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== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
The former [[subgenus]] ''Exogyra'' (''[[Aetostreon]]'') <small>Bayle, 1878</small>,<ref name="TPBDB">{{cite web |url=http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=118251 |title=†''Exogyra (Aetostreon)'' Bayle 1878 |work=Paleobiology Database |publisher=Fossilworks |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> is sometimes considered a separate genus due to a lack of the fine set of parallel ribs (chomata) separated by pits on the inner surface of the valves (which is present in the nominate subgenus).<ref name=Peg>{{cite journal |last1=Pugaczewska |first1=Halina |year=1975 |title=Neocomian oysters from Central Poland |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=47–72 |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app20/app20-047.pdf }}</ref>
The former [[subgenus]] ''Exogyra'' (''[[Aetostreon]]'') <small>Bayle, 1878</small>,<ref name="TPBDB">{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=118251 |title=†''Exogyra (Aetostreon)'' Bayle 1878 |work=Paleobiology Database |publisher=Fossilworks |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213054834/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=118251 |url-status=live }}</ref> is sometimes considered a separate genus due to a lack of the fine set of parallel ribs (chomata) separated by pits on the inner surface of the valves (which is present in the nominate subgenus).<ref name=Peg>{{cite journal |last1=Pugaczewska |first1=Halina |year=1975 |title=Neocomian oysters from Central Poland |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=47–72 |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app20/app20-047.pdf }}</ref>


== Species ==
== Species ==
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*''Exogyra contorta'' <small>Eichwald, 1868</small>
*''Exogyra contorta'' <small>Eichwald, 1868</small>
*''Exogyra costata'' <small>Say, 1971</small>
*''Exogyra costata'' <small>Say, 1971</small>
*''Exogyra davidsoni'' <small>Whidborne, 1883</small> <ref>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=304725 ''Exogyra davidsoni''] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
*''Exogyra davidsoni'' <small>Whidborne, 1883</small> <ref>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=304725 ''Exogyra davidsoni''] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
*''Exogyra erraticostata'' Stephenson<ref>[http://fossilsofnj.com/invertebrates/exogyra.htm ''Exogyra'']</ref>
*''Exogyra erraticostata'' Stephenson<ref>[http://fossilsofnj.com/invertebrates/exogyra.htm ''Exogyra'']</ref>
*''Exogyra fimbriata'' <small>Conrad, 1855</small>
*''Exogyra fimbriata'' <small>Conrad, 1855</small>
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*''Exogyra potosina'' <small>Castillo and Aguilera, 1895</small>
*''Exogyra potosina'' <small>Castillo and Aguilera, 1895</small>
*''Exogyra ponderosa'' <small>Roemer, 1849</small>
*''Exogyra ponderosa'' <small>Roemer, 1849</small>
*''Exogyra praevirgula'' <small>Douville & Jourdy, 1924</small><ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://science.mnhn.fr/all/list%3FspecificEpithet%3Dpraevirgula%26genus%3DExogyra&prev=search ''Exogyra praevirgula'']</ref><ref>[http://gni.globalnames.org/name_indices/98855151/name_index_records Global Names Index]</ref>
*''Exogyra praevirgula'' <small>Douville & Jourdy, 1924</small><ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://science.mnhn.fr/all/list%3FspecificEpithet%3Dpraevirgula%26genus%3DExogyra&prev=search ''Exogyra praevirgula'']</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gni.globalnames.org/name_indices/98855151/name_index_records |title=Global Names Index |access-date=5 November 2014 |archive-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106082913/http://gni.globalnames.org/name_indices/98855151/name_index_records |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''Exogyra quitmanensis'' <small>Cragin, 1893</small>
*''Exogyra quitmanensis'' <small>Cragin, 1893</small>
*''Exogyra sergipensis'' <small>Maury, 1936</small>
*''Exogyra sergipensis'' <small>Maury, 1936</small>
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== Distribution ==
== Distribution ==
Fossils of ''Exogyra'' have been found in:<ref name=FWExogyra>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=16655 ''Exogyra''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213183806/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=16655 |date=13 December 2021 }} at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
Fossils of ''Exogyra'' have been found in:<ref name=FWExogyra>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=16655 ''Exogyra''] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
;Jurassic
;Jurassic
Afghanistan, Chile, China, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Kenya, Poland, Portugal, Somalia, Spain, Tanzania, the United Kingdom, and Yemen.
Afghanistan, Chile, China, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Kenya, Poland, Portugal, Somalia, Spain, Tanzania, the United Kingdom, and Yemen.
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=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===
* {{citation |last=Acosta |first=Jorge E. |last2=Ulloa |first2=Carlos E. |year=2002 |title=Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa |publisher=[[Colombian Geological Survey]] |pages=1–108}}
* {{citation |last=Acosta |first=Jorge E. |last2=Ulloa |first2=Carlos E. |year=2002 |title=Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa |publisher=[[Colombian Geological Survey]] |pages=1–108}}
* {{citation |last=Piraquive |first=Alejandro |last2=Díaz |first2=Juan Sebastián |last3=Cuéllar |first3=Tomas |last4=Pardo |first4=Germán |last5=Kammer |first5=Andreas |year=2011 |title=Reactivación Neógena de estructuras de rift del Cretácico Temprano asociadas con la Falla de Chámeza, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): evidencias tectónicas y bioestratigráficas |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/24942/1/22167-87412-2-PB.pdf |journal=[[Geología Colombiana]] |volume=36 |pages=197–216 |access-date=2017-08-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330091900/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/24942/1/22167-87412-2-PB.pdf |date=30 March 2017 }}
* {{citation |last=Piraquive |first=Alejandro |last2=Díaz |first2=Juan Sebastián |last3=Cuéllar |first3=Tomas |last4=Pardo |first4=Germán |last5=Kammer |first5=Andreas |year=2011 |title=Reactivación Neógena de estructuras de rift del Cretácico Temprano asociadas con la Falla de Chámeza, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): evidencias tectónicas y bioestratigráficas |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/24942/1/22167-87412-2-PB.pdf |journal=[[Geología Colombiana]] |volume=36 |pages=197–216 |access-date=2017-08-04 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330091900/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/24942/1/22167-87412-2-PB.pdf |url-status=dead }}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==

Latest revision as of 07:12, 18 November 2024

Exogyra
Temporal range: Jurassic–Cretaceous
Exogyra flabellata
(Owl Creek Formation, Late Cretaceous, Mississippi)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Ostreida
Family: Gryphaeidae
Genus: †Exogyra
Say, 1820
Species

See text

Exogyra is an extinct genus of fossil marine oysters in the family Gryphaeidae, the foam oysters or honeycomb oysters.[1] These bivalves were cemented by the more cupped left valve. The right valve is flatter, and the beak is curved to one side. Exogyra lived on solid substrates in warm seas[citation needed] during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.[2]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The former subgenus Exogyra (Aetostreon) Bayle, 1878,[3] is sometimes considered a separate genus due to a lack of the fine set of parallel ribs (chomata) separated by pits on the inner surface of the valves (which is present in the nominate subgenus).[4]

Species

[edit]
Exogyra costata, Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation (Maastrichtian); Starkville, Mississippi
Exogyra (subgenus Exogyra) (Say, 1820)
  • Exogyra africana Say, 1820[5]
  • Exogyra aquillana Stephenson, 1953
  • Exogyra arietina Roemer, 1849[6]
  • Exogyra callophyla Ihering, 1903
  • Exogyra cancellata Stephenson, 1914
  • Exogyra clarki Shattuck, 1903
  • Exogyra columbella Meek, 1876
  • Exogyra contorta Eichwald, 1868
  • Exogyra costata Say, 1971
  • Exogyra davidsoni Whidborne, 1883 [7]
  • Exogyra erraticostata Stephenson[8]
  • Exogyra fimbriata Conrad, 1855
  • Exogyra flabellata (Goldfuss, 1833)
  • Exogyra ganhamoroba Maury, 1936
  • Exogyra guadalupae Whitney, 1937 (thesis)
  • Exogyra haliotoidea Maury, 1936
  • Exogyra laevigata J. de C. Sowerby, 1829 [9]
  • Exogyra laeviuscula Roemer, 1849
  • Exogyra lancha Stoyanow, 1949
  • Exogyra levis Stephenson, 1952
  • Exogyra mutatoria White, 1887
  • Exogyra paupercula Cragin, 1893
  • Exogyra plexa Cragin, 1893
  • Exogyra potosina Castillo and Aguilera, 1895
  • Exogyra ponderosa Roemer, 1849
  • Exogyra praevirgula Douville & Jourdy, 1924[10][11]
  • Exogyra quitmanensis Cragin, 1893
  • Exogyra sergipensis Maury, 1936
  • Exogyra sigmoidea Reuss, 1844[12]
  • Exogyra solea Muller, 1910
  • Exogyra texana Roemer, 1849
  • Exogyra upatoiensis Stephenson, 1914
  • Exogyra whitneyi Bose, 1910
  • Exogyra woolmani Richards, 1947

Distribution

[edit]

Fossils of Exogyra have been found in:[2]

Jurassic

Afghanistan, Chile, China, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Kenya, Poland, Portugal, Somalia, Spain, Tanzania, the United Kingdom, and Yemen.

Cretaceous

Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Canada (British Columbia), Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia (Hiló Formation, Tolima, Macanal and Chipaque Formations, Eastern Ranges),[13][14] Cuba, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Greenland, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, New Zealand, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, USSR, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, United States (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Wyoming), Venezuela, and Yemen.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Evolution of Exogyra plexa". Archived from the original on 26 March 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  2. ^ a b Exogyra at Fossilworks.org
  3. ^ "†Exogyra (Aetostreon) Bayle 1878". Paleobiology Database. Fossilworks. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  4. ^ Pugaczewska, Halina (1975). "Neocomian oysters from Central Poland" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 20 (1): 47–72.
  5. ^ Exogyra africana
  6. ^ Roemer, F. (1849). Texas mit besonderer Rücksicht auf deutsche Auswanderung und die physischen Verhältnisse des Landes nach eigener Beobachtung. A. Marcus.
  7. ^ Exogyra davidsoni at Fossilworks.org
  8. ^ Exogyra
  9. ^ Lake.P., and Rastall.R.H., (1913), A Text Book of Geology, 2nd edition, London: Edward Arnold's Geological series Page 426 and 436
  10. ^ Exogyra praevirgula
  11. ^ "Global Names Index". Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  12. ^ Ivanov. M., Hrdlickova. S., and Gregorova. R., (2005), The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils, 3rd. ed., Lisse: Rebo International, page 133
  13. ^ Piraquive et al., 2011, p. 204
  14. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p. 54

Bibliography

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fossils


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