Flora Drummond: Difference between revisions

Flora Drummond
Flora Drummond
	Drummond in her Generals' uniform and WSPU sash
Born	Flora McKinnon Gibson; 4 August 1878; Manchester, England
Died	17 January 1949 (aged 70); Carradale, Argyll, Scotland
Other names	"The General"
Known for	Daring stunts

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 23:34, 17 November 2024

Flora McKinnon Drummond (née Gibson; 4 August 1878 – 17 January 1949) was a British suffragette.^[1] Nicknamed 'The General' for her habit of leading women's rights marches wearing a military style uniform 'with an officers cap and epaulettes'^[2] and riding on a large horse, Drummond was an organiser for the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) and was arrested nine times for her activism in the women's suffrage movement. Drummond's main political activity was organising and leading rallies, marches and demonstrations. She was an accomplished orator and had a reputation for being able to put down hecklers with ease.

Early life

Flora McKinnon Gibson was born on 4 August 1878 in Manchester to Sarah (née Cook) and Francis Gibson.^[3]^[4] Her father was a tailor and whilst Flora was still a small child the family moved to Pirnmill on the Isle of Arran, where her mother had her roots. On leaving high-school at the age of fourteen Flora moved to Glasgow to take a business training course at a civil service school where she passed the qualifications to become a post-mistress but standing at 5 feet 1 inch (1.55 m) was refused a post as she did not meet the newly introduced minimum 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m) height requirement.

Although she went on to gain a Society of Arts qualification in shorthand and typing she still carried a resentment about the discrimination which meant that women, because of their smaller average height, were prevented from being postmistresses. After her marriage to Joseph Drummond she moved back to the town of her birth and along with her husband was active in the Fabian Society and the Independent Labour Party.^[5] Drummond became the main earner when her husband lost his job. She was a manager at the British Oliver Typewriter Factory.^[5]

Political activism

Flora Drummond joined the WSPU in 1906. Following a Liberal Party election meeting at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kenney were imprisoned for pressing the candidate, Winston Churchill, to answer the question 'If you are elected, will you do your best to make Women's Suffrage a government measure?'. When the two women were released the WSPU held a celebratory rally in Manchester which Flora, who had witnessed their arrests, attended and was persuaded to join the movement.^[6] Shortly afterwards Flora moved to London and by the end of 1906 had served her first term in Holloway after being arrested inside the House of Commons.^[7] Flora was known for her daring and headline-grabbing stunts, including in 1906 slipping inside the open door of 10 Downing Street whilst her companion Irene Miller was being arrested for knocking on the door.^[8] In 1908 Drummond and Helen Craggs^[7] were campaigning successfully against Churchill again.^[9] That year, Flora also became a paid organiser at the WSPU headquarters^[5] and hired a boat so that she could approach the Palace of Westminster from the River Thames to harangue the members of parliament sitting on the riverside terrace.^[7]^[8]

When Mary Phillips, who had worked in Glasgow WSPU, was released from prison after serving the longest (3 month) sentence she was welcomed by Flora Drummond, with bagpipes and other suffragettes who posed in tartan ^[10] for a picture under the slogan "Ye Mauna Tramp on the Scotch Thistle Laddie". The Scottish suffragettes present compared their struggle to the campaign of William Wallace. Drummond also welcomed Catherine Corbett and others released from hunger strike at Dundee Gaol after riot at Winston Churchill's meeting in Dundee.^[9]

Flora Drummond was a key organiser of the Trafalgar Square rally in October 1908 which led to a three-month term in Holloway along with Christabel and Emmeline Pankhurst for "incitement to rush the House of Commons".^[11]^[12]^[13] The women had been given the option of being bound over to keep the peace for twelve months instead of a custodial sentence but all three opted for Holloway. Flora was in the first trimester of pregnancy when she was imprisoned and after fainting and being taken to the hospital wing she was granted early release on the grounds of ill-health. As Drummond was leaving the prison Emmeline Pankhurst broke the "silence rule" which forbade the suffragette prisoners from speaking to each other and called out 'I am glad because now you will be able to carry on the work'.^[14]

Drummond had been given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour' by WSPU, after 9 imprisonments and a number of hunger strikes.^[5]

In October 1909, Drummond was the organiser of the first militant procession in Edinburgh as a response to a critical comment from the WSPU leadership in their newsletter Votes for Women which said 'Beautiful, haughty, dignified, stern Edinburgh, with your cautious steadfast people, you have not yet woken up to take part in our militant methods.' The theme of the march was 'have done and can do and will do' and featured women carrying banners and playing bagpipes dressed either in their working clothes or as female historical Scottish figures.^[15] Tens of thousands turned out on to the streets of Edinburgh to watch the parade and the event was considered by the Edinburgh Evening Dispatch to have been a success.^[16]

In 1913 Drummond and Annie Kenney arranged for WSPU representatives to speak with leading politicians David Lloyd George and Sir Edward Grey. The meeting had been with the proviso that these were working-class women representing their class. They explained the pay and working conditions that they suffered and their hope that a vote would enable women to challenge the status quo in a democratic manner. Alice Hawkins from Leicester explained how her fellow male workers could choose a man to represent them whilst the women were left unrepresented.^[17]

Drummond was leader of the WSPU Cycling Scouts, setting out to the country from the capital with women's suffrage message.^[5]

In May 1914 Drummond and Norah Dacre Fox (later known as Norah Elam) besieged the homes of Edward Carson and Lord Lansdowne, both prominent Ulster Unionist MPs who had been directly inciting militancy in Ulster against the Home Rule Bill then going through Parliament. Drummond and Dacre Fox had both been issued with summonses to appear before magistrates for 'making inciting speeches' and encouraging women to militancy. Their response to journalists who interviewed them was that they thought they should take refuge with Carson and Lansdowne who had also been making speeches and encouraging militancy in Ireland, but who appeared to be safe from interference from the authorities for doing so. Later the same day both women appeared before a magistrate, were sentenced to imprisonment and taken to Holloway where they immediately commenced hunger and thirst strikes and endured a period of force feeding.^[18]

Retirement from direct action

Drummond's terms in prison, including several hunger strikes took a physical toll on her and in 1914 she spent some time on the Isle of Arran to recover her health. After her return to London on the outbreak of the First World War she concentrated her efforts on public speaking and administration rather than direct action; thus avoiding further arrest.^[7] Drummond supported the government during the war; for example pleading for volunteers in Trafalgar Square in 1915 'We have given up our fight for the vote...today is the time for sacrifices'. In 1917, along with Lloyd George, she reviewed female war workers in Birkenhead.^[19]

She remained prominent within the movement and in 1928 she was a pall-bearer at the funeral of Emmeline Pankhurst.

Her politics moved away from the labour socialism of her youth, as she travelled around the country persuading workers not to strike,^[5] and in 1926 Drummond again led a parade, the Great Prosperity March against the unrest predating the General Strike.^[5] In the 1930s Drummond formed the Women's Guild of Empire, a right-wing league opposed to communism and fascism. Her one-time militant partner Norah Elam, who had become a leading member of Mosley's British Union of Fascists wrote a scathing attack of the Guild calling it an anti-fascist circus and describing her former friend as an 'extinct volcano'.^[18]

Flora and Joseph Drummond divorced in 1922 and later that year she married a cousin, Alan Simpson. Alan was killed during an air-raid in 1944. Five years previously, Drummond had written a series of articles about her life (entitled 'My campaigning days') for The Aberdeen People's Journal.^[20]

Flora returned to Arran but was denied permission to build a cottage and so lived in a makeshift corrugated iron roofed shed, until her neighbours took her in when she became ill.^[21] She died in Carradale on 17 January 1949, following a stroke at the age of 70.

Posthumous recognition

In 2001 a headstone was placed for the 'Suffragette General' on her grave in Kintyre.^[21] Her name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in 2018.^[22]^[23]^[24]

References

^ Cowman, Krista (23 September 2004). "Drummond [née Gibson; other married name Simpson], Flora McKinnon". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39177. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Sylvia Pankhurst cited in: Parkins, Wendy (2002). Fashioning the Body Politic. BergPublishers. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-85973-587-9.
^ GRO. "England and Wales Birth Registration Index, 1837–2008". FamilySearch. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ "England Births and Christenings, 1538–1975". FamilySearch. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Awcock, Hannah (20 September 2018). "Turbulent Londoners: Flora Drummond, 1879-1949". Turbulent London. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
^ Chandler, Malcolm (2001). Votes for Women, C, 1900–1928. Heinemann. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-435-32731-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928. Routledge. pp. 175–177. ISBN 978-0-415-23926-4.
^ ^a ^b Edith, Girvin (2002). The Twentieth Century. Heinemann. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-435-32093-5.
^ ^a ^b Atkinson, Diane (2018). Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes. London: Bloomsbury. p. 179. ISBN 9781408844045. OCLC 1016848621.
^ "Mary Phillips". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
^ "Exploring 20th Century London". Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
^ "Mrs. Pankhurst at Trafalgar Square inviting the audience to "Rush" the House of Commons on October 13". London Museum. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
^ "Arrest of Mrs. Pankhurst, Miss Pankhurst, and Mrs Drummond. Mr Jarvis Reading the Warrant at Clement's Inn, October 13, 1908". London Museum. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
^ Purvis, June (2002). Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography. Routledge. pp. 113–117. ISBN 978-0-415-23978-3.
^ Reynolds, Sian (2007). Paris-Edinburgh: Cultural Connections in the Belle Epoque. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-0-7546-3464-5.
^ "the imposing display achieved its object. It advertised to tens of thousands the aim of the suffragettes... [B]ehind this movement there is a solid phalanx of resolute and unflinching womanhood bent upon obtaining the vote and fully determined that they will triumph over every obstacle." Edinburgh Evening Dispatch quoted in Reynolds 2007.
^ Cowman, Krista (6 February 2008). "Let's not forget the working class suffragettes". New Statesman. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b McPherson, Angela; McPherson, Susan (2011). Mosley's Old Suffragette – A Biography of Norah Elam. ISBN 978-1-4466-9967-6. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012.
^ Cowman, Krista (1994). "Engendering Citizenship"The Political Involvement of Women on Merseyside, 1890 - 1920 (PDF). University of York. pp. 343–345.
^ Drummond, Flora (17 June 1939). "Story of 'General' Flora Drummond: My campaigning days". The Aberdeen People's Journal.
^ ^a ^b "Belated salute to the 'General' At last a memorial is to be erected to an extraordinary Scots suffragette, as Jennifer Cunningham discovers". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
^ "Historic statue of suffragist leader Millicent Fawcett unveiled in Parliament Square". Gov.uk. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ Topping, Alexandra (24 April 2018). "First statue of a woman in Parliament Square unveiled". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ "Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth". iNews. Retrieved 25 April 2018.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|British suffragette}}
 {{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
 {{Infobox person
 | name        = Flora Drummond
 | image       = Flora Drummond.jpg
 | image_size  =
-| caption     = Flora Drummond in her Generals' uniform and WSPU sash
+| caption     = Drummond in her Generals' uniform and WSPU sash
 | birth_name  = Flora McKinnon Gibson
 | birth_date  = {{birth date|1878|8|4|df=y}}
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 | death_place = [[Carradale]], [[Argyll]], Scotland
 | other_names = "The General"
-| known_for   = Daring Stunts
+| known_for   = Daring stunts
+}}
-| nationality = British}}
-'''Flora McKinnon Drummond''' (née '''Gibson''') (born 4 August 1878, [[Manchester]] – died 17 January 1949, [[Carradale]]), was a British [[Suffragist|suffragette]].<ref name = "ODNBDrummond">{{Cite ODNB|id=39177|title=Drummond [née Gibson; other married name Simpson], Flora McKinnon|first = Krista|last = Cowman|date = 23 September 2004}}</ref> Nicknamed 'The General' for her habit of leading [[Women's Rights]] marches wearing a military style uniform 'with an officers cap and epaulettes'<ref name="Parkins">[[Sylvia Pankhurst]] cited in: {{cite book|last=Parkins|first=Wendy|title=Fashioning the Body Politic|publisher=BergPublishers|year=2002|page=118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DjUc4r87w7wC&q=%22flora+drummond%22&pg=PA118|isbn=978-1-85973-587-9}}</ref> and riding on a large horse, Drummond was an organiser for the [[Women's Social and Political Union]] (WSPU) and was imprisoned nine times for her activism in the [[Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom|Women's Suffrage movement]]. Drummond's main political activity was organising and leading rallies, marches and [[Demonstration (people)|demonstrations]]. She was an accomplished [[Public speaking|orator]] and had a reputation for being able to put down [[heckler]]s with ease.
+'''Flora McKinnon Drummond''' (née '''Gibson'''; 4 August 1878 – 17 January 1949) was a British [[Suffragist|suffragette]].<ref name = "ODNBDrummond">{{Cite ODNB|id=39177|title=Drummond [née Gibson; other married name Simpson], Flora McKinnon|first = Krista|last = Cowman|date = 23 September 2004}}</ref> Nicknamed 'The General' for her habit of leading [[women's rights]] marches wearing a military style uniform 'with an officers cap and epaulettes'<ref name="Parkins">[[Sylvia Pankhurst]] cited in: {{cite book|last=Parkins|first=Wendy|title=Fashioning the Body Politic|publisher=BergPublishers|year=2002|page=118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DjUc4r87w7wC&q=%22flora+drummond%22&pg=PA118|isbn=978-1-85973-587-9}}</ref> and riding on a large horse, Drummond was an organiser for the [[Women's Social and Political Union]] (WSPU) and was arrested nine times for her activism in the [[Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom|women's suffrage movement]]. Drummond's main political activity was organising and leading rallies, marches and [[Demonstration (people)|demonstrations]]. She was an accomplished [[Public speaking|orator]] and had a reputation for being able to put down [[heckler]]s with ease.
 ==Early life==
-Flora McKinnon Gibson was born on 4 August 1878 in Manchester to Sarah (née Cook) and Francis Gibson.<ref>{{cite web|author1=GRO|title=England and Wales Birth Registration Index, 1837–2008|url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/2XXB-2V2|website=FamilySearch|access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=England Births and Christenings, 1538–1975|url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NTT6-2FN|website=FamilySearch|access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref> Her father was a tailor and whilst Flora was still a small child the family moved to [[Pirnmill]] on the [[Isle of Arran]], where her mother had her roots. On leaving high-school at the age of fourteen Flora moved to [[Glasgow]] to take a business training course at a civil service school where she passed the qualifications to become a [[General Post Office|post-mistress]] but standing at {{convert|5|ft|1|in|m}} was refused a post as she did not meet the newly introduced minimum {{convert|5|ft|2|in|m}} height requirement.
+Flora McKinnon Gibson was born on 4 August 1878 in [[Manchester]] to Sarah (née Cook) and Francis Gibson.<ref>{{cite web|author1=GRO|title=England and Wales Birth Registration Index, 1837–2008|url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/2XXB-2V2|website=FamilySearch|access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=England Births and Christenings, 1538–1975|url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NTT6-2FN|website=FamilySearch|access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref> Her father was a tailor and whilst Flora was still a small child the family moved to [[Pirnmill]] on the [[Isle of Arran]], where her mother had her roots. On leaving high-school at the age of fourteen Flora moved to [[Glasgow]] to take a business training course at a civil service school where she passed the qualifications to become a [[General Post Office|post-mistress]] but standing at {{convert|5|ft|1|in|m}} was refused a post as she did not meet the newly introduced minimum {{convert|5|ft|2|in|m}} height requirement.
 Although she went on to gain a [[Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce|Society of Arts]] qualification in shorthand and typing she still carried a resentment about the discrimination which meant that women, because of their smaller average height, were prevented from being [[postmistress]]es. After her marriage to Joseph Drummond she moved back to the town of her birth and along with her husband was active in the [[Fabian Society]] and the [[Independent Labour Party]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://turbulentlondon.com/2018/09/20/turbulent-londoners-flora-drummond-1879-1949/|title=Turbulent Londoners: Flora Drummond, 1879-1949|last=Awcock|first=Hannah|date=2018-09-20|website=Turbulent London|language=en|access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref> Drummond became the main earner when her husband lost his job. She was a manager at the British [[Oliver Typewriter Company|Oliver Typewriter]] Factory.<ref name=":1" />
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 When [[Mary Phillips (suffragette)|Mary Phillips]], who had worked in [[Glasgow]] WSPU, was released from prison after serving the longest (3 month) sentence she was welcomed by Flora Drummond, with bagpipes and other suffragettes who posed in tartan <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/WphillipsM.htm|title=Mary Phillips|website=Spartacus Educational|language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> for a picture under the slogan "Ye Mauna Tramp on the Scotch Thistle Laddie". The Scottish suffragettes present compared their struggle to the campaign of [[William Wallace]]. Drummond also welcomed [[Catherine Corbett]] and others released from hunger strike at [[Dundee]] Gaol after riot at [[Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939|Winston Churchill]]'s meeting in Dundee.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes|last=Atkinson|first=Diane|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2018|isbn=9781408844045|location=London|pages=179|oclc=1016848621}}</ref>
-Flora Drummond was a key organiser of the [[Trafalgar Square]] rally in October 1908 which led to a three-month term in [[Holloway (HM Prison)|Holloway]] along with [[Christabel Pankhurst|Christabel]] and [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] for "incitement to rush the House of Commons".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conObject.5067 |access-date=16 March 2008 |title=Exploring 20th Century London |archive-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216091926/http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conObject.5067 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The women had been given the option of being [[Binding over|bound over to keep the peace]] for twelve months instead of a [[custodial sentence]] but all three opted for [[Holloway (HM Prison)|Holloway]]. Flora was in the first trimester of pregnancy when she was imprisoned and after fainting and being taken to the hospital wing she was granted early release on the grounds of ill-health. As Drummond was leaving the prison Emmeline Pankhurst broke the "silence rule" which forbade the suffragette prisoners from speaking to each other and called out 'I ''am'' glad because now you will be able to carry on the work'.<ref name="Purvis">{{cite book | last = Purvis | first = June | author-link = June Purvis | title = Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography | publisher = Routledge | year = 2002 | pages = 113–117 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MnMF_H5V9qwC&q=%22flora+drummond%22&pg=PA117 | isbn = 978-0-415-23978-3 }}</ref>
+Flora Drummond was a key organiser of the [[Trafalgar Square]] rally in October 1908 which led to a three-month term in [[Holloway (HM Prison)|Holloway]] along with [[Christabel Pankhurst|Christabel]] and [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] for "incitement to rush the House of Commons".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conObject.5067 |access-date=16 March 2008 |title=Exploring 20th Century London |archive-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216091926/http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conObject.5067 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrs. Pankhurst at Trafalgar Square inviting the audience to "Rush" the House of Commons on October 13. |url=https://www.londonmuseum.org.uk/collections/v/object-510877/mrs-pankhurst-at-trafalgar-square-inviting-the-audience-to-rush-the-house-of-commons-on-october-13/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=London Museum |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arrest of Mrs. Pankhurst, Miss Pankhurst, and Mrs Drummond. Mr Jarvis Reading the Warrant at Clement's Inn, October 13, 1908. |url=https://www.londonmuseum.org.uk/collections/v/object-452878/arrest-of-mrs-pankhurst-miss-pankhurst-and-mrs-drummond-mr-jarvis-reading-the-warrant-at-clements-inn-october-13-1908/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=London Museum |language=en-gb}}</ref> The women had been given the option of being [[Binding over|bound over to keep the peace]] for twelve months instead of a [[custodial sentence]] but all three opted for [[Holloway (HM Prison)|Holloway]]. Flora was in the first trimester of pregnancy when she was imprisoned and after fainting and being taken to the hospital wing she was granted early release on the grounds of ill-health. As Drummond was leaving the prison Emmeline Pankhurst broke the "silence rule" which forbade the suffragette prisoners from speaking to each other and called out 'I ''am'' glad because now you will be able to carry on the work'.<ref name="Purvis">{{cite book | last = Purvis | first = June | author-link = June Purvis | title = Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography | publisher = Routledge | year = 2002 | pages = 113–117 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MnMF_H5V9qwC&q=%22flora+drummond%22&pg=PA117 | isbn = 978-0-415-23978-3 }}</ref>
 Drummond had been given a [[Hunger Strike Medal]] 'for Valour' by WSPU, after 9 imprisonments and a number of hunger strikes.<ref name=":1" />
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 Drummond was leader of the WSPU Cycling Scouts, setting out to the country from the capital with women's suffrage message.<ref name=":1" />
-In May 1914 Drummond and Norah Dacre Fox (later known as [[Norah Elam]]) besieged the homes of [[Edward Carson|Lord Carson]] and [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]], both prominent [[Ulster Unionist Party|Ulster Unionist]] MPs who had been directly inciting militancy in Ulster against the [[Irish Home Rule movement|Home Rule Bill]] then going through Parliament. Drummond and Dacre Fox had both been issued with summonses to appear before magistrates for 'making inciting speeches' and encouraging women to militancy. Their response to journalists who interviewed them was that they thought they should take refuge with Lord Carson and Lord Lansdowne who had also been making speeches and encouraging militancy in Ireland, but who appeared to be safe from interference from the authorities for doing so. Later the same day both women appeared before a magistrate, were sentenced to imprisonment and taken to Holloway where they immediately commenced hunger and thirst strikes and endured a period of force feeding.<ref name="McPherson & McPherson">{{cite book| last =McPherson| first =Angela| author2 =McPherson, Susan| title =Mosley's Old Suffragette – A Biography of Norah Elam| year =2011| url =http://www.oldsuffragette.co.uk| isbn =978-1-4466-9967-6| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120113154415/http://www.oldsuffragette.co.uk/| archive-date =13 January 2012| df =dmy-all}}</ref>
+In May 1914 Drummond and Norah Dacre Fox (later known as [[Norah Elam]]) besieged the homes of [[Edward Carson]] and [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]], both prominent [[Ulster Unionist Party|Ulster Unionist]] MPs who had been directly inciting militancy in Ulster against the [[Irish Home Rule movement|Home Rule Bill]] then going through Parliament. Drummond and Dacre Fox had both been issued with summonses to appear before magistrates for 'making inciting speeches' and encouraging women to militancy. Their response to journalists who interviewed them was that they thought they should take refuge with Carson and Lansdowne who had also been making speeches and encouraging militancy in Ireland, but who appeared to be safe from interference from the authorities for doing so. Later the same day both women appeared before a magistrate, were sentenced to imprisonment and taken to Holloway where they immediately commenced hunger and thirst strikes and endured a period of force feeding.<ref name="McPherson & McPherson">{{cite book| last =McPherson| first =Angela| author2 =McPherson, Susan| title =Mosley's Old Suffragette – A Biography of Norah Elam| year =2011| url =http://www.oldsuffragette.co.uk| isbn =978-1-4466-9967-6| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120113154415/http://www.oldsuffragette.co.uk/| archive-date =13 January 2012| df =dmy-all}}</ref>
 ==Retirement from direct action==
-Drummond's terms in prison, including several [[hunger strike]]s took a physical toll on her and in 1914 she spent some time on [[Isle of Arran|Arran]] to recover her health.  After her return to London on the outbreak of the [[First World War]] she concentrated her efforts on public speaking and administration rather than direct action; thus avoiding further arrest.<ref name=Crawford/> Drummond supported the government during the war; for example pleading for volunteers in [[Trafalgar Square]] in 1915 'We have given up our fight for the vote...today is the time for sacrifices'. In 1917, along with [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]], she reviewed female war workers in [[Birkenhead]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cowman|first=Krista|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2450/1/DX186075.pdf|title="Engendering Citizenship"The Political Involvement of Women on Merseyside, 1890 - 1920|publisher=University of York|year=1994|pages=343–345}}</ref>
+Drummond's terms in prison, including several [[hunger strike]]s took a physical toll on her and in 1914 she spent some time on the [[Isle of Arran]] to recover her health.  After her return to London on the outbreak of the [[First World War]] she concentrated her efforts on public speaking and administration rather than direct action; thus avoiding further arrest.<ref name=Crawford/> Drummond supported the government during the war; for example pleading for volunteers in [[Trafalgar Square]] in 1915 'We have given up our fight for the vote...today is the time for sacrifices'. In 1917, along with [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]], she reviewed female war workers in [[Birkenhead]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cowman|first=Krista|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2450/1/DX186075.pdf|title="Engendering Citizenship"The Political Involvement of Women on Merseyside, 1890 - 1920|publisher=University of York|year=1994|pages=343–345}}</ref>
 She remained prominent within the movement and in 1928 she was a pall-bearer at the funeral of Emmeline Pankhurst.
-Her politics moved away from the labour socialism of her youth, as she travelled around the country persuading workers not to strike,<ref name=":1" />  and in 1926 Drummond again led a parade, the Great Prosperity March against the unrest predating the [[General Strike 1926|General Strike]].<ref name=":1" /> In the 1930s Drummond formed the Women's Guild of Empire, a right-wing league opposed to communism and fascism. Her one-time militant partner [[Norah Elam]], who had become a leading member of [[Oswald Mosley|Mosley]]'s [[British Union of Fascists]] wrote a scathing attack of the Guild calling it an anti-fascist circus describing her former friend as an 'extinct volcano'.<ref name="McPherson & McPherson"/>
+Her politics moved away from the labour socialism of her youth, as she travelled around the country persuading workers not to strike,<ref name=":1" />  and in 1926 Drummond again led a parade, the Great Prosperity March against the unrest predating the [[General Strike 1926|General Strike]].<ref name=":1" /> In the 1930s Drummond formed the [[Women's Guild of Empire]], a right-wing league opposed to communism and fascism. Her one-time militant partner [[Norah Elam]], who had become a leading member of [[Oswald Mosley|Mosley]]'s [[British Union of Fascists]] wrote a scathing attack of the Guild calling it an anti-fascist circus and describing her former friend as an 'extinct volcano'.<ref name="McPherson & McPherson"/>
-Flora and Joseph Drummond divorced in 1922 and later that year she married a cousin, Alan Simpson. Alan was killed during an [[strategic bombing|air-raid]] in 1944.  Five years previously, Drummond had written a series of articles about her life (entitled 'My campaigning days') for the Aberdeen People's Journal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Drummond|first=Flora|date=17 June 1939|title=Story of 'General' Flora Drummond: My campaigning days|work=The Aberdeen People's Journal}}</ref>
+Flora and Joseph Drummond divorced in 1922 and later that year she married a cousin, Alan Simpson. Alan was killed during an [[strategic bombing|air-raid]] in 1944.  Five years previously, Drummond had written a series of articles about her life (entitled 'My campaigning days') for ''The Aberdeen People's Journal''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Drummond|first=Flora|date=17 June 1939|title=Story of 'General' Flora Drummond: My campaigning days|work=The Aberdeen People's Journal}}</ref>
-Flora returned to Arran, was denied the permission to build a cottage and so lived in a makeshift corrugated iron roofed shed, until her neighbours took her in when she became ill,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12168905.belated-salute-to-the-general-at-last-a-memorial-is-to-be-erected-to-an-extraordinary-scots-suffragette-as-jennifer-cunningham-discovers/|title=Belated salute to the 'General' At last a memorial is to be erected to an extraordinary Scots suffragette, as Jennifer Cunningham discovers|website=HeraldScotland|language=en|access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref> and she died in 1949 following a stroke at the age of 70.
+Flora returned to Arran but was denied permission to build a cottage and so lived in a makeshift corrugated iron roofed shed, until her neighbours took her in when she became ill.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12168905.belated-salute-to-the-general-at-last-a-memorial-is-to-be-erected-to-an-extraordinary-scots-suffragette-as-jennifer-cunningham-discovers/|title=Belated salute to the 'General' At last a memorial is to be erected to an extraordinary Scots suffragette, as Jennifer Cunningham discovers|website=HeraldScotland|language=en|access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref> She died in [[Carradale]] on 17 January 1949, following a stroke at the age of 70.
 ==Posthumous recognition==
 In 2001 a headstone was placed for the 'Suffragette General' on her grave in [[Kintyre]].<ref name=":2" /> Her name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the [[plinth]] of the [[statue of Millicent Fawcett]] in [[Parliament Square]], London, unveiled in 2018.<ref name=gov>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/historic-statue-of-suffragist-leader-millicent-fawcett-unveiled-in-parliament-square|title=Historic statue of suffragist leader Millicent Fawcett unveiled in Parliament Square|publisher=Gov.uk|access-date=24 April 2018|date=24 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Topping|first=Alexandra|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/apr/24/first-statue-of-a-woman-in-parliament-square-millicent-fawcett|title=First statue of a woman in Parliament Square unveiled|work=The Guardian|date=24 April 2018|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/women/millicent-fawcett-statue-parliament-square-london-caroline-criado-perez/ |title=Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth |publisher=iNews |access-date=2018-04-25}}</ref>
-== Other sources ==
-* Tejera, P. (2018). ''[https://www.edicionescasiopea.com/libros/reinas-de-la-carretera/ Reinas de la carretera]''. Madrid. Ediciones Casiopea. {{ISBN|9788494848216}} (paper) / {{ISBN|9788494848223}} (digital). Spanish edit.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 65: / Line 61: @@
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
+== Further reading ==
+* Tejera, P. (2018). ''[https://www.edicionescasiopea.com/libros/reinas-de-la-carretera/ Reinas de la carretera]''. Madrid. Ediciones Casiopea. {{ISBN|9788494848216}} (paper) / {{ISBN|9788494848223}} (digital). Spanish edit.
 {{Women's suffrage in Scotland}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 [[Category:Women's Social and Political Union]]
 [[Category:Hunger Strike Medal recipients]]
-[[Category:Scottish suffragists]]
 [[Category:Scottish suffragettes]]
+[[Category:Suffragette 1911 census boycotters]]

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data