alexandria, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX went to the isle of [[Cyprus]]. There forces loyal to Cleopatra&nbsp;III and Ptolemy&nbsp;X rebuffed him, forcing him to retreat to [[Seleucia in Pieria]]. From there he mounted another invasion of Cyprus in 106 BC, which succeeded in conquering the island.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus|Diodorus]], ''Bibliotheca'' 34/35.39a; [[Justin (historian)|Justin]] 39.4.1-2</ref> He initially maintained control of Cyrene, but it seems to have come under the control of his half brother Ptolemy Apion some time after 105 BC. Apion protected his position by publishing a will which left all his territories to Rome in the event that he died without heirs, a method which was often used by Hellenistic kings to prevent rivals from attempting to depose or assassinate them. However, he actually died without heirs in 96 BC, meaning that Rome inherited the territory.<ref name=CBPA>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Ptolemy Apion|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/apion_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=H20710>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|pp=207–210}}</ref>
-In 103 BC, the new Hasmonean King [[Alexander Jannaeus]] led an army to conquer [[Ptolemais Akko]]. The city appealed to Ptolemy&nbsp;IX for help and he sailed over and caused Jannaeus to lift his siege. He then invaded [[Galilee]], defeated Jannaeus in a battle at Asophon near the [[River Jordan]], and despoiled [[Judaea]] with impunity.<ref>[[Josephus]] ''Antiquities of the Jews'' 13.324-364</ref> Fearing that Ptolemy&nbsp;IX was planning to use Judaea as a springboard for an invasion of Egypt, Cleopatra&nbsp;III and Ptolemy&nbsp;X invaded Judaea themselves. Ptolemy&nbsp;X invaded [[Phoenicia]] by sea and then marched inland to [[Damascus]], while Cleopatra&nbsp;III besieged Ptolemais Akko. Ptolemy&nbsp;IX attempted to slip past them and into Egypt, but Ptolemy&nbsp;X managed to rush back and stop him. Ptolemy&nbsp;IX spent the winter encamped at [[Gaza City|Gaza]], before deciding to sail back to Cyprus in early 102 BC. We hear nothing more about his activities until 88 BC.<ref name=H20710/>
+In 103 BC, the new Hasmonean King [[Alexander Jannaeus]] led an army to conquer [[Ptolemais Akko]]. The city appealed to Ptolemy&nbsp;IX for help and he sailed over and caused Jannaeus to lift his siege. He then invaded [[Galilee]], defeated Jannaeus in a battle at Asophon near the [[River Jordan]], and despoiled [[Judaea]] with impunity.<ref>[[Josephus]] ''Antiquities of the Jews'' 13.324-364</ref> Fearing that Ptolemy&nbsp;IX was planning to use Judaea as a springboard for an invasion of Egypt, Cleopatra&nbsp;III and Ptolemy&nbsp;X invaded Judaea themselves. Ptolemy&nbsp;X invaded [[Phoenicia]] by sea and then marched inland to [[Damascus]], while Cleopatra&nbsp;III besieged Ptolemais Akko. Ptolemy&nbsp;IX attempted to slip past them and into Egypt, but Ptolemy&nbsp;X managed to rush back and stop him. Ptolemy&nbsp;IX spent the winter encamped at [[Gaza City|Gaza]], before deciding to sail back to Cyprus in early 102 BC. Nothing further is known about his activities until 88 BC.<ref name="H20710" />
 ==Second reign (88–81 BC)==
 ===Restoration===
+[[File:PtolemyIX-StatueHead MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|thumb|326x326px|Probable bust of Ptolemy IX, [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]].]]
 The army and people of Alexandria turned against Ptolemy&nbsp;X in spring 88 BC and expelled him from Egypt. The Alexandrians then recalled Ptolemy&nbsp;IX to the throne. Ptolemy&nbsp;IX was formally re-crowned as Pharaoh at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] in November. In his first reign, Ptolemy had borne the epithet ''Philometor Soter'' (Mother-loving saviour), but on his return he dropped the ''Philometor'', since it recalled his mother. The cults and memory of Cleopatra&nbsp;III and Ptolemy&nbsp;X seem to have been officially suppressed.<ref name=H2113/>
@@ Line 67: / Line 70: @@
 ===Roman claims and First Mithridatic War===
-After his expulsion from Alexandria, Ptolemy&nbsp;X made an attempt to invade Cyprus and recapture control, but was killed in the attempt. Before his death, however, he had taken out a large loan from the [[Roman Republic]], in return for which he produced a will which left his kingdom to the Romans. Although they chose not to take advantage of this, the possibility of Roman intervention hung over Ptolemy&nbsp;IX for the rest of his reign and forced him to adopt a highly deferential posture with the Romans.<ref name=H2113>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|p=211-213}}</ref>
+After his expulsion from Alexandria, Ptolemy&nbsp;X made an attempt to invade Cyprus and recapture control, but was killed in the attempt. Before his death, however, he had taken out a large loan from the [[Roman Republic]], in return for which he produced a will which left his kingdom to the Romans. Although they chose not to take advantage of this, the possibility of Roman intervention hung over Ptolemy&nbsp;IX for the rest of his reign and forced him to adopt a highly deferential posture with the Romans.<ref name=H2113>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|pp=211–213}}</ref>
 In 86 BC, a Roman fleet commanded by [[Lucullus]] arrived in Alexandria seeking financial and military support against [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]], with whom the Romans were fighting the [[First Mithridatic War]] (89-84 BC).<ref>[[Plutarch]] ''Life of Lucullus'' 2-3; [[Appian]], ''Mithridatica'' 33</ref> Ptolemy hosted Lucullus magnificently, but did not offer him any material support.<ref>[[Cicero]] ''Ac''. 1.2.11</ref> This was probably partially due to the confused political situation – the Roman war effort was being led by [[Sulla]], but he had been declared an outlaw by the government in Rome led by [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna]]. Moreover, Mithridates VI had managed to capture Ptolemy's sons, who had been on [[Kos|Cos]] since 103 BC.<ref name=H2113/>
 ===Death and succession===
-On 5 August 81 BC, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX promoted his daughter Berenice&nbsp;III, who had previously been the wife and co-regent of Ptolemy&nbsp;X, to the status of co-regent. Some sources claim that Ptolemy&nbsp;IX had made Berenice&nbsp;III his co-regent at the start of his second reign in 88 BC, but all documentary evidence shows that he reigned alone until this point. Ptolemy died shortly thereafter, probably in December of the same year, leaving her alone on the throne. After a few months of sole rule, her cousin [[Ptolemy&nbsp;XI]] was placed on the throne as her co-regent, murdered her, was murdered himself, and was replaced by [[Ptolemy&nbsp;XII]], another child of Ptolemy&nbsp;IX.<ref name=CBP9/><ref name=H2113/><ref name="Ptolemy"/>
+On 5 August 81 BC, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX promoted his daughter Berenice&nbsp;III, who had previously been the wife and co-regent of Ptolemy&nbsp;X, to the status of co-regent. Some sources claim that Ptolemy&nbsp;IX had made Berenice&nbsp;III his co-regent at the start of his second reign in 88 BC, but all documentary evidence shows that he reigned alone until 81BC. Ptolemy died shortly thereafter, probably in December of the same year, leaving her alone on the throne. After a few months of sole rule, her cousin [[Ptolemy&nbsp;XI]] was placed on the throne as her co-regent, murdered her, was murdered himself, and was replaced by [[Ptolemy&nbsp;XII]], another child of Ptolemy&nbsp;IX.<ref name=CBP9/><ref name=H2113/><ref name="Ptolemy"/>
 ==Regime==
-In August 115 BC, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX travelled down the [[Nile]] to [[Elephantine]] in order to celebrate the festival there in honour of the Great God of the Nile – a traditional Pharaonic duty which was meant to give thanks for the [[inundation]] and ensure the success of the next. The fact that Ptolemy&nbsp;IX carried this ritual out personally, rather than letting a local priest carry it out in his stead, shows the extent to which Ptolemy embraced the Pharaonic role.<ref>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|p=205-206}}</ref>
+In August 115 BC, Ptolemy&nbsp;IX travelled down the [[Nile]] to [[Elephantine]] in order to celebrate the festival there in honour of the Great God of the Nile – a traditional Pharaonic duty which was meant to give thanks for the [[inundation]] and ensure the success of the next. The fact that Ptolemy&nbsp;IX carried this ritual out personally, rather than letting a local priest carry it out in his stead, shows the extent to which Ptolemy embraced the Pharaonic role.<ref>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|pp=205–206}}</ref>
 It is possible that construction of certain buildings occurred during the first reign of Ptolemy&nbsp;IX. This would have included work on the [[Dendera Temple complex]] and on the temple in [[Edfu]].
@@ Line 83: / Line 86: @@
 ==Marriages and issue==
-[[File:Ptolemy XII Auletes.png|thumb|Rare [[Greek drachma|drachms]] of [[Ptolemy&nbsp;XII]] minted at [[Paphos]], [[History of Cyprus|Cyprus]] in 53 BC<ref>[[Ioannis Svoronos]], ''Ta nomismata tou kratous ton Ptolemaion'', Athens, 1904, vol. I-II, [[iarchive:tanomismatatoukrv1v2sbor/page/302|p. 302]] (n°1838), & vol. III-IV, [[iarchive:tanomismatatoukrv3v4sbor/page/n127|plate LXI]], n°22, 23.</ref>]]
+[[File:Ptolemy XII Auletes.png|thumb|Rare [[Ancient drachma|drachms]] of [[Ptolemy&nbsp;XII]] minted at [[Paphos]], [[History of Cyprus|Cyprus]] in 53 BC<ref>[[Ioannis Svoronos]], ''Ta nomismata tou kratous ton Ptolemaion'', Athens, 1904, vol. I-II, [[iarchive:tanomismatatoukrv1v2sbor/page/302|p. 302]] (n°1838), & vol. III-IV, [[iarchive:tanomismatatoukrv3v4sbor/page/n127|plate LXI]], n°22, 23.</ref>]]
-Ptolemy&nbsp;IX is only known to have married twice, first to [[Cleopatra&nbsp;IV]] from around 119 BC until he was forced to divorce her in 115 BC, and secondly to [[Cleopatra Selene of Syria|Cleopatra Selene]] from 115 BC, until he abandoned her during his flight from Alexandria in 107 BC.
+Ptolemy&nbsp;IX is only known to have married twice, first to [[Cleopatra&nbsp;IV]] from {{circa|119&nbsp;BC}} until he was forced to divorce her in 115 BC, and secondly to [[Cleopatra Selene of Syria|Cleopatra Selene]] from 115 BC, until he abandoned her during his flight from Alexandria in 107 BC.
 At least three children are attested for Ptolemy&nbsp;IX. The birth dates and parentage of his two sons [[Ptolemy&nbsp;XII]] and [[Ptolemy of Cyprus]] are disputed.<ref name="Huß">[[Werner Huß]], ''Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit''. C. H. Beck, Munich 2001, p. 674-675</ref>  According to Justin, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy&nbsp;IX had two children.<ref>Justin ''Epitome of the Philippic History'' 39.4</ref> The historian John Whitehorne noted that the existence of those two children is doubted and they might have died at a young age.{{sfn|Whitehorne|1994|p= 176}}
 Ptolemy&nbsp;XII is referred to by [[Cicero]] and other ancient sources as an illegitimate son; [[Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus|Pompeius Trogus]] called him a "[[:wikt:nothus|nothos]]" (bastard), while [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] wrote that Berenice&nbsp;III was Ptolemy&nbsp;IX's only legitimate offspring.{{sfn|Sullivan|1990|p= 92}} This has discouraged the identification of Ptolemy&nbsp;XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus with the two sons mentioned by Justin. [[Michael Grant (classicist)|Michael Grant]] suggested that Ptolemy&nbsp;XII's mother was a Syrian or a partly Greek concubine while [[:de:Günther Hölbl|Günther Hölbl]] suggested that she was a member of the Egyptian elite.{{sfn|Fletcher|2008|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=6iXN8tPrJEQC&pg=PT346 353]}} However, [[John Pentland Mahaffy]] and Christopher Bennett argue that they were considered illegitimate simply because their mother had not been a co-regnant queen. They propose Cleopatra&nbsp;IV as the mother, in which case Ptolemy&nbsp;XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus would have been born in 117 and 116 BC respectively. Bennett further proposes that Ptolemy&nbsp;XII and Ptolemy of Cyprus are identical with the two sons mentioned by Justin.<ref name=CBP9/>
-The mother of Ptolemy&nbsp;IX's daughter, Berenice&nbsp;III is not certain either. Cleopatra&nbsp;IV and Cleopatra Selene are candidates, with the former favoured by modern scholarship.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Roger S.|editor1-last=Bagnall|editor2-first=Kai|editor2-last=Brodersen|editor3-first=Craige B.|editor3-last=Champion|editor4-first=Andrew|editor4-last=Erskine|editor5-first=Sabine R.|editor5-last=Huebner|title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.)|chapter=Cleopatra V Berenike III|first=Lloyd|last=Llewellyn-Jones|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|volume=III: Be-Co|orig-year=2012|year= 2013|isbn=978-1-405-17935-5}}</ref> Bennett noted that Berenice&nbsp;III's legitimacy was never questioned by ancient historians, and the illegitimacy of Ptolemy&nbsp;IX and Cleopatra&nbsp;IV's marriage makes it more probable that Berenice&nbsp;III was the result of a legitimate marriage, that is between her father and Cleopatra Selene.{{sfn|Bennett|1997|p=54}}<ref name=CBB3>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Berenice&nbsp;III|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/berenice_iii_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref>
+The mother of Ptolemy&nbsp;IX's daughter, Berenice&nbsp;III is not certain either. Cleopatra&nbsp;IV and Cleopatra Selene are candidates, with the former favoured by modern scholarship.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Roger S.|editor1-last=Bagnall|editor2-first=Kai|editor2-last=Brodersen|editor3-first=Craige B.|editor3-last=Champion|editor4-first=Andrew|editor4-last=Erskine|editor5-first=Sabine R.|editor5-last=Huebner|editor-link5=Sabine R. Huebner |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.)|chapter=Cleopatra V Berenike III|first=Lloyd|last=Llewellyn-Jones|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|volume=III: Be-Co|orig-year=2012|year= 2013|isbn=978-1-405-17935-5}}</ref> Bennett noted that Berenice&nbsp;III's legitimacy was never questioned by ancient historians, and the illegitimacy of Ptolemy&nbsp;IX and Cleopatra&nbsp;IV's marriage makes it more probable that Berenice&nbsp;III was the result of a legitimate marriage, that is between her father and Cleopatra Selene.{{sfn|Bennett|1997|p=54}}<ref name=CBB3>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Berenice&nbsp;III|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/berenice_iii_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 96: / Line 99: @@
 !Name!!Image!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
 |-
-|[[Ptolemy&nbsp;XII]]||[[File:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|90px]]||117 or c. 98 BC||February/March 51 BC||King of Egypt (80-58 & 55-51 BC)
+|[[Ptolemy&nbsp;XII]]||[[File:Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma3449.jpg|90px]]||117 or {{circa|98&nbsp;BC}}||February/March 51 BC||King of Egypt (80-58 & 55-51 BC)
 |-
-|[[Ptolemy of Cyprus|Ptolemy]]|| ||116 or ca. 96 BC?||58 BC||King of Cyprus (80-58 BC)
+|[[Ptolemy of Cyprus|Ptolemy]]|| ||116 or {{circa|96&nbsp;BC}}?||58 BC||King of Cyprus (80-58 BC)
 |-
 |[[Berenice III]]|| ||Late 115 or early 114 BC||April 80 BC||Co-regent with [[Ptolemy&nbsp;X]] (101-88 BC), Queen of Egypt (81-80 BC)
@@ Line 147: / Line 150: @@
 [[Category:2nd-century BC births]]
 [[Category:81 BC deaths]]
-[[Category:2nd-century BC Pharaohs]]
+[[Category:2nd-century BC pharaohs]]
-[[Category:1st-century BC Pharaohs]]
+[[Category:1st-century BC pharaohs]]
 [[Category:Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty]]
-[[Category:1st-century BC rulers in Africa]]
-[[Category:2nd-century BC rulers in Africa]]
-[[Category:2nd-century BC Egyptian people]]
-[[Category:1st-century BC Egyptian people]]
 [[Category:Ptolemaic governors of Cyprus]]

v t e Hellenistic rulers
Argeads	Philip II Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV
Antipatrids	Cassander Philip IV Alexander V Antipater II Antipater Etesias Sosthenes
Antigonids	Antigonus I Monophthalmus Demetrius I Poliorcetes Antigonus II Gonatas Demetrius II Aetolicus Antigonus III Doson Philip V Perseus Philip VI (pretender)
Ptolemies	Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Monarchs of Cyrene	Magas Berenice II Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion Cleopatra Selene II
Seleucids	Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III the Great Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Alexander I Balas Demetrius II Nicator Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes Alexander II Zabinas Cleopatra Thea Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Cleopatra Selene I Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Lysimachids	Lysimachus Ptolemy Epigonos
Attalids	Philetaerus Eumenes I Attalus I Eumenes II Attalus II Attalus III Eumenes III
Greco-Bactrians	Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I
Indo-Greeks	Demetrius I Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Apollodotus I Demetrius II Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Agathokleia Lysias Strato I Antialcidas Heliokles II Polyxenos Demetrius III Philoxenus Diomedes Amyntas Epander Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso Nicias Menander II Artemidoros Hermaeus Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Dionysios Zoilos II Apollophanes Strato II Strato III
Monarchs of Bithynia	Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta (regent) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus
Monarchs of Pontus	Mithridates I Ctistes Ariobarzanes Mithridates II Mithridates III Pharnaces I Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos with Laodice Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Darius Arsaces Polemon I Pythodorida Polemon II
Monarchs of Commagene	Ptolemaeus Sames II Mithridates I Antiochus I Mithridates II Antiochus II Mithridates III Antiochus III Antiochus IV
Monarchs of Cappadocia	Ariarathes I Ariarathes II Ariamnes II Ariarathes III Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Orophernes Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII Ariarathes VIII Ariarathes IX Ariobarzanes I Ariobarzanes II Ariobarzanes III Ariarathes X Archelaus
Monarchs of the Cimmerian Bosporus	Paerisades I Satyros II Prytanis Eumelos Spartokos III Hygiainon (regent) Paerisades II Spartokos IV Leukon II Spartokos V [ru] Kamasarye Paerisades III Paerisades IV Paerisades V Mithridates I Pharnaces Asander with Dynamis Mithridates II Asander with Dynamis Scribonius's attempted rule with Dynamis Dynamis with Polemon Polemon Aspurgus Gepaepyris Mithridates III Cotys I
Monarchs of Epirus	Admetus Tharrhypas Alcetas I Neoptolemus I Arybbas Alexander I Aeacides Neoptolemus II Alcetas II Pyrrhus I Alexander II Olympias II (regent) Pyrrhus II Ptolemy Pyrrhus III Deidamia
Hellenistic rulers were preceded by Hellenistic satraps in most of their territories.

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