Lower Himalayan Range: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Inner mountain range of the Himalayas}} |
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{{distinguish|Sub-Himalayan Range}} |
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The '''Lower Himalayan Range''' also called the '''Lesser Himalayas''' or '''Himachal''' is one of the four parallel sub-ranges of the [[Himalayas]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|chapter=Biogeography of the Mountain Ranges of South Asia|author1=S. Sathyakumar|author2=Mansi Mungee|author3=Ranjana Pal|year=2020|pages=543–554|isbn=978-0-124-09548-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Himalayas/Physiography|title=Physiography of Himalayas|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> It has the [[Great Himalayas]] to the north and the [[Sivalik Hills]] to the south. It extends from the [[Indus River]] in [[Pakistan]] to the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] in [[North East India]] traversing across [[North India]], [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nag|first1=Prithvish|last2=Sengupta|first2=Smita|title=Geography of India|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing|isbn=978-8-170-22384-9|page=40}}</ref> The sub-range has an average elevation of {{cvt|3700-4500|m}}.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lesser-Himalayas|title=Lesser Himalayas|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref> |
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== Background == |
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The '''Himachal Range''' ({{lang-ne| हिमाचल श्रृंखला}} himāchal shrinkhalā) – also called the '''Lesser Himalaya''' – is a major east-west mountain range with elevations 3,700 to 4,500 m (12,000 to 14,500 feet) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Lesser-Himalayas|title=Lesser Himalayas - mountains, Asia|author=|date=|website=britannica.com|accessdate=20 April 2018}}</ref> along the crest, paralleling the much higher [[Great Himalayas|High Himalayas]] range from the [[Indus River]] in [[Geography of Pakistan|Pakistan]] across northern [[Geography of India|India]], [[Geography of Nepal|Nepal]], [[Sikkim]] and [[Geography of Bhutan|Bhutan]] but then the two ranges become increasingly difficult to differentiate east of Bhutan as the ranges approach the [[Brahmaputra River]]. The Himachal range also parallels the lower Shiwalik or [[Sivalik Hills|Churia Range]] (Outer Himalaya) to the south. The [[Pir Panjal Range|Pir Panjal]] is the largest range of the Lesser Himalayas. |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2024}} |
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| ⚫ | Southern slopes of the Himachal Range are steep and nearly uninhabited due to a major [[Fault (geology)|fault]] system called the 'Main Boundary Thrust". The crest and northern slopes slope gently enough to support [[upland pasture]]s and terraced fields. Nepal's densely populated [[Middle Hills of Nepal|Middle Hills]] begin along the crest, extending north through lower valleys and other "hills" until population thins out above 2,000 m and [[cereal]]-based agriculture increasingly gives way to seasonal herding and cold-tolerant crops such as [[potato]]es. |
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| ⚫ | Most ethnic groups found along the Himachal Range and northward into the Middle Hills have [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] affinities including [[People of Nepal|Nepalese]] origins of [[Newar]], [[Magar people|Magar]], [[Gurung]], [[Tamang people|Tamang]], [[Rai (ethnic group)|Rai]] and [[Limbu people|Limbu]], however the most populous ethnic group is Indo-European [[Hindu]]s called [[Pahari people (Nepal)|Paharis]], mainly of the upper [[Brahmin|Brahman]], and [[Kshatriya]], or [[Chhettri|Chhetri]] castes. Lower terrain south of the escarpment was historically [[malaria]]l and inhabited by apparently aboriginal peoples with evolved immunity, notably the [[Tharu people|Tharu]] and [[Mithila, Nepal|Maithili people]]. |
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| ⚫ | Southern slopes of the Himachal Range are steep and nearly uninhabited due to a major [[Fault (geology)|fault]] system called the 'Main Boundary Thrust". The crest and northern slopes slope gently enough to support [[ |
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| ⚫ | The Himachal Range is an important hydrographic barrier crossed by relatively few rivers. Drainage systems have evolved candelabra configurations with numerous tributaries flowing south from the Himalaya through the Middle Hills, gathering immediately north of the Himachal Range and cutting through in major gorges as the [[Karnali River|Karnali]] in the west, the [[Gandaki River|Gandaki]] or Narayani in central Nepal, and the [[Kosi River|Kosi]] in the east. With temperatures persisting around forty degrees Celsius in the plains of India from April until the onset of the [[Monsoon|summer monsoon]] in June, but ten to fifteen degrees cooler atop the Himachal Range, various [[List of Indian hill stations|hill Stations]] have developed in the region. |
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| ⚫ | Most ethnic groups found along the Himachal Range and northward into the Middle Hills have [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] affinities including [[People of Nepal|Nepalese]] origins of [[Newar]], [[Magar people|Magar]], [[Gurung]], [[Tamang]], [[Rai (ethnic group)|Rai]] and [[Limbu people|Limbu]], however the most populous ethnic group is Indo-European [[Hindu]]s called [[Pahari people| |
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| ⚫ | The Himachal Range is an important hydrographic barrier crossed by relatively few rivers. Drainage systems have evolved candelabra configurations with numerous tributaries flowing south from the Himalaya through the Middle Hills, gathering immediately north of the Himachal Range and cutting through in major gorges as the [[Karnali River|Karnali]] in the west, the [[Gandaki River|Gandaki]] or Narayani in central Nepal, and the [[Kosi River|Kosi]] in the east. |
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{{Reflist}} |
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With temperatures persisting around forty degrees Celsius in the plains of India from April until the onset of the [[Monsoon|summer monsoon]] in June, but ten to fifteen degrees cooler atop the Himachal Range, [[List of Indian hill stations|Hill Stations]] were developed as alternate capitals and resorts for the hot season by India's [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[British India|British]] rulers. There are no hill stations in Nepal or Bhutan since the capital cities are high enough to avoid extreme heat. |
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{{Himalayas}} |
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[[Category:Mountain ranges of the Himalayas|L]] |
[[Category:Mountain ranges of the Himalayas|L]] |
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[[Category:Mountain ranges of Nepal]] |
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Nepal]] |
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[[Category:Mountain ranges of Pakistan]] |
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Pakistan]] |
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[[Category:Mountains of Sikkim]] |
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[[Category:Mountains of Uttarakhand]] |
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{{GeoSouthAsia}} |
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Latest revision as of 12:39, 18 November 2024
The Lower Himalayan Range also called the Lesser Himalayas or Himachal is one of the four parallel sub-ranges of the Himalayas.[1][2] It has the Great Himalayas to the north and the Sivalik Hills to the south. It extends from the Indus River in Pakistan to the Brahmaputra Valley in North East India traversing across North India, Nepal and Bhutan.[3] The sub-range has an average elevation of 3,700–4,500 m (12,100–14,800 ft).[4]
Background
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Southern slopes of the Himachal Range are steep and nearly uninhabited due to a major fault system called the 'Main Boundary Thrust". The crest and northern slopes slope gently enough to support upland pastures and terraced fields. Nepal's densely populated Middle Hills begin along the crest, extending north through lower valleys and other "hills" until population thins out above 2,000 m and cereal-based agriculture increasingly gives way to seasonal herding and cold-tolerant crops such as potatoes.
Most ethnic groups found along the Himachal Range and northward into the Middle Hills have Tibeto-Burman affinities including Nepalese origins of Newar, Magar, Gurung, Tamang, Rai and Limbu, however the most populous ethnic group is Indo-European Hindus called Paharis, mainly of the upper Brahman, and Kshatriya, or Chhetri castes. Lower terrain south of the escarpment was historically malarial and inhabited by apparently aboriginal peoples with evolved immunity, notably the Tharu and Maithili people.
The Himachal Range is an important hydrographic barrier crossed by relatively few rivers. Drainage systems have evolved candelabra configurations with numerous tributaries flowing south from the Himalaya through the Middle Hills, gathering immediately north of the Himachal Range and cutting through in major gorges as the Karnali in the west, the Gandaki or Narayani in central Nepal, and the Kosi in the east. With temperatures persisting around forty degrees Celsius in the plains of India from April until the onset of the summer monsoon in June, but ten to fifteen degrees cooler atop the Himachal Range, various hill Stations have developed in the region.
References
[edit]- ^ S. Sathyakumar; Mansi Mungee; Ranjana Pal (2020). "Biogeography of the Mountain Ranges of South Asia". Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes. Elsevier. pp. 543–554. ISBN 978-0-124-09548-9.
- ^ "Physiography of Himalayas". Britannica. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ Nag, Prithvish; Sengupta, Smita (1992). Geography of India. Concept Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-8-170-22384-9.
- ^ "Lesser Himalayas". Britannica. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
28°45′N 83°30′E / 28.750°N 83.500°E
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