Mary Frances Creighton: Difference between revisions

Mary Frances Creighton
Mary Frances Creighton
Born	July 29, 1899; Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.
Died	July 16, 1936 (aged 36); Sing Sing Prison, New York, U.S.
Criminal status	Executed
Conviction(s)	First degree murder
Criminal penalty	Death by electrocution

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Mary Frances Creighton (July 29, 1899 – July 16, 1936) was an American woman convicted and executed for murder by poisoning.^[1] Creighton was nicknamed "The Long Island Borgia" and the "Black-Eyed Borgia^[2] by the press, because of her use of arsenic poisoning. She was sentenced to death by electric chair. She passed out before the execution, and was executed in an unconscious state.^[3]

Early life

Mary Frances Avery was born in Rahway, New Jersey. As a young girl, both her parents died, and she and her siblings were raised by their maternal grandparents.^[4] Growing up, she was not known to be an outstanding student and she made few friends, preferring to keep to herself.^[5] Creighton was estranged from her two sisters because of a quarrel about the inheritance from their parents.^[4]

When she was 15 years old, she moved to Newark where she graduated from high school. In 1917, she met her future husband, John Creighton, a sailor who fought in the First World War. The couple married on December 25, 1918.

Murders and first trial

The couple moved in with John's parents, Walter and Anna Creighton, who owned a house in Roseville, Newark. In 1918, John and Mary Frances had a daughter who they named Ruth. Some years later, Mary Frances' younger brother, Charles Raymond Avery, also moved in with them.^[5] The addition of another person made the house more crowded and the relationship between Creighton and her mother-in-law became strained, as they both wanted to decide how the house should be run. Matters were not improved by the fact that whenever John and Mary Frances argued, both of her husband's parents would support him against her.^[6]

The relationship between Creighton and her mother-in-law continued to deteriorate, with Creighton telling neighbours that her mother-in-law was a disturbed person who was talking about wanting to commit suicide.

In 1920, her mother-in-law became ill. She was admitted to hospital with fever and cramps, and subsequently died. In 1921, Creighton's father-in-law died, and in 1923, Creighton's brother Raymond also died. Raymond had named his sister the sole beneficiary of his $1,000 life insurance policy.^[7] These deaths caught the attention of the authorities, and Creighton was suspected of poisoning all three.

Creighton and her husband, John, were tried for Raymond's death in 1923, but were acquitted due to a lack of witnesses. The Anna Creighton murder trial, also in 1923, ended with Creighton being acquitted, again due to a lack of witnesses, and due to the testimony of toxicologist Alexander Gettler, who found only a trace amount of arsenic in Anna Creighton's system.^[5] John Creighton stood by his wife and protested her innocence throughout.^[4] During the 1923 trial, Creighton was pregnant and gave birth to a son, John Jr.

Feeling that they could no longer make a home in Newark due to the suspicions and trials, the family relocated to Baldwin, Long Island. There John Creighton made the acquaintance of a neighbour named Everett Appelgate,^[a] a fellow member of the local American Legion association.^[8]^[4] The two men became friends, and upon hearing that Appelgate and his wife Ada were currently living with Ada's father, John Creighton proposed that the Appelgates move in with his family. This would also help supplement the Creightons' income through rent paid by the Appelgates. The Creightons' daughter, Ruth, and the Appelgates' daughter, Agnes, had become friends, so this seemed to be an ideal situation.^[8]

Through later investigation and witness accounts^[8] of Ruth Creighton and others,^[8] it was revealed that Everett Appelgate had been grooming Ruth. Appelgate had also, according to Creighton, been having a sexual relationship with her. Creighton's defense lawyer would later claim that she had been "a woman led wrong by the power of an evil man."

In September 1935, Ada Appelgate became sick and was taken to the local hospital where she was examined and sent home. Several days later, Ada died at home of unknown causes. It was suspected that it could have been pneumonia or some other natural cause.

Not long after Ada Appelgate's death, an anonymous source sent the police a letter and a package of newspaper clippings dating back to 1923 and Creighton's trial that implicated her in other suspicious deaths, urging them to investigate the death of Ada Appelgate. Nassau County's District Attorney's office began an investigation and autopsy was performed on Ada Appelgate and traces of arsenic was found. This was enough to arrest Creighton.^[5] Creighton claimed to have poisoned Ada Appelgate so that her fifteen-year-old daughter, Ruth, who she had been pimping out to Everett Appelgate, could legally marry Everett.

Sentence

Both Creighton and Appelgate were found guilty of first-degree murder. Mrs. Creighton appeared "chalky-white” said the New York Post, "but the plump, brown-gowned Borgia gave no outward signs of dismay." On January 29, both defendants returned to Nassau County court to hear the formal verdict. Judge Cortland A. Johnson sentenced them to execution through the electric chair during the week of March 9, just five weeks away.

Death

Creighton was imprisoned at Sing Sing Prison to await execution.^[9] On the day of the execution (July 16, 1936) Creighton was suffering from hysterical paralysis and was given a morphine injection.^[10] Some reports state that she was completely unconscious when the electric chair was turned on.^[7]

In media

The case and Mary Frances Creighton were showcased on the true crime TV show Deadly Women (season 5 episode 4) on the episode "Matriarchs of Murder" ^[11]

Notes

^ Commonly misspelled as "Applegate" in media reports.

References

^ "Mrs. Creighton Dies For Poison Murder. Applegate Follows Her to the Death Chamber for the Slaying of His Wife". New York Times. July 17, 1936. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
^ Cairns, Kathleen A. (April 1, 2020). Proof of Guilt: Barbara Graham and the Politics of Executing Women in America. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-1-4962-1130-9.
^ Mark Gado. "An Immoral Woman". Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Blum, Deborah (January 25, 2011). The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-52489-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gado, Mark. Death Row Women: Murder, Justice, and the New York Press, p. 94. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008. ISBN 9780275993610. Accessed July 26, 2019. "Of all of the women executed in New York during the twentieth century, Mary Frances Creighton received the least sympathy from the public -- and this may be deservedly so.... Frances moved to Newark when she was fifteen, and finished her education in public schools."
^ Gado, Mark (November 30, 2007). Death Row Women: Murder, Justice, and the New York Press. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-57356-730-5.
^ ^a ^b Blackwell, Jon (October 29, 2007). Notorious New Jersey: 100 True Tales of Murders and Mobsters, Scandals and Scoundrels. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4399-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "People v. Creighton, 271 N.Y. 263 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
^ O'Shea, Kathleen (February 28, 1999). Women and the Death Penalty in the United States, 1900-1998. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-0-313-02499-3.
^ Baker, David V. (November 26, 2015). Women and Capital Punishment in the United States: An Analytical History. McFarland. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-4766-2288-0.
^ "Matriarchs of Murder". IMDb. 2023.

[8] Commonly misspelled as "Applegate" in media reports.

[1] "Mrs. Creighton Dies For Poison Murder. Applegate Follows Her to the Death Chamber for the Slaying of His Wife". New York Times. July 17, 1936. Retrieved May 12, 2010.

[2] Cairns, Kathleen A. (April 1, 2020). Proof of Guilt: Barbara Graham and the Politics of Executing Women in America. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-1-4962-1130-9.

[3] Mark Gado. "An Immoral Woman". Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.

[:2-4] Blum, Deborah (January 25, 2011). The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-52489-3.

[Gardo-5] Gado, Mark. Death Row Women: Murder, Justice, and the New York Press, p. 94. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008. ISBN 9780275993610. Accessed July 26, 2019. "Of all of the women executed in New York during the twentieth century, Mary Frances Creighton received the least sympathy from the public -- and this may be deservedly so.... Frances moved to Newark when she was fifteen, and finished her education in public schools."

[6] Gado, Mark (November 30, 2007). Death Row Women: Murder, Justice, and the New York Press. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-57356-730-5.

[:1-7] Blackwell, Jon (October 29, 2007). Notorious New Jersey: 100 True Tales of Murders and Mobsters, Scandals and Scoundrels. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4399-4.

[:0-9] "People v. Creighton, 271 N.Y. 263 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved December 7, 2023.

[10] O'Shea, Kathleen (February 28, 1999). Women and the Death Penalty in the United States, 1900-1998. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-0-313-02499-3.

[11] Baker, David V. (November 26, 2015). Women and Capital Punishment in the United States: An Analytical History. McFarland. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-4766-2288-0.

[12] "Matriarchs of Murder". IMDb. 2023.

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-'''Mary Frances Creighton''' (July 29, 1899 – July 16, 1936) was an American woman convicted and executed for murder by poisoning.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mrs. Creighton Dies For Poison Murder. Applegate Follows Her to the Death Chamber for the Slaying of His Wife|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/07/17/archives/mrs-creighton-dies-for-poison-murder-appelgate-follows-her-to-the.html|work=[[New York Times]]|date=July 17, 1936|accessdate=2010-05-12}}</ref> Creighton was nicknamed "The Long Island [[House of Borgia|Borgia]]" and the "Black-Eyed Borgia<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cairns |first=Kathleen A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOvaDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=sv |title=Proof of Guilt: Barbara Graham and the Politics of Executing Women in America |date=2020-04-01 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-1-4962-1130-9 |language=en}}</ref> by the press, because of her use of arsenic poisoning. She was sentenced to death through the [[electric chair]] but had passed out before the execution, and was executed in an unconscious state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/creighton_applegate/14.html|title=An Immoral Woman|author=Mark Gado|accessdate=2012-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719234427/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/creighton_applegate/14.html|archive-date=2012-07-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+'''Mary Frances Creighton''' (July 29, 1899 – July 16, 1936) was an American woman convicted and executed for murder by poisoning.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mrs. Creighton Dies For Poison Murder. Applegate Follows Her to the Death Chamber for the Slaying of His Wife|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/07/17/archives/mrs-creighton-dies-for-poison-murder-appelgate-follows-her-to-the.html|work=[[New York Times]]|date=July 17, 1936|accessdate=2010-05-12}}</ref> Creighton was nicknamed "The Long Island [[House of Borgia|Borgia]]" and the "Black-Eyed Borgia<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cairns |first=Kathleen A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOvaDwAAQBAJ |title=Proof of Guilt: Barbara Graham and the Politics of Executing Women in America |date=2020-04-01 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-1-4962-1130-9 |language=en}}</ref> by the press, because of her use of arsenic poisoning. She was sentenced to death by [[electric chair]]. She passed out before the execution, and was executed in an unconscious state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/creighton_applegate/14.html|title=An Immoral Woman|author=Mark Gado|accessdate=2012-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719234427/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/creighton_applegate/14.html|archive-date=2012-07-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 == Early life ==
-Mary Frances Avery was born in [[Rahway, New Jersey|Rahway,New Jersey]]. As a young girl both her parents died and she and her siblings was raised by her maternal grandparents.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Blum |first=Deborah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2HqmJtFkDIC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA93&dq=%22mary+frances+avery%22+creighton&hl=sv |title=The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York |date=2011-01-25 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-52489-3 |language=en}}</ref> Growing up she was not known to be an outstanding student and made few friends, preferring to keep to herself.<ref name="Gardo" />
+Mary Frances Avery was born in [[Rahway, New Jersey]]. As a young girl, both her parents died, and she and her siblings were raised by their maternal grandparents.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Blum |first=Deborah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2HqmJtFkDIC&dq=%22mary+frances+avery%22+creighton&pg=PA93 |title=The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York |date=2011-01-25 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-52489-3 |language=en}}</ref> Growing up, she was not known to be an outstanding student and she made few friends, preferring to keep to herself.<ref name="Gardo" /> Creighton was estranged from her two sisters because of a quarrel about the inheritance from their parents.<ref name=":2" />
-When she was 15 years old she moved to Newark where she graduated from school. In 1917, she met her future husband John Creighton, a sailor who fought in the First World War while living with his parents Walter and Anna Creighton. The couple married on 25 Dec 1918.
+When she was 15 years old, she moved to Newark where she graduated from high school. In 1917, she met her future husband, John Creighton, a sailor who fought in the First World War. The couple married on December 25, 1918.
 ==Murders and first trial==
-The couple moved in with her parents-in-law who owned a house in [[Roseville, Newark|Roseville,Newark]]. In 1918 they were the parents of a daughter which they named Ruth. Some years later her younger brother, Charles Raymond Avery also moved in with them.<ref name="Gardo" /> Creighton was estranged from her two other sisters because of a quarrel about the inheritance from the siblings' parents.<ref name=":2" /> The addition of another person made the house more crowded and the relationship between Creighton and her mother-in-law became even more strained as they both wanted to decide over how the house should be run. Matters were hardly made better as whenever John and Frances argued; both her husbands' parents would support him against her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gado |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07zOEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA94&dq=mary+frances+creighton+born+1899&hl=sv |title=Death Row Women: Murder, Justice, and the New York Press |date=2007-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-57356-730-5 |language=en}}</ref>
+The couple moved in with John's parents, Walter and Anna Creighton, who owned a house in [[Roseville, Newark]]. In 1918, John and Mary Frances had a daughter who they named Ruth. Some years later, Mary Frances' younger brother, Charles Raymond Avery, also moved in with them.<ref name="Gardo" /> The addition of another person made the house more crowded and the relationship between Creighton and her mother-in-law became strained, as they both wanted to decide how the house should be run. Matters were not improved by the fact that whenever John and Mary Frances argued, both of her husband's parents would support him against her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gado |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07zOEAAAQBAJ&dq=mary+frances+creighton+born+1899&pg=PA94 |title=Death Row Women: Murder, Justice, and the New York Press |date=2007-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-57356-730-5 |language=en}}</ref>
 The relationship between Creighton and her mother-in-law continued to deteriorate, with Creighton telling neighbours that her mother-in-law was a disturbed person who was talking about wanting to commit suicide.
-In 1920 her mother-in-law became ill and was admitted to hospital with fever and cramps leading to her death. This was followed in 1921 by the death of Creighton's father-in-law and in 1923 Creighton's brother Raymond also died. Raymond had named his sister the sole beneficiary of his life insurance of 1,000 dollars.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Blackwell |first=Jon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97esfP2qQWEC&newbks=0&hl=sv |title=Notorious New Jersey: 100 True Tales of Murders and Mobsters, Scandals and Scoundrels |date=2007-10-29 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-4399-4 |language=en}}</ref> These many deaths in connection with the Creightons made the authorities take note.
+In 1920, her mother-in-law became ill. She was admitted to hospital with fever and cramps, and subsequently died. In 1921, Creighton's father-in-law died, and in 1923, Creighton's brother Raymond also died. Raymond had named his sister the sole beneficiary of his $1,000 life insurance policy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Blackwell |first=Jon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97esfP2qQWEC |title=Notorious New Jersey: 100 True Tales of Murders and Mobsters, Scandals and Scoundrels |date=2007-10-29 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-4399-4 |language=en}}</ref> These deaths caught the attention of the authorities, and Creighton was suspected of poisoning all three.
-Creighton was also suspected of poisoning her mother in-law, Anna Creighton, in 1920, her father in-law, Walter Creighton, in 1921, and her younger brother, Raymond Avery, in 1923. Creighton and her husband, John, were tried for Raymond's death in 1923, but were acquitted due to a lack of witnesses. The Anna Creighton murder trial, which was held in 1923 as well, also ended with Creighton being acquitted, again due to a lack of witnesses, and also due to the testimony of toxicologist [[Alexander Gettler]], who found only a trace amount of arsenic in Anna Creighton's system.<ref name=Gardo>Gado, Mark. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aiDG7GJ5EaUC&pg=PA94 ''Death Row Women: Murder, Justice, and the New York Press''], p. 94. [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], 2008. {{ISBN|9780275993610}}. Accessed July 26, 2019. "Of all of the women executed in New York during the twentieth century, Mary Frances Creighton received the least sympathy from the public -- and this may be deservedly so.... Frances moved to Newark when she was fifteen, and finished her education in public schools."</ref> John Creighton stood by his wife and protested her innocence throughout.<ref name=":2" /> During the 1923 trial Creighton was pregnant and gave birth to a son, John Jr.
+Creighton and her husband, John, were tried for Raymond's death in 1923, but were acquitted due to a lack of witnesses. The Anna Creighton murder trial, also in 1923, ended with Creighton being acquitted, again due to a lack of witnesses, and due to the testimony of toxicologist [[Alexander Gettler]], who found only a trace amount of arsenic in Anna Creighton's system.<ref name=Gardo>Gado, Mark. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aiDG7GJ5EaUC&pg=PA94 ''Death Row Women: Murder, Justice, and the New York Press''], p. 94. [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], 2008. {{ISBN|9780275993610}}. Accessed July 26, 2019. "Of all of the women executed in New York during the twentieth century, Mary Frances Creighton received the least sympathy from the public -- and this may be deservedly so.... Frances moved to Newark when she was fifteen, and finished her education in public schools."</ref> John Creighton stood by his wife and protested her innocence throughout.<ref name=":2" /> During the 1923 trial, Creighton was pregnant and gave birth to a son, John Jr.
+Feeling that they could no longer make a home in Newark due to the suspicions and trials, the family relocated to [[Baldwin (hamlet), New York|Baldwin, Long Island]].  There John Creighton made the acquaintance of a neighbour named Everett Appelgate,{{efn|Commonly misspelled as "Applegate" in media reports.}} a fellow member of the local American Legion association.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=People v. Creighton, 271 N.Y. 263 {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator |url=https://casetext.com/case/people-v-creighton-4 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=casetext.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The two men became friends, and upon hearing that Appelgate and his wife Ada were currently living with Ada's father, John Creighton proposed that the Appelgates move in with his family. This would also help supplement the Creightons' income through rent paid by the Appelgates. The Creightons' daughter, Ruth, and the Appelgates' daughter, Agnes, had become friends, so this seemed to be an ideal situation.<ref name=":0" />
+Through later investigation and witness accounts<ref name=":0" /> of Ruth Creighton and others,<ref name=":0" /> it was revealed that Everett Appelgate had been [[Grooming (child abuse)|grooming]] Ruth. Appelgate had also, according to Creighton, been having a sexual relationship with her. Creighton's defense lawyer would later claim that she had been "a woman led wrong by the power of an evil man."
-Feeling that they could no longer make a home in Newark due to the suspicions and the subsequent trial, the family relocated to [[Baldwin (hamlet), New York|Baldwin, Long Island]].  John Creighton made the acquaintance of a neighbour named Everett Applegate through both men being members of the local American Legion association.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=People v. Creighton, 271 N.Y. 263 {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator |url=https://casetext.com/case/people-v-creighton-4 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=casetext.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Becoming friends and hearing that Applegate and his wife were currently living with his wife's father but that the living situation was not good due to disagreements with Applegate's father-in-law, John Creighton proposed that the Applegate family move in with his family. This would also help supplement the Creightons' household money through the rent paid by the Applegates. The Creightons' daughter, Ruth and the Applegates' daughter Agnes had also become friends so this seemed to be an ideal situation in all aspects.<ref name=":0" />
+In September 1935, Ada Appelgate became sick and was taken to the local hospital where she was examined and sent home. Several days later, Ada died at home of unknown causes. It was suspected that it could have been pneumonia or some other natural cause.
-Through later investigation and witness accounts<ref name=":0" /> of Ruth Creighton and others,<ref name=":0" /> it was revealed that Everett Applegate had been [[Grooming (child abuse)|grooming]] her. Applegate had also, according to Creighton, had a sexual relationship with her at the same time. Creighton's defense lawyer would later during claim that she had been "a woman led wrong by the power of an evil man."
+Not long after Ada Appelgate's death, an anonymous source sent the police a letter and a package of newspaper clippings dating back to 1923 and Creighton's trial that implicated her in other suspicious deaths, urging them to investigate the death of Ada Appelgate. Nassau County's District Attorney's office began an investigation and autopsy was performed on Ada Appelgate and traces of arsenic was found. This was enough to arrest Creighton.<ref name="Gardo" /> Creighton claimed to have poisoned Ada Appelgate so that her fifteen-year-old daughter, Ruth, who she had been pimping out to Everett Appelgate, could legally marry Everett.
-Creighton claimed to have poisoned Ada Applegate so that her fifteen-year-old daughter, Ruth, who she had been pimping out to Everett Applegate, could legally marry Everett. In September 1936, Ada Appelgate became sick and was taken to the local hospital where she was examined and sent home. Several days later, Ada died at home of unknown causes. It was suspected that it could have been pneumonia or some other natural cause as Ada Applegate was a very obese and unhealthy woman.
-But not long after Ada Applegate's death, an anonymous source sent the police a letter and a package of newspaper clippings dating back to 1923 and Creighton's trial that involved her in other suspicious deaths, urging them to investigate the death of Ada Applegate. Nassau County's District Attorney's office began an investigation and autopsy was performed on Ada Applegate and traces of arsenic was found. This was enough to arrest Creighton; she repeatedly confessed to and denied killing both mother-in-law, Anna, and her younger brother, Raymond.<ref name="Gardo" />
 ==Sentence==
-Both Creighton and Applegate were found guilty of first-degree murder. Mrs. Creighton appeared "chalky-white," said the ''New York Post'', "but the plump, brown-gowned Borgia gave no outward signs of dismay." On January 29, both defendants returned to Nassau County court to hear formal verdict. Judge Cortland A. Johnson sentenced them to execution through the electric chair during the week of March 9, just five weeks away.
+Both Creighton and Appelgate were found guilty of first-degree murder. Mrs. Creighton appeared "chalky-white” said the ''New York Post'', "but the plump, brown-gowned Borgia gave no outward signs of dismay." On January 29, both defendants returned to Nassau County court to hear the formal verdict. Judge Cortland A. Johnson sentenced them to execution through the electric chair during the week of March 9, just five weeks away.
 ==Death==
-Creighton was imprisoned at [[Sing Sing|Sing Sing Prison]] to await her execution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Shea |first=Kathleen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnrDEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA252&dq=mary+frances+creighton+sentenced&hl=sv |title=Women and the Death Penalty in the United States, 1900-1998 |date=1999-02-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02499-3 |language=en}}</ref> On the day of the execution (July 16, 1936) Creighton was suffering from hysterical paralysis and was given a morphine injection,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=David V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKcHCwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=sv |title=Women and Capital Punishment in the United States: An Analytical History |date=2015-11-26 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-2288-0 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref> and some reports state that she was completely unconscious when the electric chair was turned on.<ref name=":1" />
+Creighton was imprisoned at [[Sing Sing|Sing Sing Prison]] to await execution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Shea |first=Kathleen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnrDEAAAQBAJ&dq=mary+frances+creighton+sentenced&pg=PA252 |title=Women and the Death Penalty in the United States, 1900-1998 |date=1999-02-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02499-3 |language=en}}</ref> On the day of the execution (July 16, 1936) Creighton was suffering from hysterical paralysis and was given a morphine injection.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=David V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKcHCwAAQBAJ |title=Women and Capital Punishment in the United States: An Analytical History |date=2015-11-26 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-2288-0 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref> Some reports state that she was completely unconscious when the electric chair was turned on.<ref name=":1" />
 ==In media==
-The case and Mary Frances Creighton were showcased on the true crime TV show ''[[Deadly Women]]'' (season 5 episode 4) on the episode "Matriarchs of Murder" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Matriarchs of Murder |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2842342/}}</ref>
+The case and Mary Frances Creighton were showcased on the true crime TV show ''[[Deadly Women]]'' (season 5 episode 4) on the episode "Matriarchs of Murder" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Matriarchs of Murder |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2842342/}}</ref>
+==See also==
+* [[Borgia (disambiguation)#Criminals|List of serial killers with the nickname “Borgia”]]
+==Notes==
+{{notelist}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 72: / Line 77: @@
 [[Category:American female murderers]]
 [[Category:Executed American women]]
+[[Category:People convicted of murder by New York (state)]]
 [[Category:People executed by New York (state) by electric chair]]
 [[Category:Poisoners]]
-{{US-crime-bio-stub}}
 [[Category:Executed suspected serial killers]]
 [[Category:Inmates of Sing Sing]]