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{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Giant tapir
| name = Giant tapir
| fossil_range = [[Middle Pleistocene|Middle]] to [[Late Pleistocene]]
| fossil_range = [[Early Pleistocene]] to early [[Holocene]]<ref name=scienceblogs>{{Cite news|url=http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2009/09/03/the-biggest-tapir/|title=The biggest tapir|work=Tetrapod Zoology|access-date=2017-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=tong>Haowen, Tong, Liu Jinyi, and Han Ligang. "On fossil remains of early Pleistocene tapir (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from Fanchang, Anhui." Chinese Science Bulletin 47.7 (2002): 586-590.</ref>
| image = Megatapirus augustus.jpg
| image = MegatapirusskeletalAugustiosPaleo.png
| image_caption = fossil skull
| image_caption = Skeletal reconstruction of the holotype.
| extinct = yes
| extinct = yes
| genus = Tapirus
| genus = Tapirus
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}}
}}
[[File:MegatapirusDB.jpg|left|thumb|A restoration of ''Tapirus augustus'']]
[[File:MegatapirusDB.jpg|left|thumb|A restoration of ''Tapirus augustus'']]
⚫
The '''giant tapir''' (''Tapirus augustus'')<ref name="1871-1930. 1923">{{Cite journal|last1=Matthew|first1=William Diller|last2=Granger|first2= Walter|last3=Andrews|first3=Roy Chapman|date=1923|title=New fossil mammals from the Pliocene of Sze-chuan, China|journal= Bulletin of the AMNH |volume= 48|page= 17|hdl=2246/1308}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RgojcDyWYC&q=Megatapirus|title=Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1, Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate Like Mammals|last1=Janis|first1=Christine M.|last2=Scott|first2=Kathleen M.|last3=Jacobs|first3=Louis L.|date=1998-05-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521355193}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=192846|title=Fossilworks: Tapirus (Megatapirus) augustus|website=fossilworks.org|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> is an extinct species of [[tapir]] that lived in [[southern China]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Laos]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Louys |first1=Julien |last2=Curnoe |first2=Darren |last3=Tong |first3=Haowen |date=January 2007 |title=Characteristics of Pleistocene megafauna extinctions in Southeast Asia |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=243 |issue=1–2 |pages=152–173 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.07.011|bibcode=2007PPP...243..152L |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/16043/files/PAL_E3832.pdf }}</ref> with reports suggesting it also lived in [[Taiwan]],<ref>http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/3111QQPWEMU.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225192030/http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/3111QQPWEMU.pdf |date=2021-02-25 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> [[Java]], and potentially [[Borneo]].<ref name=chazine>{{cite journal|last=Chazine|first=J.-M.|pages=219–230|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105503.pdf|volume=44|issue=1|date=2005|journal=Asian Perspectives|title=Rock art, burials, and habitations: Caves in East Kalimantan|doi=10.1353/asi.2005.0006|hdl=10125/17232|s2cid=53372873|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The species has been recorded from [[Middle Pleistocene|Middle]] and [[Late Pleistocene]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tong |first=Haowen |date=January 2005 |title=Dental characters of the Quaternary tapirs in China, their significance in classification and phylogenetic assessment |journal=Geobios|volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=139–150 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2003.07.006|bibcode=2005Geobi..38..139T }}</ref> There is only weak evidence for a [[Holocene]] survival.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Turvey |first1=Samuel T. |last2=Tong |first2=Haowen |last3=Stuart |first3=Anthony J. |last4=Lister |first4=Adrian M. |date=September 2013 |title=Holocene survival of Late Pleistocene megafauna in China: a critical review of the evidence |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=76 |pages=156–166 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.030|bibcode=2013QSRv...76..156T }}</ref> ''Tapirus augustus'' was larger than any living tapir,<ref name="1871-1930. 1923"/> with an estimated weight of about {{convert|623|kg|lb}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maclaren |first1=Jamie A |last2=Hulbert |first2=Richard C |last3=Wallace |first3=Steven C |last4=Nauwelaerts |first4=Sandra |date=2018-10-05 |title=A morphometric analysis of the forelimb in the genus ''Tapirus'' (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) reveals influences of habitat, phylogeny and size through time and across geographical space |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=184 |issue=2 |pages=499–515 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zly019 }}</ref> The species was also placed in its own genus of ''Megatapirus'', however, it is now conventionally placed within ''[[Tapirus]]''.


== Discovery and taxonomy ==
⚫
The '''giant tapir''' (''Tapirus augustus'')<ref name="1871-1930. 1923">{{Cite journal|last1=1871-1930.|first1=Matthew, William Diller|last2=1872-1941.|first2=Granger, Walter|last3=1884-1960.|first3=Andrews, Roy Chapman|last4=(1921-1930)|first4=Central Asiatic Expeditions|date=1923|title=New fossil mammals from the Pliocene of Sze-chuan, China. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 48, article 17.|language=en-US|hdl=2246/1308}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RgojcDyWYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Megatapirus&f=false|title=Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1, Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate Like Mammals|last1=Janis|first1=Christine M.|last2=Scott|first2=Kathleen M.|last3=Jacobs|first3=Louis L.|date=1998-05-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521355193|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=192846|title=Fossilworks: Tapirus (Megatapirus) augustus|website=fossilworks.org|access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref> is an extinct species of [[tapir]] that lived in southern [[China]], with reports suggesting it also lived in [[Taiwan]],<ref>http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/3111QQPWEMU.pdf</ref> [[Java]], [[Vietnam]], and potentially on [[Borneo]].<ref name=chazine>{{cite journal|last=Chazine|first=J.-M.|pages=219–230|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105503.pdf|volume=44|issue=1|date=2005|journal=Asian Perspectives|title=Rock art, burials, and habitations: Caves in East Kalimantan|doi=10.1353/asi.2005.0006|hdl=10125/17232|s2cid=53372873|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Evidence suggests that the species first appeared in the [[Early Pleistocene]] and possibly survived until the early [[Holocene]].<ref name=tong /><ref name=scienceblogs>{{Cite news|url=http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2009/09/03/the-biggest-tapir/|title=The biggest tapir|work=Tetrapod Zoology|access-date=2017-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref> It was larger on average than modern tapirs, estimations range from {{convert|2.1|m|ft}} long and {{convert|0.9|m|ft}} tall at the shoulders to {{convert|3.5|m|ft}} long, and {{convert|1.5|m|ft}} metres tall at the shoulders. It may have weighed up to {{convert|500|kg|lb}}. The species was also placed in its own genus of ''Megatapirus'', however, it is now conventionally placed within ''[[Tapirus]]''.<ref name="1871-1930. 1923"/><ref name=scienceblogs/>
{{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Tapirus (Megatapirus) augustus skull (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = Skull, collected in [[Sichuan]], [[China]].
| image2 = Megatapirus augustus 2.JPG
| caption2 = Teeth.
| align = left
}}
Despite not being named until 1923, the [[Palaeontological Museum, Munich]] Paleontologist Max Schlosser described several teeth purchased from Chinese drug stores in 1903 that he assigned to ''Tapirus sinensis''.<ref name=":0">Hooijer, D. A. (1947). [https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/318241/ZM1947027003.pdf On fossil and prehistoric remains of Tapirus from Java, Sumatra and China.] ''Zoologische Mededelingen'', ''27''(3), 253–299.</ref> Some of the teeth had been unearthed at the Chang I locality in [[Wanzhou District|Wanzhou]], [[Sichuan|Eastern Sichuan]], [[China]] that come from the [[Pleistocene]] strata of the area.<ref name=":0" /> ''Tapirus augustus'' was first described in 1923 William Diller Matthew and Walter Granger based on fossils found by the American Museum of Natural History during the Central Asiatic Expeditions of 1920–1930. The fossils had been recovered just a few miles from the site where many of the teeth described by Schlosser had been found.


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Prehistoric tapirs]]
[[Category:Prehistoric tapirs]]
[[Category:Pleistocene odd-toed ungulates]]
[[Category:Pleistocene Perissodactyla]]
[[Category:Holocene extinctions]]
[[Category:Holocene extinctions]]
[[Category:Pleistocene mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Pleistocene mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1923]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1923]]
[[Category:Fossils of Vietnam]]

[[Category:Fossils of Taiwan]]


{{paleo-oddtoedungulate-stub}}
{{paleo-oddtoedungulate-stub}}

Latest revision as of 07:18, 18 November 2024

Giant tapir
Temporal range: Middle to Late Pleistocene
Skeletal reconstruction of the holotype.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Tapiridae
Genus: Tapirus
Species:
†T. augustus
Binomial name
†Tapirus augustus
Matthew & Granger, 1923
Synonyms
  • Megatapirus augustus (Matthew & Granger, 1923)
A restoration of Tapirus augustus

The giant tapir (Tapirus augustus)[1][2][3] is an extinct species of tapir that lived in southern China, Vietnam and Laos,[4] with reports suggesting it also lived in Taiwan,[5] Java, and potentially Borneo.[6] The species has been recorded from Middle and Late Pleistocene.[7] There is only weak evidence for a Holocene survival.[8] Tapirus augustus was larger than any living tapir,[1] with an estimated weight of about 623 kilograms (1,373 lb).[9] The species was also placed in its own genus of Megatapirus, however, it is now conventionally placed within Tapirus.

Discovery and taxonomy

[edit]
Skull, collected in Sichuan, China.
Teeth.

Despite not being named until 1923, the Palaeontological Museum, Munich Paleontologist Max Schlosser described several teeth purchased from Chinese drug stores in 1903 that he assigned to Tapirus sinensis.[10] Some of the teeth had been unearthed at the Chang I locality in Wanzhou, Eastern Sichuan, China that come from the Pleistocene strata of the area.[10] Tapirus augustus was first described in 1923 William Diller Matthew and Walter Granger based on fossils found by the American Museum of Natural History during the Central Asiatic Expeditions of 1920–1930. The fossils had been recovered just a few miles from the site where many of the teeth described by Schlosser had been found.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Matthew, William Diller; Granger, Walter; Andrews, Roy Chapman (1923). "New fossil mammals from the Pliocene of Sze-chuan, China". Bulletin of the AMNH. 48: 17. hdl:2246/1308.
  2. ^ Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen M.; Jacobs, Louis L. (1998-05-28). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1, Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate Like Mammals. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521355193.
  3. ^ "Fossilworks: Tapirus (Megatapirus) augustus". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  4. ^ Louys, Julien; Curnoe, Darren; Tong, Haowen (January 2007). "Characteristics of Pleistocene megafauna extinctions in Southeast Asia" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 243 (1–2): 152–173. Bibcode:2007PPP...243..152L. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.07.011.
  5. ^ http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/3111QQPWEMU.pdf Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
  6. ^ Chazine, J.-M. (2005). "Rock art, burials, and habitations: Caves in East Kalimantan" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 44 (1): 219–230. doi:10.1353/asi.2005.0006. hdl:10125/17232. S2CID 53372873.
  7. ^ Tong, Haowen (January 2005). "Dental characters of the Quaternary tapirs in China, their significance in classification and phylogenetic assessment". Geobios. 38 (1): 139–150. Bibcode:2005Geobi..38..139T. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.07.006.
  8. ^ Turvey, Samuel T.; Tong, Haowen; Stuart, Anthony J.; Lister, Adrian M. (September 2013). "Holocene survival of Late Pleistocene megafauna in China: a critical review of the evidence". Quaternary Science Reviews. 76: 156–166. Bibcode:2013QSRv...76..156T. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.030.
  9. ^ Maclaren, Jamie A; Hulbert, Richard C; Wallace, Steven C; Nauwelaerts, Sandra (2018-10-05). "A morphometric analysis of the forelimb in the genus Tapirus (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) reveals influences of habitat, phylogeny and size through time and across geographical space". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 184 (2): 499–515. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly019.
  10. ^ a b Hooijer, D. A. (1947). On fossil and prehistoric remains of Tapirus from Java, Sumatra and China. Zoologische Mededelingen, 27(3), 253–299.
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