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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the celery family Apiaceae}}
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Hatnote|This article is about the ''Pimpinella'' species (not to be confused with [[star anise]], ''Illicium verum'', or with [[Japanese star anise]], ''Illicium anisatum'').}}
{{Hatnote|This article is about the ''Pimpinella'' species (not to be confused with [[star anise]], ''Illicium verum'', or with [[Japanese star anise]], ''Illicium anisatum'').}}
{{Distinguish|Anice|Anis (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Anice|Anis (disambiguation)}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|name = Anise
| name = Anise
|image = Koehler1887-PimpinellaAnisum.jpg
| image = Koehler1887-PimpinellaAnisum.jpg
|image_caption=1897 illustration<ref>from Franz Eugen Köhlae, Köhlae's Medizinal-Pflanzen, 1897</ref>
| image_caption=1897 illustration<ref>from Franz Eugen Köhlae, Köhlae's Medizinal-Pflanzen, 1897</ref>
|genus = Pimpinella
| genus = Pimpinella
|species = anisum
| species = anisum
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
⚫
| synonyms =
|synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2402426 The Plant List, ''Pimpinella anisum'' L. ]</ref>
⚫
|synonyms =
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
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|''Sison anisum'' <small>(L.) Spreng.</small>
|''Sison anisum'' <small>(L.) Spreng.</small>
|''Tragium anisum'' <small>(L.) Link</small>
|''Tragium anisum'' <small>(L.) Link</small>
| synonyms_ref= <ref name="WFO">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000390925 |title=''Pimpinella anisum'' L. |date=2023 |website=World Flora Online |publisher=World Flora Consortium |access-date=22 January 2023 }}</ref>
}}}}
}}
}}
'''Anise''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|ɪ|s}};<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> '''''{{lang|la|Pimpinella anisum}}'''''), also called '''aniseed''' or rarely '''anix''',{{sfn|Baynes|1878}} is a [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Apiaceae]] native to [[Eurasia]].
'''Anise''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|ɪ|s}};<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> '''''{{lang|la|Pimpinella anisum}}'''''), also called '''aniseed''' or rarely '''anix''',{{sfn|Baynes|1878}} is a [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Apiaceae]]<ref name="WFO"/> native to the eastern [[Mediterranean region]] and [[Southwest Asia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=pimpinella+anisum |title= Anice vera, ''Pimpinella anisum'' L. |date=n.d. |website= Flora Italiana |publisher=Altervista |access-date=<!--original access unknown or too far back -->}}</ref>


The flavor and aroma of its seeds have similarities with some other spices and herbs, such as [[star anise]],{{sfn|Baynes|1878}} [[fennel]], [[licorice]], and [[tarragon]]. It is widely cultivated and used to flavor food, candy, and alcoholic drinks, especially around the [[Mediterranean]].
The flavor and aroma of its seeds have similarities with some other spices and herbs, such as [[star anise]],{{sfn|Baynes|1878}} [[fennel]], [[liquorice]], and [[tarragon]]. It is widely cultivated and used to flavor food, candy, and alcoholic drinks, especially around the [[Mediterranean]].


== Description ==
== Etymology ==
⚫
The name "anise" is derived via [[Old French]] from the Latin words {{Lang|la|anīsum}} or {{Lang|la|anēthum}} from Greek {{lang|el|ἄνηθον}} ''ánēthon'' referring to [[dill]].<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=anethum |title=ănēthum |last1= Lewis |first1= Charlton T. |last2= Short |first2= Charles |dictionary= A Latin Dictionary |publisher= Perseus Digital Library |date = 1879 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Anise |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/anise |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055135/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/anise |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 4, 2018 |access-date=3 March 2018 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press}}</ref>


An obsolete English word for anise is ''anet'', also coming from ''anīsum''.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/7811| title = ''s.v.'' 'anise'}}</ref>
⚫
Anise is an [[herbaceous]] [[annual plant]] growing to {{convert|3|ft|cm|sigfig=1|abbr=off|order=flip}} or more. The [[leaves]] at the base of the plant are simple, {{convert|3/8|–|2|in|cm|sigfig=1|abbr=in|order=flip}} long and shallowly lobed, while leaves higher on the stems are feathery [[Pinnate leaf|pinnate]], divided into numerous small [[leaflet (botany)|leaflets]]. The [[flower]]s are either white or yellow, approximately {{convert|1/8|in|mm|0|order=flip|abbr=out}} in diameter, produced in dense [[umbel]]s. The [[fruit]] is an oblong dry [[schizocarp]], {{convert|1/8|–|1/4|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} long, usually called "aniseed".<ref name=Gernot>[http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Pimp_ani.html Anise (''Pimpinella anisum'' L.)] from Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages</ref>

⚫
== Botany ==
⚫
Anise is an [[herbaceous]] [[annual plant]] growing to {{convert|2|-|3|ft|cm|sigfig=1|abbr=off|order=flip}} or more. The [[leaves]] at the base of the plant are simple, {{convert|3/8|–|2|in|cm|sigfig=1|abbr=in|order=flip}} long and shallowly lobed, while leaves higher on the stems are feathery or lacy, [[Pinnate leaf|pinnate]], divided into numerous small [[leaflet (botany)|leaflets]].<ref name=AskIFAS>{{cite web |last1=Stephens |first1=James M. |date=April 1997 |title=Anise—''Pimpinella anisum'' L. |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/MV008 |website=AskIFAS |publisher=[[University of Florida]] Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122073837/https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/MV008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Both leaves and flowers are produced in large, loose clusters. The [[flower]]s are either white or yellow, approximately {{convert|1/8|in|mm|0|order=flip|abbr=out}} in diameter, produced in dense [[umbel]]s.

The [[fruit]] is a dry oblong and curved [[schizocarp]], {{convert|1/6|–|1/4|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} long, usually called "aniseed".<ref name="AskIFAS"/><ref name=Gernot>{{cite web |url=http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Pimp_ani.html |title=Anise (''Pimpinella anisum'' L.) |last=Katzer |first=Gernot |date=9 September 1998<!-- from page source --> |website=Spice Pages |access-date=<!-- may be too far back in site history -->}}</ref>


{{gallery|mode=packed
{{gallery|mode=packed
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|Anisi fructus - microscopy.jpg|Cross-section of fruit
|Anisi fructus - microscopy.jpg|Cross-section of fruit
}}
}}

== Etymology ==
⚫
The name "anise" is derived via [[Old French]] from the Latin word, ''anisum'', or Greek, ''anison'', referring to [[dill]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Anise |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/anise |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055135/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/anise |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 4, 2018 |access-date=3 March 2018 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
Anise is native to the eastern [[Mediterranean region]] and [[Southwest Asia]].<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=pimpinella+anisum Altervista Flora Italiana, Anice vera, ''Pimpinella anisum'' L.]</ref>


== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==
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Anise was first cultivated in [[Egypt]] and the [[Middle East]], and was brought to [[Europe]] for its medicinal value.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} It has been cultivated in Egypt for approximately 4,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anise Uses, Benefits & Side Effects - Drugs.com Herbal Database |url=https://www.drugs.com/npc/anise.html |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref>
Anise was first cultivated in [[Egypt]] and the [[Middle East]], and was brought to [[Europe]] for its medicinal value.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} It has been cultivated in Egypt for approximately 4,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anise Uses, Benefits & Side Effects - Drugs.com Herbal Database |url=https://www.drugs.com/npc/anise.html |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref>


Anise plants grow best in light, fertile, well-drained soil. The seeds should be planted as soon as the ground warms up in spring. Because the plants have a [[taproot]], they do not transplant well after being established, so they should either be started in their final location or be transplanted while the seedlings are still small.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tips for Transplanting Seedlings |url=https://www.almanac.com/tips-transplanting-seedlings |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Almanac.com |language=en}}</ref>
Anise plants grow best in light, fertile, well-drained soil. The seeds should be planted as soon as the ground warms up in spring. Because the plants have a [[taproot]], they do not transplant well after being established so they should either be started in their final location or be transplanted while the seedlings are still small.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tips for Transplanting Seedlings |url=https://www.almanac.com/tips-transplanting-seedlings |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Almanac.com |language=en}}</ref>


=== Production ===
=== Production ===
Western cuisines have long used anise to flavor dishes, drinks, and candies. The word is used for both the species of herb and its [[licorice]]-like flavor. The most powerful flavor component of the [[essential oil]] of anise, [[anethole]], is found in both anise and an unrelated spice indigenous to northern [[China]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Peter|first=K. V.|title=Handbook of Herbs and Spices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUaT093PZFAC&pg=PA290|year=2004|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|isbn=978-1-85573-721-1|page=290}}</ref> called star anise (''[[Illicium verum]]'') widely used in [[South Asia]]n, [[Southeast Asia]]n, and [[East Asia]]n dishes. Star anise is considerably less expensive to produce, and has gradually displaced ''P. anisum'' in Western markets. While formerly produced in larger quantities, by 1999 world production of the essential oil of anise was only 8 [[metric ton|tons]], compared to 400 tons of star anise.<ref>{{cite book |title=Food Flavorings |author=Philip R. Ashurst |publisher=Springer |year=1999 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrWuqmtwJiEC&q=anethole |isbn=978-0-8342-1621-1}}</ref>
Western cuisines have long used anise to flavor dishes, drinks, and candies. The word is used for both the species of herb and its [[licorice]]-like flavor. The most powerful flavor component of the [[essential oil]] of anise, [[anethole]], is found in both anise and an unrelated spice indigenous to [[South China]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Peter|first=K. V.|title=Handbook of Herbs and Spices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUaT093PZFAC&pg=PA290|year=2004|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|isbn=978-1-85573-721-1|page=290}}</ref> called star anise (''[[Illicium verum]]'') widely used in [[South Asia]]n, [[Southeast Asia]]n and [[East Asia]]n dishes. Star anise is considerably less expensive to produce and has gradually displaced ''P. anisum'' in Western markets. While formerly produced in larger quantities, by 1999 world production of the essential oil of anise was only 8 [[metric ton|tons]], compared to 400 tons of star anise.<ref>{{cite book |title=Food Flavorings |author=Philip R. Ashurst |publisher=Springer |year=1999 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrWuqmtwJiEC&q=anethole |isbn=978-0-8342-1621-1 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


== Uses ==
== Uses ==
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=== Culinary ===
=== Culinary ===
[[File:Troach sweet - 2018-08-21 - Andy Mabbett.jpg|thumb|An unwrapped 'Troach drop', purchased at the [[Black Country Living Museum]] in the English Midlands, where such sweets are traditional]]
{{Cookbook}}[[File:Troach sweet - 2018-08-21 - Andy Mabbett.jpg|thumb|An unwrapped 'Troach drop', purchased at the [[Black Country Living Museum]] in the English Midlands, where such sweets are traditional]]


Anise is sweet and [[odor|aromatic]], distinguished by its characteristic flavor.<ref name=Gernot/> The seeds, whole or ground, are used for preparation of [[tea]]s and [[herbal tea|tisane]]s (alone or in combination with other aromatic herbs), as well many regional and ethnic confectioneries, including black [[jelly beans]] (often marketed as licorice-flavored), British [[aniseed ball]]s, aniseed twists<ref>{{Cite web|title=Favourite traditional British sweets: in pictures|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatpicturegalleries/9158591/Favourite-British-sweets-in-pictures.html|access-date=2021-05-23|website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> and "troach" drops, Australian [[Humbug (sweet)|humbugs]], New Zealand aniseed wheels, Italian ''[[pizzelle]]'' and ''[[biscotti]]'', German ''[[Pfeffernüsse]]'' and ''[[Springerle]]'', Austrian ''Anisbögen'', Dutch ''[[muisjes]]'', [[New Mexican cuisine|New Mexican]] ''[[bizcochitos]]'', and [[Peru]]vian ''[[picarones]].''{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}
Anise is sweet and [[odor|aromatic]], distinguished by its characteristic flavor.<ref name=Gernot/> The seeds, whole or ground, are used for preparation of [[tea]]s and [[herbal tea|tisane]]s<ref>{{cite web |title=Anise seed: Properties, benefits, mischief, dosage, and side effects |url=https://www.alwosta.tn/en/blog/128_anise-seed-properties-benefits-mischief-dosage-and-side-effects.html |website=Alwosta |access-date=2024-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925093445/https://www.alwosta.tn/en/blog/128_anise-seed-properties-benefits-mischief-dosage-and-side-effects.html |archive-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> (alone or in combination with other aromatic herbs), as well many regional and ethnic confectioneries, including black [[jelly beans]] (often marketed as licorice-flavored), British [[aniseed ball]]s, aniseed twists<ref>{{Cite web|title=Favourite traditional British sweets: in pictures|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatpicturegalleries/9158591/Favourite-British-sweets-in-pictures.html|access-date=2021-05-23|website=www.telegraph.co.uk|date=4 November 2015 }}</ref> and "troach" drops, Australian [[Humbug (sweet)|humbugs]], New Zealand aniseed wheels, Italian ''[[pizzelle]]'' and ''[[biscotti]]'', German ''[[Pfeffernüsse]]'' and ''[[Springerle]]'', Austrian ''Anisbögen'', Dutch ''[[muisjes]]'', [[New Mexican cuisine|New Mexican]] ''[[bizcochitos]]'' and [[Peru]]vian ''[[picarones]].''{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}


The culinary uses of anise are not limited only to sweets and confections, as it is a key ingredient in [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] ''[[atole|atole de anís]]'' and ''[[champurrado (beverage)|champurrado]]'', which is similar to [[hot chocolate]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} In [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], it is taken as a [[Apéritif and digestif#digestifs|digestive]] after meals, used in [[brine]]s in the Italian region of [[Apulia]], and as a flavoring agent in [[Italian sausage]], [[pepperoni]] and other Italian processed meat products.<ref name="Peter 2012 143">{{cite book |last=Peter |first=K.V. |title=Handbook of herbs and spices Volume 2|date=2012|page=143}}</ref> The freshly chopped leaves are added to cheese spreads, dips or salads, while roots and stems impart a mild licorice flavor to soups and stews.<ref name="Peter 2012 143"/>
The culinary uses of anise are not limited only to sweets and confections, as it is a key ingredient in [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] ''[[atole|atole de anís]]'' and ''[[champurrado (beverage)|champurrado]]'', which is similar to [[hot chocolate]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} In [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], it is taken as a [[Apéritif and digestif#digestifs|digestive]] after meals, used in [[brine]]s in the Italian region of [[Apulia]] and as a flavoring agent in [[Italian sausage]], [[pepperoni]] and other Italian processed meat products.<ref name="Peter 2012 143">{{cite book |last=Peter |first=K.V. |title=Handbook of herbs and spices Volume 2|date=2012|page=143}}</ref> The freshly chopped leaves are added to cheese spreads, dips or salads, while roots and stems impart a mild licorice flavor to soups and stews.<ref name="Peter 2012 143"/>


The [[Ancient Rome|ancient Romans]] often served spiced cakes with aniseed called ''{{lang|la|mustaceoe}}'' at the end of feasts as a digestive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anise History |url=http://www.ourherbgarden.com/herb-history/anise.html|work=Our Herb Garden|access-date=3 March 2013|date=March 2013}}</ref> This tradition of serving cake at the end of festivities is the basis for the tradition of serving cake at weddings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gastronomica.org/2005/05/05/wedding-cake-a-slice-history/|title=Wedding Cake: A Slice of History {{!}} Carol Wilson|date=2005-05-05|work=Gastronomica|access-date=2017-11-13|language=en-US}}</ref>
The [[Ancient Rome|ancient Romans]] often served spiced cakes with aniseed called ''{{lang|la|mustaceoe}}'' at the end of feasts as a digestive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anise History |url=http://www.ourherbgarden.com/herb-history/anise.html|work=Our Herb Garden|access-date=3 March 2013|date=March 2013}}</ref> This tradition of serving cake at the end of festivities is the basis for the tradition of serving cake at weddings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gastronomica.org/2005/05/05/wedding-cake-a-slice-history/|title=Wedding Cake: A Slice of History {{!}} Carol Wilson|date=2005-05-05|work=Gastronomica|access-date=2017-11-13|language=en-US}}</ref>
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{{Further|Anisette|Mediterranean cuisine}}
{{Further|Anisette|Mediterranean cuisine}}


Anise is used to flavor Greek ''[[ouzo]] and [[mastika]]'';<ref name=Monde/> Italian ''[[sambuca]]'';<ref name=Monde/> French ''[[absinthe]]'', ''[[anisette]]'',<ref name=":0" /> and ''[[pastis]]'';<ref name="Jr.Fahey2003">{{cite book |author1=Blocker, Jack S. Jr. |author2=Fahey, David M. |author3=Tyrrell, Ian R. |title=Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BuzNzm-x0l8C&pg=PA478 |access-date=28 March 2013 |year=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-833-4 |pages=478–}}</ref> Spanish ''Anís del Mono'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zurdo |first1=David |last2=Gutiérrez|first2=Ángel |title=El libro de los licores de España |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PnLWI0HMZcC&pg=PA50 |access-date=5 February 2013 |year=2004|publisher=Ediciones Robinbook |isbn=9788496054127 |page=50}}</ref> ''Anísado''<ref name=Monde/> and ''[[Herbs de Majorca]]'';<ref name="Spaininfo">{{cite web |url=http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/gastronomia/productos/licor_de_hierbas_mallorquin.html |title=Majorcan herb liqueur in Spain |website=Spain.info |access-date=22 January 2018|date=2007-04-23 }}</ref> Turkish and Armenian ''[[rakı]]'';<ref name=Monde/> Lebanese, Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, Palestinian and Israeli ''[[Arak (distilled beverage)|arak]]'';<ref name=Monde>{{cite news |last1=Dealberto |first1=Clara |last2=Desrayaud |first2=Lea |title=Le pastis, elixir provencal |work=Le Monde |publisher=Le Monde |date=25 July 2017 |page=28}}</ref> and Algerian ''Anisette Cristal''.<ref name=Monde/> Outside the Mediterranean region, it is found in Colombian ''[[aguardiente]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://senselist.com/2006/10/20/16-anise-flavored-liquors/ |title=16 Anise-Flavored Liquors {{!}} SenseList |website=senselist.com |access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> and Mexican ''[[Xtabentún (liqueur)|Xtabentún]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.winemag.com/2012/02/29/exotic-mexican-spirit-xtabentun-makes-a-splash/ |title=Xtabentún Cocktail Guide, with Origins and Recipes |date=29 February 2012 |work=Wine Enthusiast Magazine |access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> These liquors are clear, but on addition of water become cloudy, a phenomenon known as the [[ouzo effect]].<ref name="Sitnikova2005">{{cite journal |last=Sitnikova |first=Natalia L. |author2=Sprik, Rudolf |author3=Wegdam, Gerard |author4=Eiser, Erika |date=2005 |title=Spontaneously Formed trans-Anethol/Water/Alcohol Emulsions: Mechanism of Formation and Stability |journal=Langmuir |volume=21 |issue=16 |pages=7083–7089 |doi=10.1021/la046816l |pmid=16042427}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ganachaud |first=François |author2=Katz, Joseph L. |date=2005 |title=Nanoparticles and Nanocapsules Created Using the Ouzo Effect: Spontaneous Emulsification as an Alternative to Ultrasonic and High-Shear Devices |journal=ChemPhysChem |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=209–216 |doi=10.1002/cphc.200400527 |pmid=15751338}}</ref>
Anise is used to flavor Greek {{lang|el|[[ouzo]]}} and Bulgarian {{lang|bg|[[mastika]]}};<ref name=Monde/> Italian {{lang|it|[[sambuca]]}};<ref name=Monde/> French {{lang|fr|[[absinthe]]}}, {{lang|fr|[[anisette]]}},<ref name=":0" /> and {{lang|fr|[[pastis]]}};<ref name="Jr.Fahey2003">{{cite book |last1=Blocker |first1=Jack S. Jr. |last2=Fahey |first2=David M. |last3=Tyrrell |first3=Ian R. |title=Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BuzNzm-x0l8C&pg=PA478 |access-date=28 March 2013 |year=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-833-4 |pages=478–}}</ref> Spanish {{lang|es|anis de chinchón}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Chincon |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/alimentacion/temas/calidad-diferenciada/dop-igp/bebi_espi/DOP_Chinchon.aspx |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Chincon |language=es}}</ref> {{lang|es|anís}},<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zurdo |first1=David |last2=Gutiérrez|first2=Ángel |title=El libro de los licores de España |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PnLWI0HMZcC&pg=PA50 |access-date=5 February 2013 |year=2004|publisher=Ediciones Robinbook |isbn=9788496054127 |page=50}}</ref> {{lang|es|anísado}},<ref name=Monde/> and [[Herbs de Majorca]];<ref name="Spaininfo">{{cite web |url=http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/gastronomia/productos/licor_de_hierbas_mallorquin.html |title=Majorcan herb liqueur in Spain |website=Spain.info |access-date=22 January 2018|date=2007-04-23 }}</ref> Turkish and Armenian {{lang|tr|[[rakı]]}};<ref name=Monde/> Lebanese, Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, Palestinian and Israeli {{transl|ar|[[Arak (distilled beverage)|arak]]}};<ref name=Monde>{{cite news |last1=Dealberto |first1=Clara |last2=Desrayaud |first2=Lea |title=Le pastis, elixir provencal |work=Le Monde |publisher=Le Monde |date=25 July 2017 |page=28}}</ref> and Algerian {{lang|fr|Anisette Cristal}}.<ref name=Monde/> Outside the Mediterranean region, it is found in Colombian {{lang|es|[[aguardiente]]}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://senselist.com/2006/10/20/16-anise-flavored-liquors/ |title=16 Anise-Flavored Liquors |website=SenseList |date=2006-10-20 |access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> and Mexican {{lang|es|[[Xtabentún (liqueur)|Xtabentún]]}}.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.winemag.com/2012/02/29/exotic-mexican-spirit-xtabentun-makes-a-splash/ |title=Xtabentún Cocktail Guide, with Origins and Recipes |date=29 February 2012 |work=Wine Enthusiast Magazine |access-date=13 November 2017 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127011447/https://www.winemag.com/2012/02/29/exotic-mexican-spirit-xtabentun-makes-a-splash/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> These liquors are clear, but on addition of water become cloudy, a phenomenon known as the [[ouzo effect]].<ref name="Sitnikova2005">{{cite journal |last=Sitnikova |first=Natalia L. |author2=Sprik, Rudolf |author3=Wegdam, Gerard |author4=Eiser, Erika |date=2005 |title=Spontaneously Formed trans-Anethol/Water/Alcohol Emulsions: Mechanism of Formation and Stability |journal=Langmuir |volume=21 |issue=16 |pages=7083–7089 |doi=10.1021/la046816l |pmid=16042427}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ganachaud |first=François |author2=Katz, Joseph L. |date=2005 |title=Nanoparticles and Nanocapsules Created Using the Ouzo Effect: Spontaneous Emulsification as an Alternative to Ultrasonic and High-Shear Devices |journal=ChemPhysChem |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=209–216 |doi=10.1002/cphc.200400527 |pmid=15751338}}</ref>


Anise is used together with other herbs and spices in some [[root beer]]s, such as [[Virgil's Root Beer|Virgil's]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reedsinc.com/product/virgils-bavarian-nutmeg/ |title=Virgil's Bavarian Nutmeg |publisher=Reeds |access-date=May 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064740/http://reedsinc.com/product/virgils-bavarian-nutmeg/ |archive-date=April 21, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rootbeerreviews.com/brews/virgils.php |title=Virgil's Rootbeer – Spike's Root Beer Reviews and Ratings |publisher=Root Beer Reviews |access-date=May 12, 2014}}</ref>
Anise is used together with other herbs and spices in some [[root beer]]s, such as [[Virgil's Root Beer|Virgil's]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reedsinc.com/product/virgils-bavarian-nutmeg/ |title=Virgil's Bavarian Nutmeg |publisher=Reeds |access-date=May 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064740/http://reedsinc.com/product/virgils-bavarian-nutmeg/ |archive-date=April 21, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rootbeerreviews.com/brews/virgils.php |title=Virgil's Rootbeer – Spike's Root Beer Reviews and Ratings |publisher=Root Beer Reviews |access-date=May 12, 2014}}</ref>
Line 94: Line 97:
=== Traditional medicine ===
=== Traditional medicine ===
The main use of anise in traditional European [[herbal medicine]] was for its [[carminative]] effect (reducing [[flatulence]]),{{sfn|Baynes|1878}} as noted by [[John Gerard]] in his ''Great Herball'', an early encyclopedia of herbal medicine:
The main use of anise in traditional European [[herbal medicine]] was for its [[carminative]] effect (reducing [[flatulence]]),{{sfn|Baynes|1878}} as noted by [[John Gerard]] in his ''Great Herball'', an early encyclopedia of herbal medicine:
<blockquote>The seed wasteth and consumeth winde, and is good against belchings and upbraidings of the stomach, alaieth gripings of the belly, provoketh urine gently, maketh abundance of milke, and stirreth up bodily lust: it staieth the laske ([[diarrhea]]), and also the white flux ([[leukorrhea]]) in women.<ref name=Gerard>John Gerard, [http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/gerarde/high/IMG_0940.html ''The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes''], 1597, p. 880, side 903</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>The seed wasteth and consumeth winde, and is good against belchings and upbraidings of the stomach, alaieth gripings of the belly, provoketh urine gently, maketh abundance of milke, and stirreth up bodily lust: it staieth the laske ([[diarrhea]]), and also the white flux ([[leukorrhea]]) in women.<ref name=Gerard>John Gerard, [http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/gerarde/high/IMG_0940.html ''The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614030203/http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/gerarde/high/IMG_0940.html |date=2011-06-14 }}, 1597, p. 880, side 903</ref></blockquote>


According to [[Pliny the Elder]], anise was used as a cure for sleeplessness, chewed with [[alexanders]] and a little [[honey]] in the morning to freshen the breath, and, when mixed with wine, as a remedy for [[asp (reptile)|asp]] bites ([[Natural History (Pliny)|N.H.]] 20.72).<ref>{{cite book|last=Pliny |others=translators John Bostock, Henry Riley |title=The Natural History of Pliny|publisher=Henry Bohn|location=London |year=1856|volume=4|pages=271–274|chapter=Book XX. Anise—sixty-one remedies|oclc=504358830}}</ref> In 19th-century medicine, anise was prepared as ''{{lang|la|aqua anisi}}'' ("Water of Anise") in doses of an ounce or more and as ''{{lang|la|spiritus anisi}}'' ("Spirit of Anise") in doses of 5–20 [[minim (unit)|minim]]s.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In [[Turkey|Turkish]] folk medicine, its seeds have been used as an [[appetite]] stimulant, [[tranquilizer]], or [[diuretic]].<ref>Baytop, T. (1999) ''Therapy with medicinal plants in Turkey, Past and Present.'' Kitapevi, Istanbul, Turkey, 2nd edition, pp. 142.</ref>
According to [[Pliny the Elder]], anise was used as a cure for sleeplessness, chewed with [[alexanders]] and a little [[honey]] in the morning to freshen the breath, and, when mixed with wine, as a remedy for [[asp (reptile)|asp]] bites ([[Natural History (Pliny)|N.H.]] 20.72).<ref>{{cite book|last=Pliny |others=translators John Bostock, Henry Riley |title=The Natural History of Pliny|publisher=Henry Bohn|location=London |year=1856|volume=4|pages=271–274|chapter=Book XX. Anise—sixty-one remedies|oclc=504358830}}</ref> In 19th-century medicine, anise was prepared as ''{{lang|la|aqua anisi}}'' ("Water of Anise") in doses of an ounce or more and as ''{{lang|la|spiritus anisi}}'' ("Spirit of Anise") in doses of 5–20 [[minim (unit)|minim]]s.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In [[Turkey|Turkish]] folk medicine, its seeds have been used as an [[appetite]] stimulant, [[tranquilizer]] or [[diuretic]].<ref>Baytop, T. (1999) ''Therapy with medicinal plants in Turkey, Past and Present.'' Kitapevi, Istanbul, Turkey, 2nd edition, pp. 142.</ref>


===Essential oil===
===Essential oil===
[[File:AniseEssOil.png|thumb|upright|Anise essential oil]]
[[File:AniseEssOil.png|thumb|upright|Anise essential oil]]


Anise [[essential oil]] can be obtained from the fruits by either [[steam distillation]] or extraction using [[supercritical carbon dioxide]].<ref name="co2">{{cite journal |last1=Pereira |first1=Camila G. |last2=Meireles |first2=M. Angela A. |date=September 2007 |title=Economic analysis of rosemary, fennel and anise essential oils obtained by supercritical fluid extraction |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=407–413 |doi=10.1002/ffj.1813}}</ref> The yield of essential oil is influenced by the growing conditions<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zehtab-salmasi |first1=S. |last2=Javanshir |first2=A. |last3=Omidbaigi |first3=R. |last4=Alyari |first4=H. |last5=Ghassemi-golezani |first5=K. |date=May 2001 |title=Effects of water supply and sowing date on performance and essential oil production of anise (''Pimpinella anisum'' L.) |journal=Acta Agronomica Hungarica |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=75–81 |doi=10.1556/AAgr.49.2001.1.9 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and extraction process, with supercritical extraction being more efficient.<ref name="co2" /> Regardless of the method of isolation the main component of the oil is [[anethole]] (80–90%), with minor components including [[4-Anisaldehyde|4-anisaldehyde]], [[estragole]] and pseudoisoeugenyl-2-methylbutyrates, amongst others.<ref name="Rodrigues-et-al-2003">{{cite journal |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Vera M. |last2=Rosa |first2=Paulo T. V. |last3=Marques |first3=Marcia O. M. |last4=Petenate |first4=Ademir J. |last5=Meireles |first5=M. Angela A. |date=March 2003 |title=Supercritical Extraction of Essential Oil from Aniseed using sCO<sub>2</sub>: Solubility, Kinetics, and Composition Data |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=1518–1523 |doi=10.1021/jf0257493 |pmid=12617576}}</ref> (Alternately found by Orav et al. 2008 to be 2-6% extracted oil by weight of raw seed material, 74-94% being [[trans-anethole|''trans''-anethole]] and the remaining fraction [[estragole]] (methylchavicol), [[anisaldehyde]] and [[γ-himachalene]].)<ref name="Sayed-Ahmad-et-al-2017">{{cite journal |last1=Sayed-Ahmad |first1=Bouchra |last2=Talou |first2=Thierry |last3=Saad |first3=Zeinab |last4=Hijazi |first4=Akram |last5=Merah |first5=Othmane |year=2017 |title=The Apiaceae: Ethnomedicinal family as source for industrial uses |url=https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/25145/1/Sayed_Ahmad_25145.pdf |journal=[[Industrial Crops and Products]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=109 |pages=661–671 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.027 |issn=0926-6690}}</ref> [[Anethole]] is responsible for anise's characteristic odor and flavor.<ref>Jodral, Manuel Miro. ''Illicium, Pimpinella and Foeniculum''. CRC Press, 2004. pp. 205</ref>
Anise [[essential oil]] can be obtained from the fruits by either [[steam distillation]] or extraction using [[supercritical carbon dioxide]].<ref name="co2">{{cite journal |last1=Pereira |first1=Camila G. |last2=Meireles |first2=M. Angela A. |date=September 2007 |title=Economic analysis of rosemary, fennel and anise essential oils obtained by supercritical fluid extraction |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=407–413 |doi=10.1002/ffj.1813}}</ref> The yield of essential oil is influenced by the growing conditions<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zehtab-salmasi |first1=S. |last2=Javanshir |first2=A. |last3=Omidbaigi |first3=R. |last4=Alyari |first4=H. |last5=Ghassemi-golezani |first5=K. |date=May 2001 |title=Effects of water supply and sowing date on performance and essential oil production of anise (''Pimpinella anisum'' L.) |journal=Acta Agronomica Hungarica |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=75–81 |doi=10.1556/AAgr.49.2001.1.9 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and extraction process, with supercritical extraction being more efficient.<ref name="co2" /> Regardless of the method of isolation the main component of the oil is [[anethole]] (80–90%), with minor components including [[4-Anisaldehyde|4-anisaldehyde]], [[estragole]] and pseudoisoeugenyl-2-methylbutyrates amongst others.<ref name="Rodrigues-et-al-2003">{{cite journal |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Vera M. |last2=Rosa |first2=Paulo T. V. |last3=Marques |first3=Marcia O. M. |last4=Petenate |first4=Ademir J. |last5=Meireles |first5=M. Angela A. |date=March 2003 |title=Supercritical Extraction of Essential Oil from Aniseed using sCO<sub>2</sub>: Solubility, Kinetics and Composition Data |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=1518–1523 |doi=10.1021/jf0257493 |pmid=12617576}}</ref> (Alternately found by Orav et al. 2008 to be 2–6% extracted oil by weight of raw seed material, 74–94% being [[trans-anethole|''trans''-anethole]] and the remaining fraction [[estragole]] (methylchavicol), [[anisaldehyde]] and [[γ-himachalene]].)<ref name="Sayed-Ahmad-et-al-2017">{{cite journal |last1=Sayed-Ahmad |first1=Bouchra |last2=Talou |first2=Thierry |last3=Saad |first3=Zeinab |last4=Hijazi |first4=Akram |last5=Merah |first5=Othmane |year=2017 |title=The Apiaceae: Ethnomedicinal family as source for industrial uses |url=https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/25145/1/Sayed_Ahmad_25145.pdf |journal=[[Industrial Crops and Products]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=109 |pages=661–671 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.027 |issn=0926-6690}}</ref> [[Anethole]] is responsible for anise's characteristic odor and flavor.<ref>Jodral, Manuel Miro. ''Illicium, Pimpinella and Foeniculum''. CRC Press, 2004. pp. 205</ref>


=== Other uses ===
=== Other uses ===
Builders of [[steam locomotive]]s in Britain incorporated capsules of aniseed oil into [[white metal]] [[plain bearing]]s, so the distinctive smell would give warning in case of overheating.<ref>{{cite journal |title=none |year=1953 |journal=[[The Railway Magazine]]|volume=99 |page=287}}</ref> Anise can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both [[drag hunting]] and [[fishing]]. It is put on [[fishing lure]]s to attract [[fish]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Tony |title=Encyclopedia of traditional British rural sports |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, England |year=2005 |page=140 |isbn=978-0-415-35224-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Otto |author2=von Brandt, Andres |title=Fish catching methods of the world |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford, England |year=2005|edition=4|pages=153–4 |isbn=978-0-85238-280-6}}</ref>
Builders of [[steam locomotive]]s in Britain incorporated capsules of aniseed oil into [[white metal]] [[plain bearing]]s so the distinctive smell would give warning in case of overheating.<ref>{{cite journal |title=none |year=1953 |journal=[[The Railway Magazine]]|volume=99 |page=287}}</ref> Anise can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both [[drag hunting]] and [[fishing]]. It is put on [[fishing lure]]s to attract [[fish]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Tony |title=Encyclopedia of traditional British rural sports |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, England |year=2005 |page=140 |isbn=978-0-415-35224-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Otto |author2=von Brandt, Andres |title=Fish catching methods of the world |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford, England |year=2005|edition=4|pages=153–4 |isbn=978-0-85238-280-6}}</ref>


⚫
== Culture ==
Anise is the main ingredient used by [[Bilbo Baggins]] in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (1935) for his [[Caraway seed cake|seed cake]]s served before the [[Dwarf (folklore)|dwarves]] and [[Gandalf]] in the beginning of the novel's main story in his household from [[the Shire]].
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Latest revision as of 05:35, 18 November 2024

This article is about the Pimpinella species (not to be confused with star anise, Illicium verum, or with Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum).
Not to be confused with Anice or Anis (disambiguation).

Anise
1897 illustration[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Pimpinella
Species:
P. anisum
Binomial name
Pimpinella anisum
Synonyms
Synonymy
  • Anisum odoratum Raf.
  • Anisum officinale DC.
  • Anisum officinarum Moench
  • Anisum vulgare Gaertn.
  • Apium anisum (L.) Crantz
  • Carum anisum (L.) Baill.
  • Pimpinele anisa St.-Lag.
  • Ptychotis vargasiana DC.
  • Selinum anisum (L.) E.H.L. Krause
  • Seseli gilliesii Hook. & Arn.
  • Sison anisum (L.) Spreng.
  • Tragium anisum (L.) Link

Anise (/ˈænɪs/;[3] Pimpinella anisum), also called aniseed or rarely anix,[4] is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae[2] native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia.[5]

The flavor and aroma of its seeds have similarities with some other spices and herbs, such as star anise,[4] fennel, liquorice, and tarragon. It is widely cultivated and used to flavor food, candy, and alcoholic drinks, especially around the Mediterranean.

Etymology

[edit]

The name "anise" is derived via Old French from the Latin words anīsum or anēthum from Greek ἄνηθον ánēthon referring to dill.[6][7]

An obsolete English word for anise is anet, also coming from anīsum.[8]

Botany

[edit]

Anise is an herbaceous annual plant growing to 60–90 centimetres (2–3 feet) or more. The leaves at the base of the plant are simple, 1–5 cm (3⁄8–2 inches) long and shallowly lobed, while leaves higher on the stems are feathery or lacy, pinnate, divided into numerous small leaflets.[9]

Both leaves and flowers are produced in large, loose clusters. The flowers are either white or yellow, approximately 3 millimetres (1⁄8 in) in diameter, produced in dense umbels.

The fruit is a dry oblong and curved schizocarp, 4–6 mm (1⁄6–1⁄4 in) long, usually called "aniseed".[9][10]

Ecology

[edit]

Anise is a food plant for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths), including the lime-speck pug and wormwood pug.[11]

Cultivation

[edit]

Anise was first cultivated in Egypt and the Middle East, and was brought to Europe for its medicinal value.[12] It has been cultivated in Egypt for approximately 4,000 years.[13]

Anise plants grow best in light, fertile, well-drained soil. The seeds should be planted as soon as the ground warms up in spring. Because the plants have a taproot, they do not transplant well after being established so they should either be started in their final location or be transplanted while the seedlings are still small.[14]

Production

[edit]

Western cuisines have long used anise to flavor dishes, drinks, and candies. The word is used for both the species of herb and its licorice-like flavor. The most powerful flavor component of the essential oil of anise, anethole, is found in both anise and an unrelated spice indigenous to South China[15] called star anise (Illicium verum) widely used in South Asian, Southeast Asian and East Asian dishes. Star anise is considerably less expensive to produce and has gradually displaced P. anisum in Western markets. While formerly produced in larger quantities, by 1999 world production of the essential oil of anise was only 8 tons, compared to 400 tons of star anise.[16]

Uses

[edit]

Composition

[edit]

As with all spices, the composition of anise varies considerably with origin and cultivation method. These are typical values for the main constituents.[17]

Moisture: 9–13%
Protein: 18%
Fatty oil: 8–23%
Essential oil: 2–7%
Starch: 5%
N-free extract: 22–28%
Crude fibre: 12–25%

In particular, the anise seeds products should also contain more than 0.2 milliliter volatile oil per 100 grams of spice.[18]

Culinary

[edit]
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
An unwrapped 'Troach drop', purchased at the Black Country Living Museum in the English Midlands, where such sweets are traditional

Anise is sweet and aromatic, distinguished by its characteristic flavor.[10] The seeds, whole or ground, are used for preparation of teas and tisanes[19] (alone or in combination with other aromatic herbs), as well many regional and ethnic confectioneries, including black jelly beans (often marketed as licorice-flavored), British aniseed balls, aniseed twists[20] and "troach" drops, Australian humbugs, New Zealand aniseed wheels, Italian pizzelle and biscotti, German Pfeffernüsse and Springerle, Austrian Anisbögen, Dutch muisjes, New Mexican bizcochitos and Peruvian picarones.[citation needed]

The culinary uses of anise are not limited only to sweets and confections, as it is a key ingredient in Mexican atole de anís and champurrado, which is similar to hot chocolate.[citation needed] In India and Pakistan, it is taken as a digestive after meals, used in brines in the Italian region of Apulia and as a flavoring agent in Italian sausage, pepperoni and other Italian processed meat products.[21] The freshly chopped leaves are added to cheese spreads, dips or salads, while roots and stems impart a mild licorice flavor to soups and stews.[21]

The ancient Romans often served spiced cakes with aniseed called mustaceoe at the end of feasts as a digestive.[22] This tradition of serving cake at the end of festivities is the basis for the tradition of serving cake at weddings.[23]

Liquor

[edit]
Anise alcohols of the Mediterranean region
Further information: Anisette and Mediterranean cuisine

Anise is used to flavor Greek ouzo and Bulgarian mastika;[24] Italian sambuca;[24] French absinthe, anisette,[25] and pastis;[26] Spanish anis de chinchón,[27] anís,[28] anísado,[24] and Herbs de Majorca;[29] Turkish and Armenian rakı;[24] Lebanese, Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, Palestinian and Israeli arak;[24] and Algerian Anisette Cristal.[24] Outside the Mediterranean region, it is found in Colombian aguardiente[25] and Mexican Xtabentún.[30] These liquors are clear, but on addition of water become cloudy, a phenomenon known as the ouzo effect.[31][32]

Anise is used together with other herbs and spices in some root beers, such as Virgil's in the United States.[33][34]

Traditional medicine

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The main use of anise in traditional European herbal medicine was for its carminative effect (reducing flatulence),[4] as noted by John Gerard in his Great Herball, an early encyclopedia of herbal medicine:

The seed wasteth and consumeth winde, and is good against belchings and upbraidings of the stomach, alaieth gripings of the belly, provoketh urine gently, maketh abundance of milke, and stirreth up bodily lust: it staieth the laske (diarrhea), and also the white flux (leukorrhea) in women.[35]

According to Pliny the Elder, anise was used as a cure for sleeplessness, chewed with alexanders and a little honey in the morning to freshen the breath, and, when mixed with wine, as a remedy for asp bites (N.H. 20.72).[36] In 19th-century medicine, anise was prepared as aqua anisi ("Water of Anise") in doses of an ounce or more and as spiritus anisi ("Spirit of Anise") in doses of 5–20 minims.[12] In Turkish folk medicine, its seeds have been used as an appetite stimulant, tranquilizer or diuretic.[37]

Essential oil

[edit]
Anise essential oil

Anise essential oil can be obtained from the fruits by either steam distillation or extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide.[38] The yield of essential oil is influenced by the growing conditions[39] and extraction process, with supercritical extraction being more efficient.[38] Regardless of the method of isolation the main component of the oil is anethole (80–90%), with minor components including 4-anisaldehyde, estragole and pseudoisoeugenyl-2-methylbutyrates amongst others.[40] (Alternately found by Orav et al. 2008 to be 2–6% extracted oil by weight of raw seed material, 74–94% being trans-anethole and the remaining fraction estragole (methylchavicol), anisaldehyde and γ-himachalene.)[41] Anethole is responsible for anise's characteristic odor and flavor.[42]

Other uses

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Builders of steam locomotives in Britain incorporated capsules of aniseed oil into white metal plain bearings so the distinctive smell would give warning in case of overheating.[43] Anise can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both drag hunting and fishing. It is put on fishing lures to attract fish.[44][45]

References

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  1. ^ from Franz Eugen Köhlae, Köhlae's Medizinal-Pflanzen, 1897
  2. ^ a b "Pimpinella anisum L." World Flora Online. World Flora Consortium. 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  3. ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  4. ^ a b c Baynes 1878.
  5. ^ "Anice vera, Pimpinella anisum L." Flora Italiana. Altervista. n.d.
  6. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "ănēthum". A Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library.
  7. ^ "Anise". Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press. 2018. Archived from the original on March 4, 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  8. ^ "s.v. 'anise'".
  9. ^ a b Stephens, James M. (April 1997). "Anise—Pimpinella anisum L." AskIFAS. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  10. ^ a b Katzer, Gernot (9 September 1998). "Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)". Spice Pages.
  11. ^ "Aniseed - Cargo Handbook - the world's largest cargo transport guidelines website". cargohandbook.com. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  12. ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
  13. ^ "Anise Uses, Benefits & Side Effects - Drugs.com Herbal Database". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  14. ^ "Tips for Transplanting Seedlings". Almanac.com. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  15. ^ Peter, K. V. (2004). Handbook of Herbs and Spices. Woodhead Publishing. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-85573-721-1.
  16. ^ Philip R. Ashurst (1999). Food Flavorings. Springer. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8342-1621-1.[permanent dead link‍]
  17. ^ J.S. Pruthi: Spices and Condiments, New Delhi: National Book Trust (1976), p. 19.
  18. ^ Branch, Legislative Services. "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Food and Drug Regulations". laws.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  19. ^ "Anise seed: Properties, benefits, mischief, dosage, and side effects". Alwosta. Archived from the original on 2020-09-25. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
  20. ^ "Favourite traditional British sweets: in pictures". www.telegraph.co.uk. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  21. ^ a b Peter, K.V. (2012). Handbook of herbs and spices Volume 2. p. 143.
  22. ^ "Anise History". Our Herb Garden. March 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  23. ^ "Wedding Cake: A Slice of History | Carol Wilson". Gastronomica. 2005-05-05. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Dealberto, Clara; Desrayaud, Lea (25 July 2017). "Le pastis, elixir provencal". Le Monde. Le Monde. p. 28.
  25. ^ a b "16 Anise-Flavored Liquors". SenseList. 2006-10-20. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  26. ^ Blocker, Jack S. Jr.; Fahey, David M.; Tyrrell, Ian R. (2003). Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 478–. ISBN 978-1-57607-833-4. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  27. ^ admin. "Chincon". Chincon (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-11-06.
  28. ^ Zurdo, David; Gutiérrez, Ángel (2004). El libro de los licores de España. Ediciones Robinbook. p. 50. ISBN 9788496054127. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  29. ^ "Majorcan herb liqueur in Spain". Spain.info. 2007-04-23. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  30. ^ "Xtabentún Cocktail Guide, with Origins and Recipes". Wine Enthusiast Magazine. 29 February 2012. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  31. ^ Sitnikova, Natalia L.; Sprik, Rudolf; Wegdam, Gerard; Eiser, Erika (2005). "Spontaneously Formed trans-Anethol/Water/Alcohol Emulsions: Mechanism of Formation and Stability". Langmuir. 21 (16): 7083–7089. doi:10.1021/la046816l. PMID 16042427.
  32. ^ Ganachaud, François; Katz, Joseph L. (2005). "Nanoparticles and Nanocapsules Created Using the Ouzo Effect: Spontaneous Emulsification as an Alternative to Ultrasonic and High-Shear Devices". ChemPhysChem. 6 (2): 209–216. doi:10.1002/cphc.200400527. PMID 15751338.
  33. ^ "Virgil's Bavarian Nutmeg". Reeds. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  34. ^ "Virgil's Rootbeer – Spike's Root Beer Reviews and Ratings". Root Beer Reviews. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  35. ^ John Gerard, The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes Archived 2011-06-14 at the Wayback Machine, 1597, p. 880, side 903
  36. ^ Pliny (1856). "Book XX. Anise—sixty-one remedies". The Natural History of Pliny. Vol. 4. translators John Bostock, Henry Riley. London: Henry Bohn. pp. 271–274. OCLC 504358830.
  37. ^ Baytop, T. (1999) Therapy with medicinal plants in Turkey, Past and Present. Kitapevi, Istanbul, Turkey, 2nd edition, pp. 142.
  38. ^ a b Pereira, Camila G.; Meireles, M. Angela A. (September 2007). "Economic analysis of rosemary, fennel and anise essential oils obtained by supercritical fluid extraction". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 22 (5): 407–413. doi:10.1002/ffj.1813.
  39. ^ Zehtab-salmasi, S.; Javanshir, A.; Omidbaigi, R.; Alyari, H.; Ghassemi-golezani, K. (May 2001). "Effects of water supply and sowing date on performance and essential oil production of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)". Acta Agronomica Hungarica. 49 (1): 75–81. doi:10.1556/AAgr.49.2001.1.9.
  40. ^ Rodrigues, Vera M.; Rosa, Paulo T. V.; Marques, Marcia O. M.; Petenate, Ademir J.; Meireles, M. Angela A. (March 2003). "Supercritical Extraction of Essential Oil from Aniseed using sCO2: Solubility, Kinetics and Composition Data". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51 (6): 1518–1523. doi:10.1021/jf0257493. PMID 12617576.
  41. ^ Sayed-Ahmad, Bouchra; Talou, Thierry; Saad, Zeinab; Hijazi, Akram; Merah, Othmane (2017). "The Apiaceae: Ethnomedicinal family as source for industrial uses" (PDF). Industrial Crops and Products. 109. Elsevier: 661–671. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.027. ISSN 0926-6690.
  42. ^ Jodral, Manuel Miro. Illicium, Pimpinella and Foeniculum. CRC Press, 2004. pp. 205
  43. ^ The Railway Magazine. 99: 287. 1953.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  44. ^ Collins, Tony (2005). Encyclopedia of traditional British rural sports. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-415-35224-6.
  45. ^ Gabriel, Otto; von Brandt, Andres (2005). Fish catching methods of the world (4 ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell. pp. 153–4. ISBN 978-0-85238-280-6.

Further reading

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