Angelica sinensis: Difference between revisions

Angelica sinensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Apiaceae
Genus:	Angelica
Species:	A. sinensis
Binomial name
	Angelica sinensis; (Oliv.) Diels
Synonyms
	Angelica omeiensis C.Q.Yuan & R.H.Shan; Angelica wilsonii H.Wolff;

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Angelica sinensis, commonly known as dong quai (simplified Chinese: 当归; traditional Chinese: 當歸; pinyin: dāngguī; Jyutping: dong1 gwai1; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tong-kui) or female ginseng, is a herb belonging to the family Apiaceae, indigenous to China. Angelica sinensis grows in cool high altitude mountains in East Asia. The yellowish brown root of the plant is harvested in the fall and is a well-known Chinese medicine which has been used for thousands of years.^[3]

Pharmacology

Growing environment

Angelica is hardy to 5 °C (41 °F)^[4] and can be cultivated at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 metres (5,000–10,000 ft). Seedlings need to be kept out of direct sunlight, but the mature plant can withstand it. Angelica requires deep moist fertile soil and is perennial if prevented from going to seed.^[4]

Traditional Chinese medicine

The dried root of A. sinensis – commonly known as Chinese angelica (Chinese: 當歸; pinyin: dāngguī; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tong-kui) – is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, although there is insufficient evidence that it has any medicinal effect.^[5]

Adverse effects

There is evidence that A. sinensis may affect the muscles of the uterus. Women who are pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant should not use A. sinensis, because it may induce a miscarriage.^[5] Taking A. sinensis can cause skin to become extra sensitive to the sun, leading to a greater risk for skin cancer.^[5]

Drug interactions

A. sinensis may increase the anticoagulant effects of the drug warfarin (as it contains coumarins^[6]) and consequently increase the risk of bleeding.^[7]

Due to the antiplatelet and anticoagulant effects of A. sinensis, it should be taken with caution with herbs or supplements (such as ginkgo, garlic, and ginger) that may slow blood clotting to reduce the possible risk of bleeding and bruising.^[5]^[8]

Chemistry

The plant's chemical constituents include phytosterols, polysaccharides, ligustilide, butylphthalide, cnidilide, isocnidilide, p-cymene, ferulate, and flavonoids.^[9]

References

^ "Angelica sinensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 7 July 2015.
^ "Dong quai". University of Maryland Medical Center. Archived from the original on 2017-06-28.
^ ^a ^b "Angelica sinensis". Angelica sinensis Dang Gui - Dong Quai - Chinese Angelica PFAF Plant Database. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Dong Quai". MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
^ Ying, Li; Si-Wang, Wang; Hong-Hai, Tu; Wei, Cao (2013). "Simultaneous quantification of six main active constituents in Chinese Angelica by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector". Pharmacognosy Magazine. 9 (34): 114–119. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.111255. PMC 3680850. PMID 23772106.
^ Page, Robert Lee; Lawrence, Julie D. (July 1999). "Potentiation of Warfarin by Dong Quai". Pharmacotherapy. 19 (7): 870–876. doi:10.1592/phco.19.10.870.31558. PMID 10417036. S2CID 25661124.
^ Tsai, Hsin-Hui; Lin, Hsiang-Wen; Lu, Ying-Hung; Chen, Yi-Ling; Mahady, Gail B.; Cox, Dermot (9 May 2013). "A Review of Potential Harmful Interactions between Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Agents and Chinese Herbal Medicines". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e64255. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...864255T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064255. PMC 3650066. PMID 23671711.
^ Zhao, Kui J.; Dong, Tina T. X.; Tu, Peng F.; Song, Zong H.; Lo, Chun K.; Tsim, Karl W. K. (April 2003). "Molecular Genetic and Chemical Assessment of Radix Angelica (Danggui) in China". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51 (9): 2576–2583. Bibcode:2003JAFC...51.2576Z. doi:10.1021/jf026178h. PMID 12696940.

External links

Media related to Angelica sinensis at Wikimedia Commons

Angelica sinensis List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Databases)
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food
Angelica Sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) (in Chinese)
當歸, Dang Gui, Chinese Angelica Chinese Medicine Specimen Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) (in Chinese)

[1] "Angelica sinensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2012-06-30.

[2] "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 7 July 2015.

[3] "Dong quai". University of Maryland Medical Center. Archived from the original on 2017-06-28.

[pfaf-4] "Angelica sinensis". Angelica sinensis Dang Gui - Dong Quai - Chinese Angelica PFAF Plant Database. Retrieved 20 February 2021.

[Medline-5] "Dong Quai". MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.

[6] Ying, Li; Si-Wang, Wang; Hong-Hai, Tu; Wei, Cao (2013). "Simultaneous quantification of six main active constituents in Chinese Angelica by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector". Pharmacognosy Magazine. 9 (34): 114–119. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.111255. PMC 3680850. PMID 23772106.

[7] Page, Robert Lee; Lawrence, Julie D. (July 1999). "Potentiation of Warfarin by Dong Quai". Pharmacotherapy. 19 (7): 870–876. doi:10.1592/phco.19.10.870.31558. PMID 10417036. S2CID 25661124.

[8] Tsai, Hsin-Hui; Lin, Hsiang-Wen; Lu, Ying-Hung; Chen, Yi-Ling; Mahady, Gail B.; Cox, Dermot (9 May 2013). "A Review of Potential Harmful Interactions between Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Agents and Chinese Herbal Medicines". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e64255. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...864255T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064255. PMC 3650066. PMID 23671711.

[9] Zhao, Kui J.; Dong, Tina T. X.; Tu, Peng F.; Song, Zong H.; Lo, Chun K.; Tsim, Karl W. K. (April 2003). "Molecular Genetic and Chemical Assessment of Radix Angelica (Danggui) in China". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51 (9): 2576–2583. Bibcode:2003JAFC...51.2576Z. doi:10.1021/jf026178h. PMID 12696940.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
 {{Speciesbox
 |name = ''Angelica sinensis''
-|image = Dongquai cr.jpg
+|image = Danggui Angelica sinensis.jpg
 |taxon = Angelica sinensis
-|authority = ([[Daniel Oliver|Oliv]].) [[Ludwig Diels|Diels]]<ref>{{GRIN | accessdate = 2012-06-30 }}</ref>
+|authority = ([[Daniel Oliver (botanist)|Oliv]].) [[Ludwig Diels|Diels]]<ref>{{GRIN | access-date = 2012-06-30 }}</ref>
 |synonyms =
     {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
@@ Line 12: / Line 13: @@
 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=angelica+sinensis
 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
-|accessdate=7 July 2015}}</ref>
+|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref>
 |}}
-'''''Angelica sinensis''''', commonly known as '''''dong quai''''' ({{zh|t= 當歸|s=当归}}) or '''female [[ginseng]]''', is a herb belonging to the family [[Apiaceae]], indigenous to [[China]]. ''Angelica sinensis'' grows in cool high altitude mountains in China, Japan, and Korea. The yellowish brown root of the plant is harvested in the fall and is a well-known Chinese medicine which has been used for thousands of years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dong quai|url=http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/dong-quai|website=University of Maryland Medical Center}}</ref>
+'''''Angelica sinensis''''', commonly known as '''''dong quai''''' ({{zh|t=[[wikt:當歸|當歸]]|s=[[wikt:当归|当归]]|p=dāngguī|poj=tong-kui|j=dong1 gwai1}}) or '''female [[ginseng]]''', is a herb belonging to the family [[Apiaceae]], indigenous to [[China]]. ''Angelica sinensis'' grows in cool high altitude mountains in East Asia. The yellowish brown root of the plant is harvested in the fall and is a well-known Chinese medicine which has been used for thousands of years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dong quai|url=http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/dong-quai|website=University of Maryland Medical Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628182757/http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/dong-quai|archive-date=2017-06-28}}</ref>
 ==Pharmacology==
@@ Line 21: / Line 22: @@
 ===Growing environment===
+Angelica is hardy to {{cvt|5|C|F}}<ref name="pfaf">{{cite web |title=Angelica sinensis |url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+sinensis |website=Angelica sinensis Dang Gui - Dong Quai - Chinese Angelica PFAF Plant Database |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> and can be cultivated at elevations of {{convert|1500|to(-)|3000|m|sigfig=1}}. Seedlings need to be kept out of direct sunlight, but the mature plant can withstand it. Angelica requires deep moist fertile soil and is perennial if prevented from going to seed.<ref name="pfaf" />
-Angelica is a low-temperature and long-sunshine crop, suitable for cold and cool climate, and can be cultivated at an altitude of 1500-3000m. The rate of lichen extraction is high in the low sea area. The seedling stage is shade-loving and the transmittance is 10%. Seedlings need to be kept out of direct sunlight, but the mature plant can withstand it. The growth of angelica should be cultivated in sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose soil, good drainage, and rich humus, not in low-lying water or easily hardened clay and barren sandy soil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Angelica |url=http://www.pharmnet.com.cn/tcm/knowledge/detail/106002.html |website=PharmNet |accessdate=17 November 2019}}</ref>
-===Use in traditional Chinese medicine===
+===Traditional Chinese medicine===
+The dried root of ''A. sinensis'' {{ndash}} commonly known as Chinese angelica ({{zh|t={{linktext|當歸}}|p=dāngguī|poj=tong-kui}}) {{ndash}} is widely used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]], although there is insufficient evidence that it has any medicinal effect.<ref name=Medline>{{ cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/936.html |publisher = MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine| title = Dong Quai|date=2 April 2020|access-date=8 December 2020 }}</ref>
-The dried root of ''A. sinensis'' is commonly known as Chinese angelica ({{zh|t={{linktext|當歸}}|p=dāngguī|poj=tong-kui}})  and is widely used in [[Chinese traditional medicine]] in the belief it benefits women's health, cardiovascular conditions, [[osteoarthritis]], [[inflammation]], [[headache]], [[infections]], mild [[anemia]], [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]] and [[high blood pressure]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Angelica sinensis / Dong Quai|url=https://www.goldenlotusherbs.com/index.php?pageid=2&itemid=113|website=Golden Lotus Botanicals}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=May 2018}}<ref name=Medline>{{ cite web | url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-dongquai.html | work = Medline Plus | publisher = NIH | title = Dong Quai }}</ref> The dong quai (當歸) means that a husband shall return to his wife, which is implicitly said to help women's sexual health.
-Overall, the [[U.S. National Library of Medicine]] states that more evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of ''dong quai'' for most uses.<ref name=Medline />
 ===Adverse effects===
-There is evidence that ''A. sinensis'' may affect the muscles of the [[uterus]]. Women who are pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant should not use ''A. sinensis'',  because it may induce a miscarriage.<ref name=Medline /> Taking ''A. sinensis'' can cause skin to become extra sensitive to the sun, leading to a greater risk for skin cancer.<ref name=Medline/> One case of [[gynaecomastia]] has been reported following consumption of ''dong quai'' root powder pills.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Goh, S. Y. |author2=Loh, K. C. | title = Gynaecomastia and the Herbal Tonic ''Dong Quai''  | journal = Singapore Medical Journal | year = 2001 | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 115–116 | pmid = 11405562 }}</ref>
+There is evidence that ''A. sinensis'' may affect the muscles of the [[uterus]]. Women who are pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant should not use ''A. sinensis'',  because it may induce a miscarriage.<ref name=Medline /> Taking ''A. sinensis'' can cause skin to become extra sensitive to the sun, leading to a greater risk for skin cancer.<ref name=Medline/>
 ===Drug interactions===
-''A. sinensis'' may increase the anticoagulant effects of the drug [[warfarin]] (as it contains coumarins<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ying |first1=Li |last2=Si-Wang |first2=Wang |last3=Hong-Hai |first3=Tu |last4=Wei |first4=Cao |title=Simultaneous quantification of six main active constituents in Chinese Angelica by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector |journal=Pharmacognosy Magazine |date=2013 |volume=9 |issue=34 |pages=114–119 |doi=10.4103/0973-1296.111255 |pmid=23772106 |pmc=3680850 }}</ref>) and consequently increase the risk of bleeding.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Page |first1=Robert Lee |last2=Lawrence |first2=Julie D. |title=Potentiation of Warfarin by ''Dong Quai'' |journal=Pharmacotherapy |date=July 1999 |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=870–876 |doi=10.1592/phco.19.10.870.31558 |pmid=10417036 }}</ref>
+''A. sinensis'' may increase the anticoagulant effects of the drug [[warfarin]] (as it contains coumarins<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ying |first1=Li |last2=Si-Wang |first2=Wang |last3=Hong-Hai |first3=Tu |last4=Wei |first4=Cao |title=Simultaneous quantification of six main active constituents in Chinese Angelica by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector |journal=Pharmacognosy Magazine |date=2013 |volume=9 |issue=34 |pages=114–119 |doi=10.4103/0973-1296.111255 |pmid=23772106 |pmc=3680850 |doi-access=free }}</ref>) and consequently increase the risk of bleeding.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Page |first1=Robert Lee |last2=Lawrence |first2=Julie D. |title=Potentiation of Warfarin by ''Dong Quai'' |journal=Pharmacotherapy |date=July 1999 |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=870–876 |doi=10.1592/phco.19.10.870.31558 |pmid=10417036 |s2cid=25661124 }}</ref>
-Due to the antiplatelet and [[anticoagulant]] effects of ''A. sinensis'', it should be taken with caution with herbs or supplements (such as [[ginkgo]], [[garlic]], and [[ginger]]) that may slow blood clotting to reduce the possible risk of bleeding and bruising.<ref name=Medline /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsai |first1=Hsin-Hui |last2=Lin |first2=Hsiang-Wen |last3=Lu |first3=Ying-Hung |last4=Chen |first4=Yi-Ling |last5=Mahady |first5=Gail B. |last6=Cox |first6=Dermot |title=A Review of Potential Harmful Interactions between Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Agents and Chinese Herbal Medicines |journal=PLoS ONE |date=9 May 2013 |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=e64255 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0064255 |pmid=23671711 |pmc=3650066 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...864255T }}</ref>
+Due to the antiplatelet and [[anticoagulant]] effects of ''A. sinensis'', it should be taken with caution with herbs or supplements (such as [[ginkgo]], [[garlic]], and [[ginger]]) that may slow blood clotting to reduce the possible risk of bleeding and bruising.<ref name=Medline /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsai |first1=Hsin-Hui |last2=Lin |first2=Hsiang-Wen |last3=Lu |first3=Ying-Hung |last4=Chen |first4=Yi-Ling |last5=Mahady |first5=Gail B. |last6=Cox |first6=Dermot |title=A Review of Potential Harmful Interactions between Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Agents and Chinese Herbal Medicines |journal=PLOS ONE |date=9 May 2013 |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=e64255 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0064255 |pmid=23671711 |pmc=3650066 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...864255T |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 ==Chemistry==
-The plant's chemical constituents include [[phytosterol]]s, [[polysaccharide]]s, ligustilide, [[butylphthalide]], cnidilide, isoenidilide, [[p-cymene]], [[sodium ferulate|ferulate]], and [[flavonoid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Kui J. |last2=Dong |first2=Tina T. X. |last3=Tu |first3=Peng F. |last4=Song |first4=Zong H. |last5=Lo |first5=Chun K. |last6=Tsim |first6=Karl W. K. |title=Molecular Genetic and Chemical Assessment of Radix ''Angelica'' (Danggui) in China |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |date=April 2003 |volume=51 |issue=9 |pages=2576–2583 |doi=10.1021/jf026178h |pmid=12696940 }}</ref> When isolated from the plant, one of the chemicals, angelica polysaccharide sulfate, has ''[[in vitro]]'' antioxidant activity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jia |first1=Min |last2=Yang |first2=Tie-hong |last3=Yao |first3=Xiu-juan |last4=Meng |first4=Jia |last5=Meng |first5=Jing-ru |last6=Mei |first6=Qi-bing  |title=当归多聚糖硫酸盐的抗氧化作用 |trans-title=Anti-oxidative effect of Angelica polysaccharide sulphate |language=Chinese |journal=Zhong Yao Cai |date=February 2007 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=185–8 |pmid=17571770 |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-ZYCA200702028.htm }}</ref>
+The plant's chemical constituents include [[phytosterol]]s, [[polysaccharide]]s, [[ligustilide]], [[butylphthalide]], [[cnidilide]], [[isocnidilide]], [[p-Cymene|''p''-cymene]], [[sodium ferulate|ferulate]], and [[flavonoid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Kui J. |last2=Dong |first2=Tina T. X. |last3=Tu |first3=Peng F. |last4=Song |first4=Zong H. |last5=Lo |first5=Chun K. |last6=Tsim |first6=Karl W. K. |title=Molecular Genetic and Chemical Assessment of Radix ''Angelica'' (Danggui) in China |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |date=April 2003 |volume=51 |issue=9 |pages=2576–2583 |doi=10.1021/jf026178h |pmid=12696940 |bibcode=2003JAFC...51.2576Z }}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 48: / Line 46: @@
 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
-==Further reading==
-*{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Kaiping |last2=Cao |first2=Peng |last3=Shui |first3=Weizhi |last4=Yang |first4=Qiuxiang |last5=Tang |first5=Zhuohong |last6=Zhang |first6=Yu |title=Angelica sinensis polysaccharide regulates glucose and lipid metabolism disorder in prediabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice through the elevation of glycogen levels and reduction of inflammatory factors |journal=Food & Function |date=2015 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=902–909 |doi=10.1039/c4fo00859f |pmid=25630053 }}
-*{{cite journal |last1=Jung |first1=Sung |last2=Schumacher |first2=H Ralph |last3=Kim |first3=Hocheol |last4=Kim |first4=Miyeon |last5=Lee |first5=Seoung |last6=Pessler |first6=Frank |title=Reduction of Urate Crystal-Induced Inflammation by Root Extracts from Traditional Oriental Medicinal Plants: Elevation of Prostaglandin D<sub>2</sub> Levels |journal=Arthritis Research & Therapy |date=2007 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=R64 |doi=10.1186/ar2222 |pmid=17612394 |pmc=2206389 }} - Considers anti-inflammatory properties of dried roots from the species ''Angelica sinensis ([[Dong Quai]])'', ''[[Acanthopanax senticosus]]'' (now known as ''[[Eleutherococcus senticosus]]'', or Siberian Ginseng), and ''[[Scutellaria baicalensis]] (Baikal Skullcap)''.
 ==External links==
@@ Line 62: / Line 56: @@
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q2051387}}
+[[Category:Angelica|sinensis]]
+[[Category:Flora of Eastern Asia]]
 [[Category:Dietary supplements]]
 [[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
-[[Category:Angelica|sinensis]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Daniel Oliver]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Ludwig Diels]]

Taxon identifiers
Angelica sinensis	Wikidata: Q2051387 Wikispecies: Angelica sinensis CoL: DYYG FNA: 200015389 FoC: 200015389 GBIF: 6027415 GRIN: 406655 iNaturalist: 785992 IPNI: 77065778-1 NCBI: 165353 Open Tree of Life: 182228 Plant List: kew-2639272 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77065778-1 Tropicos: 1701399 WFO: wfo-0000536403
Angelica polymorpha var. sinensis	Wikidata: Q38430859 GBIF: 5537557 GRIN: 3423 IPNI: 77065777-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77065777-1 Tropicos: 1704069 WFO: wfo-0000536342