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{{Short description|1239 treaty between Georgia and the Mongol Empire}}
{{multiple image| align = right | direction = horizontal | header =Treaty of 1022| header_align = left/right/center | footer =The '''Treaty of 1239''' was made between the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] and the [[Mongol Empire]].| footer_align = left | image1 =Sakartvelo_-_drosha.svg| width1 = 130 | caption1 = | image2 =Flag of the Mongol Empire 2.svg| width2 = 130 | caption2 = }}
{{Infobox Treaty
The '''Treaty of 1239''' was an agreement between [[Kingdom of Georgia]] and the [[Mongol Empire]]. It was signed by Georgian Queen [[Rusudan of Georgia|Rusudan]] and the [[Batu Khan]].
| name = Treaty of 1239
| long_name = Georgian–Mongolian treaty of 1239
| date_signed = 1239
| location_signed = [[Sarai (city)|Sarai]], Golden Horde
| parties =
* {{flag|Kingdom of Georgia}}
*[[Mongol Empire]]
| language = [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] (?)
| signatories =
* [[Batu Khan]]
* {{flagd|Kingdom of Georgia}} Queen [[Rusudan of Georgia|Rusudan]]
| condition_effective = Rusudan had to accept the sovereignty of the Mongol Empire.
}}


In 1235–1236, Mongol forces, unlike their [[Battle of Khunan|first raid]] in 1221, appeared with the sole purpose of conquest and occupation of Kingdom of Georgia and easily overran the [[Battle of Garni|already devastated]] kingdom.<ref>Alexander Mikaberidze, (Jan 1, 2007), Historical Dictionary of Georgia - Scarecrow Press, {{ISBN|978-0810855809}}</ref> Queen Rusudan fled to the security of western Georgia, while the nobles secluded themselves in their fortresses. Finally, in 1239, on [[Ivane I Jaqeli]]’s advice, Rusudan sent four envoys (her [[amirspasalar]] (commander-in-chief) and [[atabeg]] (tutor) [[Avag Mkhargrdzeli]], the [[mandaturtukhutsesi]] (grand master of ceremonies) [[Shanshe Mkhargrdzeli]], the [[msakhurtukhutsesi]] (majordomo) [[Vahram Gageli]] and [[Eristavi|Eritavi]] (duke) of [[Duchy of Hereti|Hereti]] [[Shota Kupri]]), to negotiate surrender to [[Chagatai Khan|Chaghatai]].
In 1235–1236, Mongol forces, unlike their [[Mongol invasions of Georgia|first raid]] in 1221, appeared with the sole purpose of conquest and occupation of Kingdom of Georgia and easily overran the [[Battle of Garni|already devastated]] kingdom.<ref>Alexander Mikaberidze, (Jan 1, 2007), Historical Dictionary of Georgia - Scarecrow Press, {{ISBN|978-0810855809}}</ref> Queen Rusudan fled to the security of western Georgia, while the nobles secluded themselves in their fortresses.


During 1238, the Mongols under general [[Chormaqan]] conquered numerous fortresses and cities in the southern part of the Georgian Kingdom, with Georgia unable to mount any significant resistance.<ref name="RJMC">{{cite book |last1=McDaniel |first1=Ryan James |title=THE MONGOL INVASIONS OF THE NEAR EAST |date=2005 |publisher=San Jose State University |pages=125–135 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/48458178 |quote=They had been unable to rebuild their defenses and remained incapable of launching an army against the new Mongol threat. The Mongols did not face a single army on the field of battle in the invasion of 1238. The entire campaign consisted of sieges of towns and the many small fortresses. Grigor says the Mongols took many cities in Armenia and Georgia and Kirakos adds that they were very successful against the castles of the region by employing various types of siege machinery and by attacking swiftly before the defenders could bring in supplies.}}</ref> The assault continued in 1239, resulting in the fall of [[Lori Berd]] and [[Kayan, Armenia|Kayan]].<ref name="RJMC"/> [[Avag Zakarian]], Commander-in-Chief (''[[amirspasalar]]'') and Governor General (''[[Atabeg]]'') of the Georgian kingdom was trapped in Kayan and surrendered in the name of all of Georgia, agreeing to pay tribute and to let his troops join the Mongol army.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McDaniel |first1=Ryan James |title=THE MONGOL INVASIONS OF THE NEAR EAST |date=2005 |publisher=San Jose State University |page=127 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/48458178 |quote=Awag was a compassionate ruler and to avoid further suffering of his subjects he shrewdly sent a messenger to Chormaqan saying he intended to surrender. (...) Chormaqan was delighted and ordered Toghta to escort Awag safely to Chormaqan's headquarters at Lake Sevan and to stop his attacks in the Kayan region. Awag surrendered in the name all of Georgia agreeing to pay tribute and to have his troops join the Mongol army.}}</ref> The Mongols continued with the capture of [[Dmanisi]], the fortress of [[Samshvilde]] southwest of [[Tiflis]], and [[Tiflis]] surrendered after Queen Rusudan had fled, followed by the destruction of [[Ani]] and the surrender of [[Kars]].<ref name="RJMC"/>
⚫
The Mongol leader received the envoys graciously and released Georgian prisoners. To ensure her personal immunity, Rusudan set off with Arsen, [[bishop]] of [[Chqondidi]] and [[mtsignobartukhutsesi]] (chancellor), on the long trek to Batu Khan’s capital on the Volga and peace treaty was signed on following terms:<ref>{{cite book|title=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia|last=Rayfield|first=Donald|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2012|isbn=1780230303|location=London|pages=126|author-link=Donald Rayfield}}</ref>

Finally, after this catastrophic campaign, the nobles of Armenia and Georgia surrendered to the Mongols, agreeing to pay tribute, and to provide their cavalry for Mongol military campaigns.<ref name="Buqa">{{cite book |last1=McDaniel |first1=Ryan James |title=THE MONGOL INVASIONS OF THE NEAR EAST |date=2005 |publisher=San Jose State University |page=127 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/48458178 |quote=The nobles of Armenia and Georgia surrendered and agreed to pay tribute and contribute their cavalry to the Mongol campaigns. Chormaqan agreed to the terms and returned to Mughan, leaving a commander, Qara Buqa, behind to dismantle the fortresses of the land.}}</ref> On [[Ivane I Jaqeli]]'s advice, Rusudan sent four envoys; her [[amirspasalar]] (commander-in-chief) and [[atabeg]] (tutor) [[Avag Zakarian]], the ''[[mandaturtukhutsesi]]'' (grand master of ceremonies) [[Shahnshah Zakarian]]], the [[msakhurtukhutsesi]] (majordomo) [[Vahram Gageli]] and [[Eristavi]] (duke) of [[Duchy of Hereti|Hereti]] [[Shota Kupri]]), to negotiate surrender to [[Chagatai Khan|Chaghatai]]. The Mongol leader received the envoys graciously and released Georgian prisoners.<ref name="RJMC126">{{cite book |last1=McDaniel |first1=Ryan James |title=THE MONGOL INVASIONS OF THE NEAR EAST |date=2005 |publisher=San Jose State University |pages=126 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/48458178}}</ref>

[[File:Kobayr fresco, attendant.jpg|thumb|The Armenian [[Shahnshah Zakarian]], ''[[mandaturtukhutsesi]]'' (grand master of ceremonies) at the Georgian court, participated in the negotiations.]]
⚫
To ensure her personal immunity, Rusudan set off with Arsen, [[bishop]] of [[Chqondidi]] and [[mtsignobartukhutsesi]] (chancellor), on the long trek to Batu Khan's capital on the Volga and peace treaty was signed on following terms:<ref>{{cite book|title=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia|last=Rayfield|first=Donald|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2012|isbn=978-1780230306|location=London|pages=126|author-link=Donald Rayfield}}</ref>


* Georgian nobles would rank equally with the Mongol [[Noyan|noyans]] (lords);
* Georgian nobles would rank equally with the Mongol [[Noyan|noyans]] (lords);
* Georgia would lose its Muslim vassals (like [[Shirvanshah|Shirvan]]), but could keep its Christian (like [[Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia|Armenia]]) territory;<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/888748950|title=Eastern Turkey.|last=A.|first=Sinclair, T.|date=1989|publisher=Pindar Press|isbn=9781904597704|oclc=888748950}}</ref>
* Georgia would lose its Muslim vassals (like [[Georgian Shirvan|Shirvan]]), but could keep its Christian (like [[Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia|Armenia]]) territory;<ref>{{Cite book|title=Eastern Turkey|author=Sinclair, T. A.|date=1989|publisher=Pindar Press|isbn=9781904597704|oclc=888748950}}</ref>
* Georgia would pay annual tribute of 50,000 ''[[Hyperpyron]]'' (about 250 [[Kilogram|''kilos'']] of gold) and additionally pay various taxes;
* Georgia would pay annual tribute of 50,000 ''[[Hyperpyron]]'' (about 250 [[Kilogram|''kilos'']] of gold) and additionally pay various taxes;
* Georgia would provide soldiers for the [[Mongol Army|Mongol army]] ([[Kheshig]]);
* Georgia would provide soldiers for the [[Mongol Army|Mongol army]] ([[Kheshig]]);
* [[David VII of Georgia|David]], Rusudan’s son, was recognized as Rusudan’s heir';
* [[David VII of Georgia|David]], Rusudan's son, was recognized as Rusudan's [[heir apparent]];

Chormaqan agreed to the terms of the redition, and left a commander named Qara Buqa in charge of dismantling all fortresses.<ref name="Buqa"/>


== References ==
== References ==
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{{Kingdom of Georgia topics}}
{{Kingdom of Georgia topics}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Georgian-Mongolian treaty of 1239}}
[[Category:Ceasefires]]
[[Category:Ceasefires]]
⚫
[[Category:13th-century treaties]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Georgia|Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Georgia|Mongol Empire]]
⚫
[[Category:1230s treaties]]

Latest revision as of 20:35, 17 November 2024

Treaty of 1239
Georgian–Mongolian treaty of 1239
Signed1239
LocationSarai, Golden Horde
ConditionRusudan had to accept the sovereignty of the Mongol Empire.
Signatories
Parties
LanguageMongolian (?)

In 1235–1236, Mongol forces, unlike their first raid in 1221, appeared with the sole purpose of conquest and occupation of Kingdom of Georgia and easily overran the already devastated kingdom.[1] Queen Rusudan fled to the security of western Georgia, while the nobles secluded themselves in their fortresses.

During 1238, the Mongols under general Chormaqan conquered numerous fortresses and cities in the southern part of the Georgian Kingdom, with Georgia unable to mount any significant resistance.[2] The assault continued in 1239, resulting in the fall of Lori Berd and Kayan.[2] Avag Zakarian, Commander-in-Chief (amirspasalar) and Governor General (Atabeg) of the Georgian kingdom was trapped in Kayan and surrendered in the name of all of Georgia, agreeing to pay tribute and to let his troops join the Mongol army.[3] The Mongols continued with the capture of Dmanisi, the fortress of Samshvilde southwest of Tiflis, and Tiflis surrendered after Queen Rusudan had fled, followed by the destruction of Ani and the surrender of Kars.[2]

Finally, after this catastrophic campaign, the nobles of Armenia and Georgia surrendered to the Mongols, agreeing to pay tribute, and to provide their cavalry for Mongol military campaigns.[4] On Ivane I Jaqeli's advice, Rusudan sent four envoys; her amirspasalar (commander-in-chief) and atabeg (tutor) Avag Zakarian, the mandaturtukhutsesi (grand master of ceremonies) Shahnshah Zakarian], the msakhurtukhutsesi (majordomo) Vahram Gageli and Eristavi (duke) of Hereti Shota Kupri), to negotiate surrender to Chaghatai. The Mongol leader received the envoys graciously and released Georgian prisoners.[5]

The Armenian Shahnshah Zakarian, mandaturtukhutsesi (grand master of ceremonies) at the Georgian court, participated in the negotiations.

To ensure her personal immunity, Rusudan set off with Arsen, bishop of Chqondidi and mtsignobartukhutsesi (chancellor), on the long trek to Batu Khan's capital on the Volga and peace treaty was signed on following terms:[6]

  • Georgian nobles would rank equally with the Mongol noyans (lords);
  • Georgia would lose its Muslim vassals (like Shirvan), but could keep its Christian (like Armenia) territory;[7]
  • Georgia would pay annual tribute of 50,000 Hyperpyron (about 250 kilos of gold) and additionally pay various taxes;
  • Georgia would provide soldiers for the Mongol army (Kheshig);
  • David, Rusudan's son, was recognized as Rusudan's heir apparent;

Chormaqan agreed to the terms of the redition, and left a commander named Qara Buqa in charge of dismantling all fortresses.[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Alexander Mikaberidze, (Jan 1, 2007), Historical Dictionary of Georgia - Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0810855809
  2. ^ a b c McDaniel, Ryan James (2005). THE MONGOL INVASIONS OF THE NEAR EAST. San Jose State University. pp. 125–135. They had been unable to rebuild their defenses and remained incapable of launching an army against the new Mongol threat. The Mongols did not face a single army on the field of battle in the invasion of 1238. The entire campaign consisted of sieges of towns and the many small fortresses. Grigor says the Mongols took many cities in Armenia and Georgia and Kirakos adds that they were very successful against the castles of the region by employing various types of siege machinery and by attacking swiftly before the defenders could bring in supplies.
  3. ^ McDaniel, Ryan James (2005). THE MONGOL INVASIONS OF THE NEAR EAST. San Jose State University. p. 127. Awag was a compassionate ruler and to avoid further suffering of his subjects he shrewdly sent a messenger to Chormaqan saying he intended to surrender. (...) Chormaqan was delighted and ordered Toghta to escort Awag safely to Chormaqan's headquarters at Lake Sevan and to stop his attacks in the Kayan region. Awag surrendered in the name all of Georgia agreeing to pay tribute and to have his troops join the Mongol army.
  4. ^ a b McDaniel, Ryan James (2005). THE MONGOL INVASIONS OF THE NEAR EAST. San Jose State University. p. 127. The nobles of Armenia and Georgia surrendered and agreed to pay tribute and contribute their cavalry to the Mongol campaigns. Chormaqan agreed to the terms and returned to Mughan, leaving a commander, Qara Buqa, behind to dismantle the fortresses of the land.
  5. ^ McDaniel, Ryan James (2005). THE MONGOL INVASIONS OF THE NEAR EAST. San Jose State University. p. 126.
  6. ^ Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books. p. 126. ISBN 978-1780230306.
  7. ^ Sinclair, T. A. (1989). Eastern Turkey. Pindar Press. ISBN 9781904597704. OCLC 888748950.
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