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Coordinates: 48°54′47″N 2°22′59″E / 48.9131°N 2.3831°E / 48.9131; 2.3831
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'''Aubervilliers''' ({{IPA-fr|obɛʁvi'lje|-|Fr-Paris--Aubervilliers.ogg}}) is a [[communes of France|commune]] in the [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] [[departments of France|department]], [[Île-de-France]] [[regions of France|region]], northeastern suburbs of [[Paris]], France.<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/commune/COM93001-aubervilliers Commune d'Aubervilliers (93001)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929003911/https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/commune/COM93001-aubervilliers |date=2022-09-29 }}, INSEE {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
'''Aubervilliers''' ({{IPA|fr|obɛʁvi'lje|-|Fr-Paris--Aubervilliers.ogg}}) is a [[communes of France|commune]] in the [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] [[departments of France|department]], [[Île-de-France]] [[regions of France|region]], northeastern suburbs of [[Paris]], [[France]].<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/commune/93001-aubervilliers Commune d'Aubervilliers (93001)], INSEE {{in lang|fr}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
Line 75: Line 75:
==Urbanism==
==Urbanism==
===Typology===
===Typology===
Aubervilliers is an urban commune, as it is one of the dense or intermediate density communes, as defined by the [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|Insee]] communal density grid.{{efn|According to the zoning of rural and urban municipalities published in November 2020, in application of the new definition of rurality validated on November 14 2020 by the Interministerial Committee for Rural Areas.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.observatoire-des-territoires.gouv.fr/typologie-urbain-rural|title=Typologie urbain / rural|website=observatoire-des-territoires.gouv.fr|access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/definition/c1472|title=Commune urbaine - définition|website=[[Insee]] website|access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.observatoire-des-territoires.gouv.fr/methodes/methode-comprendre-la-grille-de-densite|title=Comprendre la grille de densité|website=observatoire-des-territoires.gouv.fr|access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref> It belongs to the [[urban unit]] of [[Paris]], an inter-departmental conurbation comprising 411 communes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/unite-urbaine/UU202000851-paris|title=Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris|website=insee.fr|access-date= March 15, 2024}}</ref> and 10,785,092 inhabitants in 2017, of which it is a [[suburb|suburban]] commune.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4802589|title=Base des unités urbaines 2020 |date=October 21, 2020|website=insee.fr|access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4806684|title=Toujours plus d'habitants dans les unités urbaines |first=Vianney| last=Costemalle |date=October 21, 2020|website=website of [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|Insee]]|access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref>
Aubervilliers is an urban commune, as it is one of the dense or intermediate density communes, as defined by the [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|Insee]] communal density grid.{{efn|According to the zoning of rural and urban municipalities published in November 2020, in application of the new definition of rurality validated on November 14, 2020 by the Interministerial Committee for Rural Areas.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.observatoire-des-territoires.gouv.fr/typologie-urbain-rural|title=Typologie urbain / rural|website=observatoire-des-territoires.gouv.fr|access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/definition/c1472|title=Commune urbaine - définition|website=[[Insee]] website|access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.observatoire-des-territoires.gouv.fr/methodes/methode-comprendre-la-grille-de-densite|title=Comprendre la grille de densité|website=observatoire-des-territoires.gouv.fr|access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref> It belongs to the [[urban unit]] of [[Paris]], an inter-departmental conurbation comprising 407 communes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/unite-urbaine-2020/00851-paris|title=Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris|publisher=INSEE|access-date= 12 November 2024}}</ref> and 10,785,092 inhabitants in 2017, of which it is a [[suburb]]an commune.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4802589|title=Base des unités urbaines 2020 |date=October 21, 2020|website=insee.fr|access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4806684|title=Toujours plus d'habitants dans les unités urbaines |first=Vianney| last=Costemalle |date=October 21, 2020|website=website of [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|Insee]]|access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref>


The commune is also part of the [[functional area (France)|functional area of Paris]]{{efn|In October 2020, the concept of [[functional area (France)|functional area]] replaced that of [[urban area (France)|urban area]] in order to enable consistent comparisons with other [[European Union]] countries}} where it is located in the main population and employment centre of the functional area. This area comprises 1,929 communes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/aire-attraction-ville/AAV2020001-paris|title=Liste des communes composant l'aire d'attraction de Paris|website=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|Insee]] website|access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4806694|title=En France, neuf personnes sur dix vivent dans l'aire d'attraction d'une ville |author1=Marie-Pierre de Bellefon|author2=Pascal Eusebio |author3=Jocelyn Forest |author4=Olivier Pégaz-Blanc |author5=Raymond Warnod
The commune is also part of the [[functional area (France)|functional area of Paris]]{{efn|In October 2020, the concept of [[functional area (France)|functional area]] replaced that of [[urban area (France)|urban area]] in order to enable consistent comparisons with other [[European Union]] countries}} where it is located in the main population and employment centre of the functional area. This area comprises 1,929 communes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/001-paris|title=Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris|publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|Insee]] website|access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4806694|title=En France, neuf personnes sur dix vivent dans l'aire d'attraction d'une ville |author1=Marie-Pierre de Bellefon|author2=Pascal Eusebio |author3=Jocelyn Forest |author4=Olivier Pégaz-Blanc |author5=Raymond Warnod
|author6=(Insee) |date=October 21, 2020|website=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|Insee]] website|access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref>.
|author6=(Insee) |date=October 21, 2020|website=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|Insee]] website|access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref>


===Urban morphology===
===Urban morphology===
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===Contemporary period===
===Contemporary period===
[[File:Haut Tour Villette - Aubervilliers (FR93) - 2021-05-19 - 1.jpg|thumb|left|Tour Villette]]
* 1948: Construction of 142 housing units at Pont Blanc.
* 1948: Construction of 142 housing units at Pont Blanc.
* 1953: [[Mayor (France)|Mayor]] [[Charles Tillon]] resigns, Émile Dubois replaces him; 19 April: construction by the HLM Group of Prés Clos; 14 July: delivery of the Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Estate on Avenue du President Roosevelt.
* 1953: [[Mayor (France)|Mayor]] [[Charles Tillon]] resigns, Émile Dubois replaces him; 19 April: construction by the HLM Group of Prés Clos; 14 July: delivery of the Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Estate on Avenue du President Roosevelt.
Line 323: Line 324:
}}
}}


Ethnic Chinese from [[Wenzhou]] began arriving in Aubervilliers in the 1980s and 1990s to participate in the textile industry. In 2016 protests staged by ethnic Chinese occurred after several Chinese in Aubervilliers were attacked, including one murder of a local Chinese man by delinquent youths.<ref>Ponniah, Kevin. "[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37720780 A killing in Paris: Why French Chinese are in uproar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626144834/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37720780 |date=2018-06-26 }}." [[BBC]]. 26 October 2016. Retrieved on October 30, 2016.</ref> {{Asof|2016}} 4,000 ethnic Chinese live in Aubervilliers.<ref name=ChazanChin/>
Ethnic Chinese from [[Wenzhou]] began arriving in Aubervilliers in the 1980s and 1990s to participate in the textile industry. In 2016 protests staged by ethnic Chinese occurred after several Chinese in Aubervilliers were attacked, including one murder of a local Chinese man by delinquent youths.<ref>Ponniah, Kevin. "[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37720780 A killing in Paris: Why French Chinese are in uproar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626144834/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37720780 |date=2018-06-26 }}." [[BBC]]. 26 October 2016. Retrieved on October 30, 2016.</ref> {{As of|2016}} 4,000 ethnic Chinese live in Aubervilliers.<ref name=ChazanChin/>


===Demography===
===Demography===

Latest revision as of 09:10, 18 November 2024

Aubervilliers
Town Centre
Town Centre
Coat of arms of Aubervilliers
Location of Aubervilliers
Map
Aubervilliers is located in France
Aubervilliers
Aubervilliers
Aubervilliers is located in Île-de-France (region)
Aubervilliers
Aubervilliers
Coordinates: 48°54′47″N 2°22′59″E / 48.9131°N 2.3831°E / 48.9131; 2.3831
CountryFrance
RegionÎle-de-France
DepartmentSeine-Saint-Denis
ArrondissementSaint-Denis
CantonAubervilliers
IntercommunalityGrand Paris
EPT Plaine Commune
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Karine Franclet[1]
Area
1
5.76 km2 (2.22 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
90,071
 • Density16,000/km2 (41,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
93001 /93300
Elevation33–46 m (108–151 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Aubervilliers (French pronunciation: [obɛʁvi'lje] ) is a commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, Île-de-France region, northeastern suburbs of Paris, France.[3]

Geography

[edit]

Localisation

[edit]
Aubervilliers in the Paris Urban Area.

Aubervilliers is one of three communes in the Plaine Saint-Denis, 7.2 km (4.5 mi) north-east of the centre of Paris.

The Canal Saint-Denis traverses the commune on the western side from north to south.

Transport and communications

[edit]

Aubervilliers is a commune close to Paris and has numerous means of transport including: the A86 autoroute from L'Ile-Saint-Denis in the west to Drancy in the east with Exit 9 on the northern border of the commune, Route nationale N301 from Stains in the north and joining the Paris ring road in the south, the D20 from Gennevilliers in the west, the D27 from Bobigny in the east, and the D115 from Pantin in the south-east.[4] The Paris ring road is just outside the southern border of the commune and there are two access routes to it: by the Porte d'Aubervilliers and by the Porte de la Villette. These roads provide easy access to the network of roads and motorways around Paris as well as Le Bourget and Charles de Gaulle airports.

The square was once served by numerous tramways. The AR line (Aubervilliers - République), the Compagnie des tramways de Paris et du département de la Seine (TPDS) line and many others once terminated here.
...as well as an electric Imperial tram from TPDS which circulated on the Place de la République - Gare de l'Est - Parisian cemetery - Quatre Chemins - Aubervilliers line.[5]
The Canal Saint-Denis at Aubervilliers

The Canal Saint-Denis once had important river ports and there was the Paris-Hirson railway and an industrial railway for Saint-Denis/Aubervilliers which served the Plaine Saint-Denis.

Public transport in the commune

[edit]
La Courneuve-Aubervilliers Station

The RER railway passes through the north of the commune and the station of La Courneuve-Aubervilliers, located just north of the commune on the N301 road, serves Aubervilliers. There are also two Metro stations on the south-western border on Avenue Jean-Jaures: Aubervilliers-Pantin-Quatre Chemins at the corner of Ave. de la Republique, and Fort d'Aubervilliers at the corner of Ave. de la Division Leclerc.

Aubervilliers-Pantin-Quatre Chemins on Metro Line 7

The commune is served by:

Urbanism

[edit]

Typology

[edit]

Aubervilliers is an urban commune, as it is one of the dense or intermediate density communes, as defined by the Insee communal density grid.[a][6][7][8] It belongs to the urban unit of Paris, an inter-departmental conurbation comprising 407 communes[9] and 10,785,092 inhabitants in 2017, of which it is a suburban commune.[10][11]

The commune is also part of the functional area of Paris[b] where it is located in the main population and employment centre of the functional area. This area comprises 1,929 communes.[12][13]

Urban morphology

[edit]

The main quarters or districts of the commune are:

  • Quatre-Chemins;
  • Quarante-Cinq at La Villette;
  • Maladrerie (and its 800 lodgings which form a Sensitive urban zone or ZFU);
  • Pont-Blanc/Vallès/Hemet (the agglomération is called Vallès la Frette);
  • Landy (split between Aubervilliers and Saint-Denis);
  • Cité Crèvecœur (Crèvecœur Housing Estate);
  • Cité du 112 (112 Housing Estate);
  • Cité République (official name) (République Housing Estate);
  • Sadi-Carnot;
  • Les Presles;
  • Cité Heurtault (Heurtault Housing Estate);
  • Les Fleurs;
  • Cité Gabriel-Péri (Gabriel-Péri Housing EState);
  • Les Fusains;
  • Square of roses;
  • Le fort.

Toponymy

[edit]

The town is mentioned in the Latinised form Albertivillare in 1059.[15] It is from this that the inhabitants are known as Albertivillarien.

The place name of -villiers (a variant of -villier, -villers, -viller, coming from the Low Latin villare, derived from villa - progressively meaning "farm", "village", then "town") is a characteristic appellative for agricultural domains in the Merovingian and Carolingian periods. The first part is the Germanic personal name Adalbertus from which are derived the names Albert (English form) and Aubert (French form) and also became a surname. It is homonymous with a hamlet in Seine-et-Marne, Aubervilliers, and Auberville in Normandy (the others are explained by the Old Norse personal name Osbern giving Auber, the name of a Norman family).

History

[edit]
Baptismal fonts in the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus.

Origins

[edit]

As with many communes in the outer suburbs the town had long been a rural area. Formerly known as Notre-Dame-des-Vertus, the village was on a plain which produced the best vegetables around Paris.

Middle Ages

[edit]

Aubervilliers first appears in the archives in 1059 as Albertivillare, meaning "estate of Adalbert". In the following year Henry I donated it to the Priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs. In 1111 the serfs were freed in Aubervilliers. In 1182 the priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs, located in Paris, granted Paris butchers the right to freely graze their cattle in the fields after the harvest was over. In 1221, Guillaume Bateste, lord of Franconville, became the first Lord of Vivier les Aubervilliers. The church, which at the beginning of the 13th century depended on one of the parishes of Saint Denis, soon became famous for the miraculous appearance of an image of the Virgin.[16]

In 1336 Father Jacques Du Breul, Prior of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, reported the Miracle of the rain: A young girl busy preparing flowers to adorn the statue of the Virgin in the church saw her face streaming with tears when the rain began to fall on the parched crops. In 1338 King Philip VI of France and his queen went to Aubervilliers to visit the image. From 1340 to 1792 people went there in droves each year from Paris and its surroundings. In 1402 Michel de Laillier, Lord of Ermenonville, became Lord of Vivier les Aubervilliers. In 1429 the town was occupied by the English but was retaken by Michel de Laillier in 1436. Louis XI went there in November 1474 to the house of Pierre L’Orfèvre, the new Lord of Vivier from then until August 1478. The image of the Virgin in lead that the king wore on his hat was a representation of the one at Aubervilliers.

In 1531 the Lordship of Vivier les Aubervilliers was sold to the Montholon family which held it until 1779. The facade and tower of the church were built in the reign of Henry II. Civil wars which the Armagnacs stirred up in France led to the destruction of the village but the abundant alms of the many pilgrims who came from all sides allowed a prompt reconstruction. On 10 November 1567 the Battle of Saint-Denis took place in the Plaine Saint-Denis between the Catholic army of Anne de Montmorency and the Protestant troops of the Prince of Condé.

Henri IV stayed in Aubervilliers during the Siege of Paris in 1590.

From the Renaissance to the 18th century

[edit]

The visit by Louis XIII in 1613, then again in 1614 and 1628, allowed the development of pilgrimage to Notre-Dame des Virtues. Jacques Gallemant, pastor of Aubervilliers, allowed a community of Oratorians to settle in Aubervilliers in 1618. They took charge of the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus[17] and developed an important pilgrimage around the statue of the Virgin of Aubervilliers. The installation from 1622 of a "House of Notre-Dame des Vertus" by the Oratorians of John de Bérulle then its progressive extension throughout the 17th century made Aubervilliers an important centre of French Catholic spirituality. Thinkers, "pious and famous faithful" such as Francis de Sales, Vincent de Paul, John Eudes (he stayed for two years), Jean-Jacques Ollier, Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, the philosopher Nicolas Malebranche, and the son of the great Jean Racine - the poet Louis Racine participated in a pilgrimage there and returned. At the end of the 17th century and in the first half of the 18th century, the House of Oratorians of Aubervilliers became a "stronghold" of the Jansenist dissent.

In 1649, during the Fronde, Aubervilliers fell into misery. Crops were destroyed, death reigned and population declined. There were 125 deaths in 1652 in a population of about 1,500 inhabitants. Nevertheless, the small town was reborn although until the 19th century it was populated by farmers. Proximity to the Paris markets promoted Market gardening, especially on the Plain of Vertus which was famous for its onions and a wide range of vegetables.[18] The existence of the Mazier farm at 70 Rue Heurtault is attested by a document in 1699.

French Revolution and Empire

[edit]

On 12 August 1787 the first meeting of the Municipal Assembly of Aubervilliers took place. In 1789 there was a list of grievances, complaints and remonstrances written by Mesme Monard, the parish priest, and one of the leaders against the Oratorians. On 24 January 1790 the election of the first mayor of Aubervilliers took place: Nicolas Lemoine was elected. In 1792 the boundary of the commune of Aubervilliers was delineated.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the Plain of Aubervilliers was, in 1814 and 1815, the scene of a bloody battle between French troops and the Prussians who took and re-took it several times. The French soldiers were overpowered by numbers and were eventually forced to abandon it.

From the Restoration to the Paris Commune

[edit]
Prussian battery aimed at Paris during the insurrection of the Paris Commune at the Fort d’Aubervilliers. Liébert fired.
Aubervilliers in 1888. Map by the état-major.
The Nationale factory at the beginning of the 20th century
Interior of the Nationale factory

On 13 May 1821 the Canal Saint-Denis opened. In 1832, an outbreak of cholera decimated the population. In 1840 a factory was set up to manufacture soap from resin. The Fort d'Aubervilliers was built in 1843 - it was part of the Thiers wall, a structure authorised in 1840 by Adolphe Thiers to protect Paris and, where appropriate, to subdue its rebellions forming an elongated belt around Paris. It was used for the repression of the Paris Commune. The grounds of the fort and its surroundings are part of Aubervilliers commune. In 1861 the Central Market was created.

On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion, a small part of the commune of Aubervilliers was annexed to the city of Paris. At the same time, the commune of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis was disbanded and divided between the city of Paris, Aubervilliers, Saint-Denis, and Saint-Ouen. Aubervilliers received a small part of the territory of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis.

The Industrial Revolution and the expansion of Paris radically changed the situation in Aubervilliers. Industries were established next to the canal. On 6 October 1862 Baron Hainguerlot began the operation of General Stores in Saint-Denis. In 1866 he moved to Aubervilliers. In 1866 Saint-Gobain purchased a factory manufacturing sulphuric acid from John Frédéric Boyd which was located on Rue du Landy. On 12 September 1867 Lady Lequin[19] began operating a Match factory at a place called La Motte, Rue du Vivier.[20]

During the Siege of Paris in 1870 the municipal government took refuge in Paris at 20 Boulevard de Strasbourg. At the beginning of 1877 a tramway arrived in the city centre. In 1879, the boyauderie (Tripe factory) owned by Mr. Jacquart was established.[21] It was later purchased by Witt SA, a boyaudier from La Courneuve. The whole complex was bought in 1921 by the Wanner establishment who manufactured insulating materials: ceramic, plaster, and cork tiles. On 18 June 1897 a grease manufacturing factory (industrial oils and greases) was established on Chemin Haut de St Denis at Aubervilliers[22] and remained in operation until the Second World War. In 1898 a tram depot was built at the corner of the Avenue de la République No. 30 and Rue du Midi.[23]

At the end of the 19th century the life of the small town was already closely linked to nascent industrialization. People from Belgium, Lorraine, Alsace, Brittany, Spain, and Italy arrived in successive waves. This capacity to absorb and mix populations is characteristic of the history of the commune. Workers come to live in the suburbs which were cheaper than in Paris. Ever since Aubervilliers has been a multicultural city where more than 70 nationalities live.

For decades major industries shaped the identity of the city.

The district of Quatre-Chemins, which straddles the boundary of Aubervilliers and Pantin, was pejoratively nicknamed La Petite Prusse (Little Prussia) due to many immigrants coming to work in the Saint-Gobain glassworks - established in 1866 next to the canal. The identity of the district led them to ask in vain for the status of full-function commune at the end of the 19th century.[24]

Summary of events
  • 15–16 April 1900: the burning of the church.
  • 1908: installation of the Edmond Jean Enamel works.
  • 1923: Pierre Laval became mayor of Aubervilliers, up until 1944.[25]
  • 1927: Construction of the main post office on Rue Achille-Domart.
  • 1929: Construction of 186 cheap housing units and 4 shops by the Société Anonyme d'HBM d'Aubervilliers on avenue Jean-Jaurès, opposite the Fort.
  • 1931: Construction of 110 cheap housing units and 4 shops by l’Office public d’HBM d’Aubervilliers, Rue de la Goutte d'Or and Rue Bordier. Work on the Auguste Delaune Municipal Stadium ends.
  • 1944: the Leclerc division is stationed on Route nationale 2.[26] Charles Tillon becomes mayor.

Contemporary period

[edit]
Tour Villette
  • 1948: Construction of 142 housing units at Pont Blanc.
  • 1953: Mayor Charles Tillon resigns, Émile Dubois replaces him; 19 April: construction by the HLM Group of Prés Clos; 14 July: delivery of the Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Estate on Avenue du President Roosevelt.
  • 18 July 1954: construction of 37 housing units at 37 Rue des Grandes-Walls.
  • 1957: following the death of Mayor Émile Dubois, André Karman becomes mayor.
  • 1958: Construction of the Gabriel-Peri Estate.
  • 15 May 1965:, delivery of the Maurice Thorez Estate at 21 rue des Cités.
  • 1969: construction of the République Estate located at 64-68 Avenue de la République.
  • On the night of 1 and 2 January 1970 five Africans were found dead in a migrant workers residence from asphyxia due to an improvised heating system. This drama has a strong impact and gave rise to a lively debate on immigration and living conditions in the migrant workers' residences. Despite a call for privacy at the funeral on 10 January, there was an eruption of demonstrators by the Gauche prolétarienne (Proletarian Left) and people such as Kateb Yacine, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Michel Rocard. The Aubervilliers slum was visited two days later by Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas, followed by a controversial televised debate on 14 January on Les Dossiers de l'écran. This drama made a lasting impression on the representation of immigration in the French collective imagination.[27]
  • 1972:, the Aubervilliers Slum on the Chemin de Halage along the canal near Stains bridge completely disappeared.
  • 1974: The Tour La Villette is an example of contemporary architecture.
  • 1978: Renovation of the Maladrerie district.
  • 1979: Inauguration of the Paris Métro stations of Aubervilliers-Pantin-Quatre Chemins and Fort d'Aubervilliers.
  • 1984: On the death of Mayor André Karman Jack Ralite becomes mayor.

The construction of the Stade de France (Stadium of France) just north of the commune in 1998 was a stimulating element in the Saint-Denis Plain. With its 750 hectares on the outskirts of Paris, The Saint-Denis Plain covers one third of Aubervilliers and extends over Saint-Denis and Saint-Ouen. Since the early 2000s this area, which was one of the largest industrial areas in Europe, has been changing and should receive the Campus Condorcet in the late 2010s.

In 2014, the commune has been awarded "two flowers" by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.[28]

The Franco-Chinese Friendship Association stated that from November 2015 to August 2016 over 100 ethnic Chinese in Aubervilliers had been robbed. 49-year old Chaoling Zhang (张朝林 Zhāng Cháolín), beaten in a robbery, died on August 16, 2016.[29]

Heraldry

[edit]
Arms of Aubervilliers
Arms of Aubervilliers
The arms of Aubervilliers are blazoned:[30]
Parti per pale, at 1 Gules, 3 bezants of Or in pale; at 2 Argent, an arrow sable in pale.

In 1790 the municipal assembly of Aubervilliers had an oval seal engraved (kept in the National Archives), representing, together with the arms of France, a sun and a lion passant. While this was retained by the Commission d’héraldique urbaine de la Seine and proposed in 1942 as symbol of the commune, the municipality preferred the above arms, evoking la Compagnie des Chevaliers de l’Arc, which it had used since the end of the 19th century.



Politics and administration

[edit]
Aubervilliers

Until the law of 10 July 1964 the commune was part of the department of Seine. The redistribution of the former departments of Seine and Seine-et-Oise resulted in the commune becoming part of Seine-Saint-Denis after the administrative transfer effective from 1 January 1968.

Aubervilliers is the only commune of the canton of Aubervilliers, created in 2015. It is one of the 9 communes of the arrondissement of Saint-Denis.

[edit]

In the 2008 municipal elections, the PS came first in the first round of 9 March 2008 but lost against the list headed by the PCF. Despite the national agreements to desist in favour of the leftist list in the best position, the PS list led by Jacques Salvator was maintained in the second round[31] and won the election with 41.48% of the vote against the list of the incumbent mayor, Pascal Beaudet (PCF), the UMP, and the MoDem.[32]

In March 2011 in the cantonal elections (Canton of Aubervilliers-Est) Pascal Beaudet (PCF, PG, GU, ZIP, Federated) again led the first round (30.9%) in the context of a record abstention rate (72.3%).[33] The Socialist candidate continued again in the second round, as in 2008 but this time Pascal Beaudet won the election in the second round (50.76%). The two cantons of Aubervilliers are now run by the communists (Jean-Jacques Karman and Pascal Beaudet).

Mayors

[edit]

List of Successive Mayors[34]

Mayors from the French Revolution to 1942
From To Name Party Position
1790 1791 Nicolas Lemoine
1791 1793 Jean-Louis Hemet
1793 1795 Jean-Joseph Delehet
1795 1795 Nicolas Poisson
1795 1799 Jean-Louis Hemet
1799 1800 Louis Demars
1800 1815 Denis-Nicolas Demars
1815 1816 Denis-Hubert de Francottay
1816 1826 Pierre-Nicolas Godieu
1826 1830 Auguste Loyer
1830 1848 Jean Lemoine
1848 1848 Félix Reuillet
1848 1860 Georges-Etienne Demars
1860 1865 Son Dumarais
1865 1870 Joigneaux
1870 1871 Isidore Porce
1871 1878 Toussaint Bordier
1878 1881 Jean-Jules Schaeffer
1881 1884 Jean-François Crozier
1884 1904 Achille Domart
1904 1908 Louis-Auguste Fourrier
1908 1919 Christophe Poisson
1919 1923 Michel Georgen
1923 1940 Louis-Auguste Fourrier
1923 1942 Pierre Laval
Mayors from 1942
From To Name Party Position
1942 1944 Pages
1944 1945 Armand Lavie
1944 1953 Charles Tillon PCF Fitter, Member of the resistance
1953 1957 Emile Dubois PCF
1957 1984 André Karman PCF Milling machine operator
1984 2003 Jack Ralite PCF Journalist
2003 2008 Pascal Beaudet PCF Teacher
2008 2014 Jacques Salvator PS Administrative executive
2014 2016 Pascal Beaudet PCF Teacher
2016 2020 Meriem Derkaoui PCF Local administrative executive
2020 2026 Karine Franclet UDI

Twinning

[edit]
The Town Hall in 1908

Aubervilliers has twinning associations with:[35]

Population and society

[edit]
Canal Saint-Denis near Lock 2
The Canal Saint-Denis

Immigration

[edit]
Place of birth of residents of Aubervilliers in 1999
Born in metropolitan France Born outside metropolitan France
63.2% 36.8%
Born in
overseas France
Born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth1 EU-15 immigrants2 Non-EU-15 immigrants
2.8% 2.3% 5.8% 25.9%
1 This group is made up largely of former French settlers, such as pieds-noirs in Northwest Africa, followed by former colonial citizens who had French citizenship at birth (such as was often the case for the native elite in French colonies), as well as to a lesser extent foreign-born children of French expatriates. A foreign country is understood as a country not part of France in 1999, so a person born for example in 1950 in Algeria, when Algeria was an integral part of France, is nonetheless listed as a person born in a foreign country in French statistics.

2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. An immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.

Ethnic Chinese from Wenzhou began arriving in Aubervilliers in the 1980s and 1990s to participate in the textile industry. In 2016 protests staged by ethnic Chinese occurred after several Chinese in Aubervilliers were attacked, including one murder of a local Chinese man by delinquent youths.[36] As of 2016 4,000 ethnic Chinese live in Aubervilliers.[29]

Demography

[edit]

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Albertivillariens or Albertivillariennes in French.[37]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 1,900—    
1800 1,884−0.12%
1806 1,946+0.54%
1821 1,952+0.02%
1831 2,213+1.26%
1836 2,292+0.70%
1841 2,551+2.16%
1846 2,853+2.26%
1851 2,611−1.76%
1856 3,204+4.18%
1861 6,098+13.74%
1866 9,240+8.67%
1872 12,195+4.73%
1876 14,340+4.13%
1881 19,437+6.27%
1886 22,223+2.72%
1891 25,022+2.40%
1896 27,332+1.78%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 31,215+2.69%
1906 34,009+1.73%
1911 37,558+2.01%
1921 40,832+0.84%
1926 48,053+3.31%
1931 55,714+3.00%
1936 55,871+0.06%
1946 53,010−0.52%
1954 58,740+1.29%
1962 70,632+2.33%
1968 73,695+0.71%
1975 72,976−0.14%
1982 67,719−1.06%
1990 67,557−0.03%
1999 63,136−0.75%
2007 73,699+1.95%
2012 77,032+0.89%
2017 86,375+2.32%
Source: EHESS[38] and INSEE[39]
Housing Estate

The results of the 2017 Census conducted by INSEE shows that the upward trend in the population continues dramatically since in the last ten years the population has grown by 17.2% from 73,699 to 86,375 inhabitants.[39] The number of dwellings have increased by 4,662 from 2007 to 2017 or 15.6%, and the number of vacant units has increased from 1,713 in 2007 to 1,997 in 2017.[40]

Between 1982 and 1999 43,000 people reported that they would come to live in Aubervilliers (68.1% of the population in 1999) and, as the population decreased by 4,589 during the period, it can be concluded that nearly 48,000 people left Aubervilliers. We can deduce from these figures that only a third of the population is stable.[41]

The decade 2000–2010 saw a marked relaunching of demographics in the wake of the economic revival of the Plaine-Saint-Denis. The migration in the commune became positive (+0.4% per year from 1999 to 2010) and was combined with a natural balance growth (+1.75% per year).[40] The increase is particularly noticeable in the western canton of la Villette in Landy. This strong recovery makes it necessary for the joint construction of a school (kindergarten and primary) from 2010 to 2014.[42]

In 2010 there were 31,379 immigrants in Aubervilliers (or 41.2% of the population of the commune - the highest proportion in the department), including 3,919 from the European Union, 1,418 from the rest of Europe, 11,313 from the Maghreb, and 6,810 from the rest of Africa[43] According to demographer Michèle Tribalat, in 2005 about three-quarters of young people under 18 years old in the commune are foreign or French of foreign origin, mainly from the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa.[44][45]

Distribution of age groups

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Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aubervilliers and Seine-Saint-Denis Department in 2017

Aubervilliers Seine-Saint-Denis
Age Range Men Women Men Women
0 to 14 Years 21.5 23.4 23.3 21.9
15 to 29 Years 21.1 20.9 20.3 20.1
30 to 44 Years 25.6 23.7 22.4 22.2
45 to 59 Years 18.6 17.6 18.7 18.3
60 to 74 Years 9.8 9.6 11.2 11.4
75 to 89 Years 3.2 4.3 3.8 5.3
90 Years+ 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.9

Source: INSEE[39][46]

Economy

[edit]

In economic terms Aubervilliers is the fourth largest city in the department of Seine-Saint-Denis with 30,000 jobs and 2,444 businesses[47] in the private sector.

The city has a dense network of SMEs representing 25% of employment. These SMEs include research laboratories such as Rhodia (730 jobs[47]) and Saint-Gobain (400 jobs[47]), large public institutions such as Orange S.A., Documentation française, transport services such as La Poste, and the workshops of La Villette such as the Paris Métro and a large RATP bus depot.

77% of available jobs are today in services, transport, and retailing. Industrial activities are present with companies such as lampes Aric, Thyssen elevators, Messier-Bugatti-Dowty, and Vesuvius plc. Headquarters and administrative departments of large firms have also established here: Rhodia, KDI, Motul, Lapeyre-GME (3,400 staff[47]), and Zurich Insurance).

New industries have developed in recent years:

Another sign of this change has been the strengthening of wholesale and import-export activities. With more than 300 establishments concentrated in the Entrepôts et Magasins généraux de Paris (Warehouses and General Stores of Paris) (EMGP) and also around the Port of Aubervilliers (district of La Haie-Coq), this sector is a new business area in strong development. Haie-Coq imports are cheap manufactured goods of all kinds (textiles, watches, toys, decoration, gadgets), usually from Chinese products, which distributed throughout France. The CIFA - Fashion Business Center is the centre of this business.[48]

Culture and heritage

[edit]

Civil heritage

[edit]
  • The Old Match Factory (1904) at 124 rue Henri-Barbusse (now Documentation française) is registered as a historical monument.[49]
  • The Maladrerie District: Renée Gailhoustet conceived the master plan for the Maladrerie District for a thousand housing units where there was previously a "quasi-slum". The land area of 9 hectares was urbanised in ten phases from 1975 to 1984 under the supervision of the architects Magda Thomsen, Vincent Fidon, and Yves and Luc Euvremer with the concept of a mainly continuous pedestrian space and varied sizes of buildings in relation to the existing low-rise buildings. As well as Green roofs, patios, and neat gardens, the project increased the number of covered walkways and service roads for the inhabitants which was at odds with the HLM stereotypes for construction and without reference to dividing into City blocks. In addition to a retirement home, offices, shops, a childcare centre, and a socio-cultural centre (Espace Renaudie), there are artists' studios which were not anticipated at the outset.[50]
  • Le Corbusier School, 1997–2003, expanded and rebuilt by the architect Pierre Riboulet.
  • The Tower La Villette
  • Fort d'Aubervilliers
  • The Town Hall contains four items that are registered as historical objects:
    • 2 Decorative panels in the Hall of Commissions (1928 & 1931)[51]
    • Painting: Allegory of the Liberation (1945)[52]
    • Monumental Painting: Allegory of Abundance and Peace (1928 & 1931)[53]
    • Monumental Painting: Allegory of Work (1928 & 1931)[54]

Religious heritage

[edit]
The Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus
  • The Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus (16th century) is registered as a historical monument.[55] The church is the old centre of Aubervilliers and it was built on a rectangular plan like a covered market. The vault of the nave is decorated with a keystone representing the Virgin. The bell tower was erected in 1541 under François I and the facade of the building in 1628 when Louis XIII decided to build in the Jesuit style to express his gratitude to the Virgin after his victory over the Protestants. The church contains many items which are registered as historical objects:
    • Statue: Virgin and Child (17th century)[56]
    • Statue: Virgin and Child (19th century)[57]
    • The Stained glass windows were blown out by an explosion in the gunpowder factory in La Courneuve fort on 15 March 1918 and they were redone by the Charles Champigneulle workshop. Many of them represent the miracles of Our Lady of Virtues.[58] They are registered as three objects:
      • 3 Stained glass windows (Bays 3, 4, and 16) (20th century)[59]
      • 13 Stained glass windows (Bays 1, 2, and 5 to 16) (20th century)[60]
      • Stained glass window (St. Jacques & St. Christophe) (19th century)[61]
  • Reliquary and 2 Statues (19th century)[62]
  • Painting: Saint Mary of the Incarnation (19th century)[63]
  • Pedestal Organ (1780)[64] The organ with musical instruments (1770–80) was the work of François-Henri Clicquot and is the only Iles-de-France instrument of the 17th century in the department. It was restored in 1990 by the organ builders Robert Chauvin, Louis Benoist, and Pierre Sarelot. The inauguration of the restoration took place in 1990 with organist Michel Chapuis and countertenor Daniel Delarue.[65][66]
  • Instrumental part of the Pedestal Organ (1780)[67]
  • Painting with frame: Christ in the garden of olives (18th century)[68]
  • 2 Statues: Angels adoring (16th century)[69]
Stained glass windows in the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus

Facilities

[edit]

Education

[edit]

Aubervilliers has 14 kindergartens, 15 elementary schools, 5 collèges (middle schools), and 4 lycées (high schools). The city also has three private establishments and several specialized institutions.[70] The collèges (middle schools) include Diderot, Rosa Luxemburg, Jean Moulin, Gabriel Péri, and Henri Wallon.[71] The lycées include Lycée Polyvalent D'Alembert, Lycée d'enseignement général et technologique Le Corbusier ("Le Corbusier High School of General and Technological Education"), Lycée professionnel Jean-Pierre Timbaud ("Jean Pierre Timbaud Vocational High School"), and Lycée d'enseignement général et technologique Henri Wallon ("Henri Wallon High School of General and Technical Education").[72]

The Inter-communal School under construction in 2011
List of Schools and colleges in Aubervilliers

Hospitals and clinics

[edit]
  • La Roseraie European Hospital of Paris
  • Henri Duchêne Centre
  • Clos Bénard Hospital
  • l’Orangerie Centre for Medical and Surgical Consultations
  • Aubervilliers Polyclinic

Sports

[edit]

Theatre

[edit]
Entry to the Zingaro Equestrian Theatre
  • The Theatre of the Commune was one of the first national drama centres established in the suburbs for more than thirty years. It is now run by Didier Bezace who in 2005 received two Molière Awards including for the staging of the play La Version de Browning.
  • The Zingaro Equestrian Theatre is headed by Bartabas[73] and is established at Fort d'Aubervilliers.

Cinema

[edit]
  • Le Studio Cinema occupies in the same building as the theatre. It is classified as an Arthouse (Art et Essai) and has, in addition to its regular programmes, a Festival pour éveiller les regards (Festival to raise eyes) aimed at young people.

Libraries

[edit]
  • Aubervilliers has four libraries, including André Breton, Paul Eluard, Henri Michaux, and Saint-John Perse.[74]

Arts

[edit]
  • The Espace Jean-Renaudie is a visual arts centre (Capa) in the Maladrerie district.
  • The Métafort d'Aubervilliers is located at 4 Avenue de la Divion Leclerc.
  • The Laboratoires d'Aubervilliers offers residencies for artistic research projects in dance, visual arts, theatre, cinema, and interdisciplinary projects. It is located at 41 Rue Lecuyer.[75]
  • The Villa Mais d’Ici is a cultural centre to promote small cultural businesses. It is located at 77 Rue des Cités.[76]
  • The Regional Conservatory of music, theatre, and dance of Aubervilliers-La Courneuve has been run since 1974 in partnership with La Courneuve. It trains 1,400 students in musical, voice, theatre and dance disciplines. Opera productions are mounted regularly, providing an important partnership with schools and cultural organisations in the department and Ile-de-France.[77]

Notable people

[edit]

Historical figures

[edit]
Jack Ralite in Aubervilliers in 2011

Artistes

[edit]
  • Madeleine Vionnet (22 June 1876 – 2 March 1975), French fashion designer, spent her childhood in Aubervilliers
  • Jean-Baptiste Mondino (born 1949), French artist and fashion photographer, born in Aubervilliers
  • Isabelle Mergault (born 11 May 1958), French actress and director, was born in Aubervilliers.
  • Yasmine Belmadi (26 January 1976 – 18 July 2009), actor, grew up in Aubervilliers and is buried in the cemetery at Pont blanc.
  • Didier Daeninckx (born 27 April 1949), French detective novel writer
  • Thomas Hirschhorn (born 16 May 1957 in Bern, artist of Swiss origin
  • Virginie Ledoyen (born in Aubervilliers 15 November 1976), actress
  • Samy Seghir (born in Aubervilliers 29 July 1994), actor
  • Fred Chichin (1 May 1954 – 28 November 2007), musician
  • Jacques Prévert (4 February 1900 – 11 April 1977) dedicated a long poem to the city called Aubervilliers, part of his Paroles collection.[79] He also wrote a review of the film Aubervilliers (1945), directed by Eli Lotar.
  • Marcel Carné (18 August 1906 – 31 October 1996) immortalised working culture in his film Le jour se lève, (1939) where Jean Gabin played the tragic day of a worker[80]
  • Mano Solo (24 April 1963 – 10 January 2010) sang Les Chevaux d’Aubervilliers, referring top the Zingaro Equestrian Theatre of Bartabas.
  • Pierre Perret (born 9 July 1934) dedicated a song to the city: Salut l’ami d’Aubervilliers.
  • Mireille Mathieu (born 22 July 1946) sang Noël d’Aubervilliers.
  • Édith Piaf (19 December 1915 – 10 October 1963) sang Les Neiges de Finlande, text by Henri Contet 1958; Aubervilliers was mentioned in it.
  • Philippe Clay (7 March 1927 – 13 December 2007) sang Le Festival d’Aubervilliers.
  • Léo Ferré (24 August 1916 – 14 July 1993) evoked Aubervilliers in his song Monsieur tout-blanc.
  • Danièle Thompson (born 3 January 1942) filmed many scenes of his film Le code a changé at Aubervilliers in Spring 2008.
  • Reynaldo Hahn (9 August 1874 – 28 January 1947): Ciboulette, Operetta in 3 acts, 1923, libretto by Robert de Flers and Francis de Croisset, the third part of Act 2 is located in "the interior of a farmhouse at Aubervilliers" in 1867. The heroine, called Ciboulette, was the daughter of local market gardeners.

Sportsmen

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ According to the zoning of rural and urban municipalities published in November 2020, in application of the new definition of rurality validated on November 14, 2020 by the Interministerial Committee for Rural Areas.
  2. ^ In October 2020, the concept of functional area replaced that of urban area in order to enable consistent comparisons with other European Union countries

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  2. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ Commune d'Aubervilliers (93001), INSEE (in French)
  4. ^ "Google Maps". Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  5. ^ Bernard Festuot, Little history of the tramway of Aubervilliers (1877–1936), Chemins de fer régionaux et urbains, Vol. 1999/5, No. 275, 1999, pp. 4-16, ISSN 1141-7447 (in French)
  6. ^ "Typologie urbain / rural". observatoire-des-territoires.gouv.fr. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  7. ^ "Commune urbaine - définition". Insee website. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  8. ^ "Comprendre la grille de densité". observatoire-des-territoires.gouv.fr. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  9. ^ "Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris". INSEE. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  10. ^ "Base des unités urbaines 2020". insee.fr. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  11. ^ Costemalle, Vianney (21 October 2020). "Toujours plus d'habitants dans les unités urbaines". website of Insee. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  12. ^ "Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris". Insee website. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
  13. ^ Marie-Pierre de Bellefon; Pascal Eusebio; Jocelyn Forest; Olivier Pégaz-Blanc; Raymond Warnod; (Insee) (21 October 2020). "En France, neuf personnes sur dix vivent dans l'aire d'attraction d'une ville". Insee website. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  14. ^ Wikimedia Quarto Archived 2014-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, January 2005, On 18 December 2004, 3 donated servers were installed at a co-location facility in Aubervilliers, a suburb of Paris, France.
  15. ^ Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing, Etymological Dictionary of place names in France, Larousse, Paris, 1963 (in French)
  16. ^ Historic dictionary of the environs of Paris, Dr. Ermete Pierotti (in French)
  17. ^ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00079927 Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus (in French)
  18. ^ Treatise on food (...), Louis Lémery, Paris, 1755; The theory and practice of gardening and agriculture, Roger Schabol (Father), Paris, 1767; Economic dictionary: containing the art of valuing land (...), Noël Chomel, Paris, 1767; Methodical Encyclopedia: Art of Oratory and gardening (...), Jacques Lacombes, Paris, 1797 etc. (There are dozens of references) see BnF online - Gallica
  19. ^ Also called Dame Delabarre
  20. ^ Today called Rue Henri-Barbusse. This factory was managed by the Compagnie générale des allumettes (General Match Company) from 1874 then by the State Department of Manufacturing from 1890. Rebuilt between 1902 et 1904, today it is occupied by the Documentation française.
  21. ^ It is now at 3 Rue Danielle-Casanova
  22. ^ Today 25 to 37 Rue du Port
  23. ^ Rue Bernard and Mazoyer
  24. ^ Plunge into the memory of "Little Prussia" Archived 2014-05-25 at the Wayback Machine, Le Parisien - Seine-Saint-Denis edition, 7 March 2009, consulted on 8 March 2009 (in French)
  25. ^ Kupferman, Fred (2015). Pierre Laval (2nd ed.). Paris: Tallandier. pp. 53–88. ISBN 9782847342543. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016 – via Cairn.info.
  26. ^ At Jean-Jaurès/Danielle-Casanova crossroads
  27. ^ Immigration and opinion in France under the Fifth Republic, Yvan Gastaut, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2000, ISBN 2-02-035417-9, pages 52-60. (in French)
  28. ^ Aubervilliers in the Competition for Towns and Villages in Bloom Archived December 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  29. ^ a b Chazan, David. "Chinese immigrants demand protection from Paris muggers Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine." The Daily Telegraph. 21 August 2016. Retrieved on October 30, 2016.
  30. ^ Du blason au logo. Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Aubervilliers Town Hall website. (in French)
  31. ^ Source: Le Parisien Archived 2008-06-04 at the Wayback Machine, Seine-Saint-Denis edition, 14 March 2008 (in French)
  32. ^ Results of the municipal elections 2008 - 2nd round:
    Voters 50.3 %
    Registered 49.0 %
    List Salvator (PS) - 41.5% of Registered voters - 35 seats
    List Beaudet (PCF) - 38.5% of registered voters - 9 seats
    List Ménia (UMP) - 7.8% of registered voters - 2 seats
    List Augy (MoDem) - 12.2% of registered voters - 3 seats
    Source: Le Parisien Archived 2008-06-20 at the Wayback Machine (in French).
  33. ^ See complete results on Aubervilliers section of the PCF website Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  34. ^ List of Mayors of France Archived 2014-05-25 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  35. ^ National Commission for Decentralised cooperation Archived 2016-01-02 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  36. ^ Ponniah, Kevin. "A killing in Paris: Why French Chinese are in uproar Archived 2018-06-26 at the Wayback Machine." BBC. 26 October 2016. Retrieved on October 30, 2016.
  37. ^ Le nom des habitants du 93 - Seine-Saint-Denis, habitants.fr
  38. ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Aubervilliers, EHESS (in French).
  39. ^ a b c Population en historique depuis 1968 Archived 2022-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, INSEE
  40. ^ a b Logement en 2017, Commune d'Aubervilliers (93001) Archived 2020-08-11 at the Wayback Machine, INSEE
  41. ^ Source: PCF Aubervilliers Archived 2009-01-12 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  42. ^ A school in place for the entry year of 2010, Le Parisien, Seine-Saint-Denis edition, 20 April 2009. (in French)
  43. ^ IMG1B Immigrants by sex, age, and country of birth 2010 - Aubervilliers Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine, INSEE (in French)
  44. ^ Michèle Tribalat, Revue Commentary, June 2009, No. 127 (in French)
  45. ^ Michèle Tribalat, Eyes closed shut, Denoël, 2010 (in French)
  46. ^ "Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Département de la Seine-Saint-Denis (93)". Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  47. ^ a b c d The guide to local collectives, May 2008, "Bienvenue! La Seine-Saint-Denis", Comité d'expansion (COMEX) of Seine-Saint-Denis (in French)
  48. ^ CIFA market website Archived 2013-09-20 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  49. ^ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA64000019 Old Match Factory (in French)
  50. ^ Renée Gailhoustet, Eulogy on Housing, SODEDAT 93, éd. Massimo Riposati, Paris, 1993, p. 27-41 (in French)
  51. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000704 2 Decorative panels (in French)
  52. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000645 Painting: Allegory of the Liberation (in French)
  53. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000644 Painting: Allegory of Abundance and Peace (in French)
  54. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000643 Painting: Allegory of Work (in French)
  55. ^ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00079927 Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus (in French)
  56. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000483 Statue: Virgin and Child (in French)
  57. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000482 Statue: Virgin and Child (in French)
  58. ^ Stained glass windows in the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus Archived 2014-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, Catholic churches of Aubervilliers website, consulted on 28 July 2008 (in French)
  59. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000188 3 Stained glass windows (Bays 3, 4, and 16) (in French)
  60. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000187 13 Stained glass windows (Bays 1, 2, and 5 to 15) (in French)
  61. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000186 Stained glass window (St. Jacques & St. Christophe) (in French)
  62. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000583 Reliquary and 2 Statues (in French)
  63. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000582 Painting: Saint Mary of the Incarnation (in French)
  64. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000474 Pedestal Organ (in French)
  65. ^ Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus Archived 2014-04-21 at the Wayback Machine, Departmental Committee of Tourism website, consulted on 28 July 2008 (in French)
  66. ^ Church of Notre-Dame des Vertus Archived 2008-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, Atlas of heritage of Seine-Saint-Denis website, consulted on 28 July 2008 (in French)
  67. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000002 Instrumental part of the Pedestal Organ (in French)
  68. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000003 Painting with frame: Christ in the garden of olives (in French)
  69. ^ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000001 2 Statues: Angels adoring (in French)
  70. ^ Establishments Archived 2010-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, Commune of Aubervilliers. Retrieved on 17 June 2010.
  71. ^ Colleges Archived 2010-09-04 at the Wayback Machine Commune of Aubervilliers. Retrieved on 17 June 2010.
  72. ^ Schools Archived 2010-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, Commune of Aubervilliers. Retrieved on 17 June 2010.
  73. ^ Zingaro Equestrian Theatre website Archived 2014-06-09 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  74. ^ Libraries Archived 2011-06-15 at the Wayback Machine, Aubervilliers website, Retrieved on 17 June 2010 (in French)
  75. ^ Laboratoires d'Aubervilliers Archived 2014-05-27 at the Wayback Machine on the Artplaces website
  76. ^ Villa Mais d’Ici on the Artfactories website Archived 2014-05-27 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  77. ^ Conservatory of Music website (in French)
  78. ^ Homage to Léon Jouhaux (1879–1954), Notes d’Iéna No. 171, January 2004. Publication of the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council. (in French)
  79. ^ La chanson des enfants by Jacques Prévert
  80. ^ Aubervilliers my love, Nouvel Observateur, 30 October 2008, consulted on 31 October 2008 (in French)
  81. ^ On the discovery of Abou d'Auber, Le Parisien, 13 June 2010, page 18 (in French)

Bibliography

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  • Aubervilliers under the Revolution and the Empire, Maurice Foulon and Léo Demode, Imprimeries Mont-Louis, Clermont-Ferrand, preface by Pierre Laval - Mayor of Aubervilliers, 1935 (in French)
  • Eight towns to discover in Île-de-France: Plaine Commune, Jacques Grossard, Urban's guide collection, Vendredi Treize éditions, 2007, Neuilly-sur-Seine, 96 pages, ISBN 978-2-9530241-0-4, Read online (in French)
  • Aubervilliers through the centuries, Vol. 1: The Origins of the Wars of Religion, Société de l’Histoire et de la Vie à Aubervilliers, Jacques Dessain, 1988, Aubervilliers, 96 pages (in French)
  • Aubervilliers through the centuries, Vol. 2: From the Wars of Religion to the Fronde, Société de l’Histoire et de la Vie à Aubervilliers, Jacques Dessain, 1991, Aubervilliers, 112 pages (in French)
  • Aubervilliers through the centuries, Vol. 3: Under the reign of Louis XIV - 1653–1715, Louisette and Jacques Dessain, Jacques Dessain, 1993, Aubervilliers, 111 pages, (in French)
  • Aubervilliers through the centuries, Vol. 4: A century of upheaval - 1715–1815 (Part 1): From Monarchy to Republic 1715–1794, Louisette and Jacques Dessain, Jacques Dessain, 1998, Aubervilliers, 317 pages (in French)
  • Aubervilliers through the centuries, Vol. 5: A century of upheaval - 1715–1815 (Part 2): The Power of Owners 1794–1815, Jacques Dessain, Louisette and Jacques Dessain, 2002, Aubervilliers, 189 pages (in French)
  • Chronicles of Aubervilliers: 1815–1848 / The village grows, Jacques Dessain, Louisette and Jacques Dessain / Les Ateliers de Saint-Denis, 2005, Saint-Denis, 80 pages (in French)
  • Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Priests of Aubervilliers, Jacques Dessain, Louisette and Jacques Dessain, DL 2007 93-Saint-Denis, CAT Vivre autrement à Saint-Denis, 2008, Saint-Denis, 46 pages (in French)
  • Aubervilliers / Roman, Léon Bonneff, preface by Henry Poulaille, Société de l’Histoire et de la Vie à Aubervilliers/Le Vent du ch'min, 1949 (1st edition, L'Amitié par le Livre), Saint-Denis, 291 pages (in French)
  • Aubervilliers, our village / a "retro" walk in Aubervilliers or The time when our parents were small, Société de l’Histoire et de la Vie à Aubervilliers, Société de l’Histoire et de la Vie à Aubervilliers, 1985, Aubervilliers, 109 pages (in French)
  • History of the Streets of Aubervilliers, Jacques Dessain, Claude Fath, and Jean-Jacques Karman, Journal d'Aubervilliers, 1984 to 1987, 3 volumes, Aubervilliers, 288 pages (in French)
  • Jacques Dessain, The Oratorisns in Aubervilliers (1618–1792), Paris and Île-de-France. Memoirs published by the Fédération des sociétés historiques et archéologiques de Paris et de l'Ile-de-France, 1997, No. 48, p. 257-269 (in French)
  • Anne Lombard-Jourdain, The Plaine Saint-Denis: 2000 years of history, Paris, 1994, C.N.R.S. Éditions, 212 p. (in French)
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