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{{Short description|Extinct genus of bivalves}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{italic title}}{{Taxobox
| fossil range = [[Jurassic]]-[[Cretaceous]]
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Jurassic|Cretaceous|[[Jurassic]]–[[Cretaceous]]}}
| name = ''Exogyra''
| image = Exogyracostata.JPG
| image = Exogyracostata.JPG
| image_caption = ''Exogyra flabellata'' <br>([[Owl Creek Formation]], Late [[Cretaceous]], [[Ripley, Mississippi|Mississippi]])
| image_caption = ''Exogyra flabellata'' <br />([[Owl Creek Formation]], Late [[Cretaceous]], [[Ripley, Mississippi|Mississippi]])
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Exogyra
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| authority = [[Thomas Say|Say]], 1820
| classis = [[Bivalvia]]
| ordo = [[Ostreoida]]
| familia = [[Gryphaeidae]]
| genus = †'''''Exogyra'''''
| genus_authority =
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision = See text
*see text
}}
}}


'''''Exogyra''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[fossil]] saltwater oysters, [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[bivalve]] [[mollusk]]s in the family [[Gryphaeidae]], the foam oysters or honeycomb oysters.<ref>http://crnmac1.physics.uiowa.edu/fossils/oysters/ilymatogyra/Exogyra-plexa.html Evolution of ''Exogyra plexa''<!-- Bot generated title --></ref> These bivalves grew cemented by the more cupped left valve. The right valve is flatter, and the beak is curved to one side. ''Exogyra'' lived on solid [[substrate (biology)|substrates]] in warm seas during the [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]] periods.
'''''Exogyra''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[fossil]] [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[ostreoida|oysters]] in the family [[Gryphaeidae]], the foam oysters or honeycomb oysters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://crnmac1.physics.uiowa.edu/fossils/oysters/ilymatogyra/Exogyra-plexa.html |title=Evolution of ''Exogyra plexa'' |access-date=25 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192109/http://crnmac1.physics.uiowa.edu/fossils/oysters/ilymatogyra/Exogyra-plexa.html |archive-date=26 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These bivalves were cemented by the more cupped left valve. The right valve is flatter, and the beak is curved to one side. ''Exogyra'' lived on solid [[substrate (biology)|substrates]] in warm seas{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} during the [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]] periods.<ref name=FWExogyra/>


== Taxonomy ==
The subgenus Aetostreon is sometimes considered a separate genus, due to a lack of the fine set of parallel ribs (chomata) separated by pits, on the inner surface of the valves (which is present in the nominate subgenus).<ref name=Peg/>
The former [[subgenus]] ''Exogyra'' (''[[Aetostreon]]'') <small>Bayle, 1878</small>,<ref name="TPBDB">{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=118251 |title=†''Exogyra (Aetostreon)'' Bayle 1878 |work=Paleobiology Database |publisher=Fossilworks |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213054834/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=118251 |url-status=live }}</ref> is sometimes considered a separate genus due to a lack of the fine set of parallel ribs (chomata) separated by pits on the inner surface of the valves (which is present in the nominate subgenus).<ref name=Peg>{{cite journal |last1=Pugaczewska |first1=Halina |year=1975 |title=Neocomian oysters from Central Poland |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=47–72 |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app20/app20-047.pdf }}</ref>


==Species==
== Species ==
⚫
[[File:Exogyra costata Prairie Bluff Fm Maastrichtian.JPG|thumb|''Exogyra costata'', Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation ([[Maastrichtian]]); Starkville, [[Mississippi]]]]
{{columns-list|2|
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
'''''Exogyra'' (subgenus ''Exogyra'') (Say, 1820)'''
'''''Exogyra'' (subgenus ''Exogyra'') <small>(Say, 1820)</small>'''
*''Exogyra africana'' Say, 1820 <ref>http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/E/Exogyra_africana/</ref>
*''Exogyra africana'' <small>Say, 1820</small><ref>[http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/E/Exogyra_africana/ ''Exogyra africana'']</ref>
*''Exogyra aquillana'' Stephenson, 1953
*''Exogyra aquillana'' <small>Stephenson, 1953</small>
*''Exogyra arietina''<ref>http://www.bivatol.org/downloads/Lab_2_Bivalve_Fossil_Record_curriculum.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.wardsci.com/store/catalog/product.jsp?catalog_number=528130</ref>
*''Exogyra arietina'' <small>[[Ferdinand von Roemer|Roemer]], 1849</small><ref>Roemer, F. (1849). Texas mit besonderer Rücksicht auf deutsche Auswanderung und die physischen Verhältnisse des Landes nach eigener Beobachtung. A. Marcus.</ref>
*''Exogyra callophyla'' Ihering, 1903
*''Exogyra cancellata'' Stephenson, 1914
*''Exogyra callophyla'' <small>Ihering, 1903</small>
*''Exogyra clarki'' Shattuck, 1903
*''Exogyra cancellata'' <small>Stephenson, 1914</small>
*''Exogyra columbella'' Meek, 1876
*''Exogyra clarki'' <small>Shattuck, 1903</small>
*''Exogyra contorta'' Eichwald, 1868
*''Exogyra columbella'' <small>Meek, 1876</small>
*''Exogyra costata''
*''Exogyra contorta'' <small>Eichwald, 1868</small>
⚫
*''Exogyra costata'' <small>Say, 1971</small>
⚫
[[File:Exogyra costata Prairie Bluff Fm Maastrichtian.JPG|thumb|''Exogyra costata'', Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation ([[Maastrichtian]]); Starkville, [[Mississippi]].]]
*''Exogyra davidsoni''<ref>http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=304725</ref>
*''Exogyra davidsoni'' <small>Whidborne, 1883</small> <ref>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=304725 ''Exogyra davidsoni''] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
⚫
*''Exogyra erraticostata'' Stephenson<ref>[http://fossilsofnj.com/invertebrates/exogyra.htm ''Exogyra'']</ref>
*''Exogyra columba''
*''Exogyra fimbriata'' <small>Conrad, 1855</small>
⚫
*''Exogyra erraticostata'' Stephenson <ref>http://fossilsofnj.com/invertebrates/exogyra.htm</ref>
*''Exogyra fimbriata'' Conrad, 1855
*''Exogyra flabellata'' <small>(Goldfuss, 1833)</small>
*''Exogyra flabellata''
*''Exogyra ganhamoroba'' <small>Maury, 1936</small>
*''Exogyra ganhamoroba'' Maury, 1936
*''Exogyra guadalupae'' <small>Whitney, 1937 (thesis)</small>
*''Exogyra guadalupae'' Whitney, 1937 (thesis)
*''Exogyra haliotoidea'' <small>Maury, 1936</small>
⚫
*''Exogyra laevigata'' <small>J. de C. Sowerby, 1829</small> <ref name=Lake>[[Philip Lake|Lake.P.]], and [[Robert Heron Rastall|Rastall.R.H.]], (1913), ''A Text Book of Geology'', 2nd edition, London: Edward Arnold's Geological series Page 426 and 436</ref>
⚫
*''Exogyra haliotoidea'' Maury, 1936
*''Exogyra laeviuscula'' <small>Roemer, 1849</small>
⚫
*''Exogyra laevigata''<ref name=Lake>Lake.P., and Rastall.R.H., (1913), ''A Text Book of Geology'', 2nd edition, London: Edward Arnold's Geological series Page 426 and 436</ref>
*''Exogyra laeviuscula'' Roemer, 1849
*''Exogyra lancha'' <small>Stoyanow, 1949</small>
*''Exogyra lancha'' Stoyanow, 1949
*''Exogyra levis'' <small>Stephenson, 1952</small>
*''Exogyra levis'' Stephenson, 1952
*''Exogyra mutatoria'' <small>White, 1887</small>
*''Exogyra mutatoria'' White, 1887
*''Exogyra paupercula'' <small>Cragin, 1893</small>
⚫
*''Exogyra plexa'' <small>Cragin, 1893</small>
*''Exogyra obliquata'' Pulteney<ref name=nath>Castell. C.P., and Cox. L.R., (1975), ''British Mesozoic Fossils'', 5th edition, London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), page 86</ref>
*''Exogyra paupercula'' Cragin, 1893
*''Exogyra potosina'' <small>Castillo and Aguilera, 1895</small>
*''Exogyra plexa'' Cragin, 1893
*''Exogyra ponderosa'' <small>Roemer, 1849</small>
⚫
*''Exogyra praevirgula'' <small>Douville & Jourdy, 1924</small><ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://science.mnhn.fr/all/list%3FspecificEpithet%3Dpraevirgula%26genus%3DExogyra&prev=search ''Exogyra praevirgula'']</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gni.globalnames.org/name_indices/98855151/name_index_records |title=Global Names Index |access-date=5 November 2014 |archive-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106082913/http://gni.globalnames.org/name_indices/98855151/name_index_records |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''Exogyra potosina'' Castillo and Aguilera, 1895
*''Exogyra ponderosa'' Roemer, 1852
*''Exogyra quitmanensis'' <small>Cragin, 1893</small>
⚫
*''Exogyra sergipensis'' <small>Maury, 1936</small>
⚫
*''Exogyra praevirgula'' Douville & Jourdy, 1924 <ref>https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://science.mnhn.fr/all/list%3FspecificEpithet%3Dpraevirgula%26genus%3DExogyra&prev=search</ref><ref>http://gni.globalnames.org/name_indices/98855151/name_index_records</ref>
⚫
*''Exogyra sigmoidea'' <small>Reuss, 1844</small><ref>Ivanov. M., Hrdlickova. S., and Gregorova. R., (2005), The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils, 3rd. ed., Lisse: Rebo International, page 133</ref>
⚫
*''Exogyra quitmanensis'' Cragin, 1893
*''Exogyra sergipensis'' Maury, 1936
*''Exogyra solea'' <small>Muller, 1910</small>
*''Exogyra texana'' <small>Roemer, 1849</small>
⚫
*''Exogyra sigmoidea'' <ref>Ivanov. M., Hrdlickova. S., and Gregorova. R., (2005), The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils, 3rd. ed., Lisse: Rebo International, page 133</ref> Reuss, 1844
*''Exogyra solea'' Muller, 1910
*''Exogyra upatoiensis'' <small>Stephenson, 1914</small>
*''Exogyra upatoiensis'' Stephenson, 1914
*''Exogyra whitneyi'' <small>Bose, 1910</small>
*''Exogyra whitneyi'' Bose, 1910
*''Exogyra woolmani'' <small>Richards, 1947</small>
*''Exogyra woolmani'' Richards, 1947
}}
}}
'''''Exogyra'' (subgenus ''Aetostreon'') (Bayle, 1878)'''<ref name="TPBDB">Paleobiology Database, (n.d.), ''Exogyra (Aetostreon)'', [online], [http://paleodb.org/?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=118251 ''Exogyra (Aetostreon)'' entry], accessed 7 May 2013</ref>
*''Exogyra aquila'' Brongniart, 1871
*''Exogyra bale''
⚫
*''Exogyra couloni'' Say, 1820
*''Exogyra imbricatum'' Kraus, 1843 <ref name=Peg>Pewgaczewska.H., (n.d.) http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app20/app20-047.pdf</ref> (possibly a morphotype of ''E. couloni'')
*''Exogyra latissimum'' <ref>Anon, (n.d.), Aetostreon latissium As a Derived Fossil, [online], Available at: http://www.fcaq-geolotech.co.uk/shop/bivalves/96-aetostreon-latissimum-as-a-dreived-fossil.html, Accessed 7 May 2013</ref>
*''Exogyra miotaurinensis'' Sacco, 1897 <ref>Paleobiology Database, (n.d.), Exogyra (Aetostreon miotaurinensis, [online], Available at: http://paleodb.org/?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=118252, accessed 7 May 2013</ref> (Type species of subgenus)
*''Exogyra neocomiensis''<ref name="Global"/>
* ''Exogyra pilmatuegrossum'' <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rubillar | first1 = A.E | last2 = Lazo | first2 = E.B. | year = 2008 | title = Description of Aetostreon pilmatuegrossum sp. Nov. from the Lower Cretaceous of Argentina (Neuquén Basin), and significance of the conservative left valve morphology in oysters of the genus Aetostreon Bayle | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667108001705 | journal = Cretaceous Research| volume = 30| issue = | pages = 727–748| doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2008.12.013}}</ref>
*''Exogyra rectangularis''<ref name="Global">Global Names Index, (2000), Global Names Index, [online], Available at: http://gni.globalnames.org/name_strings?page=213&search_term=ns%3AAET%2A, Accessed 7 May 2013</ref>


==References==
== Distribution ==
Fossils of ''Exogyra'' have been found in:<ref name=FWExogyra>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=16655 ''Exogyra''] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
⚫
{{reflist|2}}
;Jurassic
Afghanistan, Chile, China, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Kenya, Poland, Portugal, Somalia, Spain, Tanzania, the United Kingdom, and Yemen.

;Cretaceous
Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Canada (British Columbia), Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia ([[Hiló Formation]], [[Tolima Department|Tolima]], [[Macanal Formation|Macanal]] and [[Chipaque Formation]]s, [[Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)|Eastern Ranges]]),<ref>Piraquive et al., 2011, p. 204</ref><ref>Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p. 54</ref> Cuba, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Greenland, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, New Zealand, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, USSR, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, United States (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Wyoming), Venezuela, and Yemen.

== References ==
{{Portal|Paleontology}}
⚫
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{citation |last=Acosta |first=Jorge E. |last2=Ulloa |first2=Carlos E. |year=2002 |title=Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa |publisher=[[Colombian Geological Survey]] |pages=1–108}}
* {{citation |last=Piraquive |first=Alejandro |last2=Díaz |first2=Juan Sebastián |last3=Cuéllar |first3=Tomas |last4=Pardo |first4=Germán |last5=Kammer |first5=Andreas |year=2011 |title=Reactivación Neógena de estructuras de rift del Cretácico Temprano asociadas con la Falla de Chámeza, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): evidencias tectónicas y bioestratigráficas |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/24942/1/22167-87412-2-PB.pdf |journal=[[Geología Colombiana]] |volume=36 |pages=197–216 |access-date=2017-08-04 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330091900/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/24942/1/22167-87412-2-PB.pdf |url-status=dead }}

== Further reading ==
* National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fossils
* National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fossils

{{Taxonbar|from=Q127941}}


[[Category:Gryphaeidae]]
[[Category:Gryphaeidae]]
[[Category:Prehistoric bivalves]]
[[Category:Prehistoric bivalve genera]]
[[Category:Jurassic bivalves]]
[[Category:Jurassic bivalves]]
[[Category:Cretaceous bivalves]]
[[Category:Cretaceous bivalves]]
[[Category:Mesozoic animals of Africa]]
[[Category:Mesozoic animals of Africa]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Africa]]
[[Category:Mesozoic animals of Asia]]
[[Category:Mesozoic animals of Asia]]
[[Category:Jurassic first appearances]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Asia]]
[[Category:Mesozoic animals of Europe]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Europe]]
[[Category:Mesozoic animals of North America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Canada]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Mexico]]
[[Category:Cretaceous United States]]
[[Category:Mesozoic animals of South America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Argentina]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Brazil]]
[[Category:Mesozoic Chile]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Colombia]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Peru]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Venezuela]]
[[Category:Jurassic genus first appearances]]
[[Category:Cretaceous extinctions]]
[[Category:Cretaceous extinctions]]
[[Category:Fossils of Serbia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1820]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Thomas Say]]




Latest revision as of 07:12, 18 November 2024

Exogyra
Temporal range: Jurassic–Cretaceous
Exogyra flabellata
(Owl Creek Formation, Late Cretaceous, Mississippi)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Ostreida
Family: Gryphaeidae
Genus: †Exogyra
Say, 1820
Species

See text

Exogyra is an extinct genus of fossil marine oysters in the family Gryphaeidae, the foam oysters or honeycomb oysters.[1] These bivalves were cemented by the more cupped left valve. The right valve is flatter, and the beak is curved to one side. Exogyra lived on solid substrates in warm seas[citation needed] during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.[2]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The former subgenus Exogyra (Aetostreon) Bayle, 1878,[3] is sometimes considered a separate genus due to a lack of the fine set of parallel ribs (chomata) separated by pits on the inner surface of the valves (which is present in the nominate subgenus).[4]

Species

[edit]
Exogyra costata, Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation (Maastrichtian); Starkville, Mississippi
Exogyra (subgenus Exogyra) (Say, 1820)
  • Exogyra africana Say, 1820[5]
  • Exogyra aquillana Stephenson, 1953
  • Exogyra arietina Roemer, 1849[6]
  • Exogyra callophyla Ihering, 1903
  • Exogyra cancellata Stephenson, 1914
  • Exogyra clarki Shattuck, 1903
  • Exogyra columbella Meek, 1876
  • Exogyra contorta Eichwald, 1868
  • Exogyra costata Say, 1971
  • Exogyra davidsoni Whidborne, 1883 [7]
  • Exogyra erraticostata Stephenson[8]
  • Exogyra fimbriata Conrad, 1855
  • Exogyra flabellata (Goldfuss, 1833)
  • Exogyra ganhamoroba Maury, 1936
  • Exogyra guadalupae Whitney, 1937 (thesis)
  • Exogyra haliotoidea Maury, 1936
  • Exogyra laevigata J. de C. Sowerby, 1829 [9]
  • Exogyra laeviuscula Roemer, 1849
  • Exogyra lancha Stoyanow, 1949
  • Exogyra levis Stephenson, 1952
  • Exogyra mutatoria White, 1887
  • Exogyra paupercula Cragin, 1893
  • Exogyra plexa Cragin, 1893
  • Exogyra potosina Castillo and Aguilera, 1895
  • Exogyra ponderosa Roemer, 1849
  • Exogyra praevirgula Douville & Jourdy, 1924[10][11]
  • Exogyra quitmanensis Cragin, 1893
  • Exogyra sergipensis Maury, 1936
  • Exogyra sigmoidea Reuss, 1844[12]
  • Exogyra solea Muller, 1910
  • Exogyra texana Roemer, 1849
  • Exogyra upatoiensis Stephenson, 1914
  • Exogyra whitneyi Bose, 1910
  • Exogyra woolmani Richards, 1947

Distribution

[edit]

Fossils of Exogyra have been found in:[2]

Jurassic

Afghanistan, Chile, China, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Kenya, Poland, Portugal, Somalia, Spain, Tanzania, the United Kingdom, and Yemen.

Cretaceous

Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Canada (British Columbia), Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia (Hiló Formation, Tolima, Macanal and Chipaque Formations, Eastern Ranges),[13][14] Cuba, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Greenland, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, New Zealand, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, USSR, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, United States (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Wyoming), Venezuela, and Yemen.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Evolution of Exogyra plexa". Archived from the original on 26 March 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  2. ^ a b Exogyra at Fossilworks.org
  3. ^ "†Exogyra (Aetostreon) Bayle 1878". Paleobiology Database. Fossilworks. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  4. ^ Pugaczewska, Halina (1975). "Neocomian oysters from Central Poland" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 20 (1): 47–72.
  5. ^ Exogyra africana
  6. ^ Roemer, F. (1849). Texas mit besonderer Rücksicht auf deutsche Auswanderung und die physischen Verhältnisse des Landes nach eigener Beobachtung. A. Marcus.
  7. ^ Exogyra davidsoni at Fossilworks.org
  8. ^ Exogyra
  9. ^ Lake.P., and Rastall.R.H., (1913), A Text Book of Geology, 2nd edition, London: Edward Arnold's Geological series Page 426 and 436
  10. ^ Exogyra praevirgula
  11. ^ "Global Names Index". Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  12. ^ Ivanov. M., Hrdlickova. S., and Gregorova. R., (2005), The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils, 3rd. ed., Lisse: Rebo International, page 133
  13. ^ Piraquive et al., 2011, p. 204
  14. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p. 54

Bibliography

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fossils


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