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| caption =
| caption =
| type = [[Formation (stratigraphy)|Formation]]
| type = [[Formation (stratigraphy)|Formation]]
| age = Upper [[Llandovery]]
| age = Upper {{fossilrange|Llandovery}}
| period = Silurian
| period = Silurian
| prilithology =
| prilithology =[[Sandstone]], [[Siltstone]], [[Mudstone]]
| otherlithology =
| otherlithology =
| namedfor =
| namedfor =
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| country = {{UK}}
| country = {{UK}}
| coordinates =
| coordinates =
| unitof =
| unitof =[[Priesthill Group]]
| subunits =
| subunits =
| underlies =
| underlies =[[Castle Formation]]
| overlies =
| overlies =[[Ponesk Burn Formation]] (presumed, actual boundary is cut by a fault)
| thickness =
| thickness =850 m
| extent =
| extent =
| area =
| area =
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}}
}}


The '''Patrick Burn Formation''' is a [[Formation (geology)|geologic formation]] in [[Scotland]]. This formation is main part of fossil site called as '''Birk Knowes'''. It preserves [[fossils]] dating back to the [[Silurian]] [[Period (geology)|period]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. |first=Dineley |url=https://hub.jncc.gov.uk/assets/f722dcd3-4cf1-46d8-9624-56abff537c8d |title=Fossil Fishes of Great Britain. |last2=S. |first2=Metcalf |publisher=Peterborough |year=1999 |isbn=1 86107 470 0 |series=Geological Conservation Review Series |volume=No. 16.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Žigaitė |first=Živile |last2=Goujet |first2=Daniel |date=2012 |title=New observations on the squamation patterns of articulated specimens of<i>Loganellia scotica</i>(Traquair, 1898) (Vertebrata: Thelodonti) from the Lower Silurian of Scotland |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2012n2a1 |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=253–270 |doi=10.5252/g2012n2a1 |issn=1280-9659}}</ref>
The '''Patrick Burn Formation''' is a [[Silurian]] aged [[Formation (geology)|geologic formation]] outcropping near [[Lesmahagow]] in [[Lanarkshire]] in the [[Scottish Lowlands]]. Fossils are known from the formation, including from the '''Birk Knowes''' locality.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=D. |first1=Dineley |url=https://hub.jncc.gov.uk/assets/f722dcd3-4cf1-46d8-9624-56abff537c8d |title=Fossil Fishes of Great Britain. |last2=S. |first2=Metcalf |publisher=Peterborough |year=1999 |isbn=1-86107-470-0 |series=Geological Conservation Review Series |volume=No. 16.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Žigaitė |first1=Živile |last2=Goujet |first2=Daniel |date=2012 |title=New observations on the squamation patterns of articulated specimens of''Loganellia scotica''(Traquair, 1898) (Vertebrata: Thelodonti) from the Lower Silurian of Scotland |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2012n2a1 |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=253–270 |doi=10.5252/g2012n2a1 |s2cid=73663549 |issn=1280-9659}}</ref>


== Description ==
== Description ==
This formation contains fossils from non-marine or marginal marine environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tetlie |first=O. Erik |last2=Braddy |first2=Simon J. |date=2003 |title=The first Silurian chasmataspid, Loganamaraspis dunlopi gen. et sp. nov. (Chelicerata: Chasmataspidida) from Lesmahagow, Scotland, and its implications for eurypterid phylogeny |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/first-silurian-chasmataspid-loganamaraspis-dunlopi-gen-et-sp-nov-chelicerata-chasmataspidida-from-lesmahagow-scotland-and-its-implications-for-eurypterid-phylogeny/F2355DC34D69BB2A800023B67F4A4581 |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=227–234 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300000638 |issn=1473-7116}}</ref> Site is closed by Scottish government agency Scottish Natural Heritage (now [[NatureScot]]), due to fossil robbery by amateur collector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - Radio 4 - Today - Fossils |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/archive/science_nature/fossils.shtml |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hose |first=Thomas A. |date=2012-04-01 |title=3G’s for Modern Geotourism |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-011-0052-y |journal=Geoheritage |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=7–24 |doi=10.1007/s12371-011-0052-y |issn=1867-2485}}</ref>
According to the [[British Geological Survey]], the primary lithology of the formation consists of "Alternating beds of grey [[feldspathic]], medium-grained [[Turbidite|turbiditic]] [[sandstone]] and grey [[siltstone]] with beds of grey [[Lamination (geology)|laminated]] siltstone and silty [[mudstone]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick Burn Formation |url=https://webapps.bgs.ac.uk/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?pub=PKB |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units |publisher=British Geological Survey}}</ref> The Birk Knowes site contains fossils from non-marine or marginal marine environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tetlie |first1=O. Erik |last2=Braddy |first2=Simon J. |date=2003 |title=The first Silurian chasmataspid, Loganamaraspis dunlopi gen. et sp. nov. (Chelicerata: Chasmataspidida) from Lesmahagow, Scotland, and its implications for eurypterid phylogeny |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/first-silurian-chasmataspid-loganamaraspis-dunlopi-gen-et-sp-nov-chelicerata-chasmataspidida-from-lesmahagow-scotland-and-its-implications-for-eurypterid-phylogeny/F2355DC34D69BB2A800023B67F4A4581 |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=227–234 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300000638 |s2cid=73596575 |issn=1473-7116}}</ref> In 2000, Birk Knowes was closed by the Scottish government agency Scottish Natural Heritage (now [[NatureScot]]), due to the theft of specimens from the site by amateur collectors during the preceding decades, who essentially exhausted the fossiliferous deposit. At least some of the fossils ended up in a museum in Berlin, who refused to return them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Huw |date=2003 |title=Filched Fish Fossils |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/archive/science_nature/fossils.shtml |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=BBC Radio 4 Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hose |first=Thomas A. |date=2012-04-01 |title=3G's for Modern Geotourism |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-011-0052-y |journal=Geoheritage |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=7–24 |doi=10.1007/s12371-011-0052-y |bibcode=2012Geohe...4....7H |s2cid=144250723 |issn=1867-2485}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Langlands |first=Eva |date=2023-09-01 |title=Looters destroy Scotland's fossil heritage sites |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/looters-destroy-scotlands-fossil-heritage-sites-69kgjzjwzlp |access-date=2023-09-01 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>University of Glasgow 23 May 2002 [https://www.dph.gla.ac.uk/news/archiveofnews/2002/may/headline_29743_en.html MOVE TO HALT FOSSIL THEFT AND DAMAGE IN SCOTLAND]</ref>

== Paleobiota ==
=== Arthropods ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:white; width:100%;"
! colspan="4" align="center" |Arthropods
|-
!Species
!Notes
!Images
|-
|''[[Slimonia|Slimonia acuminata]]''
|A [[Slimonidae|slimonid]] [[eurypterid]].
|[[File:Slimonia_acuminata_reconstruction.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|''[[Erettopterus|Erettopterus bilobus]]''
|A [[Pterygotidae|pterygotid]] eurypterid.
|[[File:20210102_Erettopterus_bilobus.png|center|frameless]]
|-
|?''[[Nanahughmilleria|Nanahughmilleria lanceolata]]''
|An [[Adelophthalmidae|adelophthalmid]] eurypterid.
|
|-
|?''[[Hardieopterus|Hardieopterus lanarkensis]]''
|A [[Hardieopteridae|hardieopterid]] eurypterid.
|
|-
|''[[Loganamaraspis|Loganamaraspis dunlopi]]''
|A [[chasmataspidid]].
|
|-
|''[[Cyamocephalus|Cyamocephalus loganensis]]''
|A [[synziphosurine]].
|[[File:20200814_Cyamocephalus_loganensis.png|center|frameless]]
|-
|''[[Pseudoniscus|Pseudoniscus falcatus]]''
|A synziphosurine.
|
|-
|''[[Ainiktozoon|Ainiktozoon loganense]]''
|A [[thylacocephalan]].
|[[File:Ainiktozoon_loganese.jpg|center|frameless]]
|-
|''[[Ceratiocaris|Ceratiocaris papilio]]''
|A [[phyllocarid]].
|[[File:FMIB_46280_Ceratiocaris_papilio,_one_of_the_fossil_Phyllocarda.jpeg|center|frameless]]
|}

=== Chordates ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:white; width:100%;"
! colspan="4" align="center" |Chordates
|-
!Species
!Notes
!Images
|-
|''[[Loganellia|Loganellia scotica]]''
|A [[Loganelliidae|loganelliid]] [[thelodont]].
|[[File:Fossil_Thelodus_Woodward.png|center|frameless]]
|-
|''[[Jamoytius|Jamoytius kerwoodi]]''
|An enigmatic chordate.
|[[File:Jamoytius_kerwoodi.jpg|center|frameless]]
|}


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Earth sciences|Scotland|Paleontology|Paleozoic}}
{{Portal|Earth sciences|Scotland|Paleontology}}
* [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Scotland]]
* [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Scotland]]


==References==
==References==
* {{cite web|title= Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database|author= ((Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database))|url= http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=home|access-date= 17 December 2021}}
* {{cite web|title= Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database|author= ((Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database))|url= https://www.fossilworks.org|access-date= 17 December 2021}}

⚫
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230324003913/https://birkknowesaffairs.com/ Birk Knowes affairs archive]


[[Category:Geologic formations of Scotland]]
[[Category:Geologic formations of Scotland]]
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[[Category:Silurian Scotland]]
[[Category:Silurian Scotland]]
[[Category:Silurian southern paleotropical deposits]]
[[Category:Silurian southern paleotropical deposits]]

⚫
<references />


{{UK-geologic-formation-stub}}
{{UK-geologic-formation-stub}}

Latest revision as of 08:28, 18 November 2024

Patrick Burn Formation
Stratigraphic range: Upper Llandovery
TypeFormation
Unit ofPriesthill Group
UnderliesCastle Formation
OverliesPonesk Burn Formation (presumed, actual boundary is cut by a fault)
Thickness850 m
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, Siltstone, Mudstone
Location
RegionScotland
Country United Kingdom

The Patrick Burn Formation is a Silurian aged geologic formation outcropping near Lesmahagow in Lanarkshire in the Scottish Lowlands. Fossils are known from the formation, including from the Birk Knowes locality.[1][2]

Description

[edit]

According to the British Geological Survey, the primary lithology of the formation consists of "Alternating beds of grey feldspathic, medium-grained turbiditic sandstone and grey siltstone with beds of grey laminated siltstone and silty mudstone."[3] The Birk Knowes site contains fossils from non-marine or marginal marine environment.[4] In 2000, Birk Knowes was closed by the Scottish government agency Scottish Natural Heritage (now NatureScot), due to the theft of specimens from the site by amateur collectors during the preceding decades, who essentially exhausted the fossiliferous deposit. At least some of the fossils ended up in a museum in Berlin, who refused to return them.[5][6][7][8]

Paleobiota

[edit]

Arthropods

[edit]
Arthropods
Species Notes Images
Slimonia acuminata A slimonid eurypterid.
Erettopterus bilobus A pterygotid eurypterid.
?Nanahughmilleria lanceolata An adelophthalmid eurypterid.
?Hardieopterus lanarkensis A hardieopterid eurypterid.
Loganamaraspis dunlopi A chasmataspidid.
Cyamocephalus loganensis A synziphosurine.
Pseudoniscus falcatus A synziphosurine.
Ainiktozoon loganense A thylacocephalan.
Ceratiocaris papilio A phyllocarid.

Chordates

[edit]
Chordates
Species Notes Images
Loganellia scotica A loganelliid thelodont.
Jamoytius kerwoodi An enigmatic chordate.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database. "Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database". Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  1. ^ D., Dineley; S., Metcalf (1999). Fossil Fishes of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series. Vol. No. 16. Peterborough. ISBN 1-86107-470-0. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  2. ^ Žigaitė, Živile; Goujet, Daniel (2012). "New observations on the squamation patterns of articulated specimens ofLoganellia scotica(Traquair, 1898) (Vertebrata: Thelodonti) from the Lower Silurian of Scotland". Geodiversitas. 34 (2): 253–270. doi:10.5252/g2012n2a1. ISSN 1280-9659. S2CID 73663549.
  3. ^ "Patrick Burn Formation". BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  4. ^ Tetlie, O. Erik; Braddy, Simon J. (2003). "The first Silurian chasmataspid, Loganamaraspis dunlopi gen. et sp. nov. (Chelicerata: Chasmataspidida) from Lesmahagow, Scotland, and its implications for eurypterid phylogeny". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 94 (3): 227–234. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000638. ISSN 1473-7116. S2CID 73596575.
  5. ^ Williams, Huw (2003). "Filched Fish Fossils". BBC Radio 4 Today. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  6. ^ Hose, Thomas A. (1 April 2012). "3G's for Modern Geotourism". Geoheritage. 4 (1): 7–24. Bibcode:2012Geohe...4....7H. doi:10.1007/s12371-011-0052-y. ISSN 1867-2485. S2CID 144250723.
  7. ^ Langlands, Eva (1 September 2023). "Looters destroy Scotland's fossil heritage sites". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  8. ^ University of Glasgow 23 May 2002 MOVE TO HALT FOSSIL THEFT AND DAMAGE IN SCOTLAND
[edit]


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