Dasypus bellus: Difference between revisions

Dasypus bellus; Temporal range: Mid-Late Pleistocene (Irvingtonian-Rancholabrean); ~1.8–0.012 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Skull seen from two angles
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Cingulata
Family:	Dasypodidae
Genus:	Dasypus
Species:	†D. bellus
Binomial name
	†Dasypus bellus; Simpson 1930
Synonyms
	Tatu bellus Simpson 1930;

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Dasypus bellus, the beautiful armadillo,^[2] is an extinct armadillo species endemic to North America and South America from the Pleistocene, living from 1.8 mya—11,000 years ago, existing for approximately 1.789 million years.^[3]

Slightly larger than its living relative, the nine-banded armadillo,^[2] its fossils are known from Florida and records extend west to New Mexico and north to Iowa and Indiana.^[4]

Description

D. bellus had small, simple, peg-like teeth similar to D. novemcinctus. Its maximum length was approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) long, twice the size of the nine-banded armadillo. The osteoderms of the shell and the limb bones of D. bellus are about two to two and a half times the extent of those of the living modern nine-banded armadillo D. novemcinctus. The small D. bellus overlapped in size with the D. novemcinctus. The body size of D. bellus decreased during the late Pleistocene, suggesting that its body size was variable.^[5]

Relations

DNA

DNA testing of two D. bellus fossils and modern armadillos has proved the species are not genetically the same. However, one of the D. bellus fossils proved to be a specimen of D. novemcinctus. The mistake was due to the high morphological similarities between the two species. It also proved that D. novemcinctus was in Florida much earlier than previously thought.^[5]

Fossils

*Dasypus bellus* fossil occurrence in Florida

The earliest fossils are found in early Pleistocene South America, and would emigrate into southern North America. They have been found at many sites in Florida, including caves, sinkholes, river sites, coastal, and lake deposits. By the late Pleistocene, D. bellus spread into the American Southwest. The living animals apparently preferred dry scrub environments. The most frequent type of fossil found are isolated osteoderms.^[5] The most common types of osteoderms that have been found are the hexagonal elements, which include most of osteoderms covering the shoulder or pectoral regions. Other types of osteoderms include those covering the pelvic region of the carapace or the so-called buckler or immovable osteoderms and the elongate rectangular elements from the movable bands, the imbricating or movable osteoderms.^[6]

Modern descendants

The beautiful armadillo likely shares a common lineage with numerous species of large armadillos from the Pleistocene of South America. This includes Propraopus sulcatus and Propraopus grandis. D. kappleri, the great long-nosed armadillo, which is the largest living species of Dasypus from tropical South America, has the same features of osteoderms as D. bellus. They also share a large, unreduced fifth digit on the manus. The range of D. novemcinctus, the smaller nine-banded armadillo, has expanded out of Mexico and into much of the former range of Dasypus bellus. The two species are morphologically similar to each other. This had led many to believe that they might be a single, highly adaptable species that has gone through a course of phenotypical changes along with geographical range fluctuations causing from environmental changes. However, as previously stated, DNA research has proved D. bellus and D. novemcinctus to be separate species.^[5]

References

^ Simpson, George Gaylord (1929). "Pleistocene mammalian fauna of the Seminole Field, Pinellas County, Florida". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 56: 579–580. hdl:2246/1326.
^ ^a ^b Illinois State Museum
^ "The Paleobiology Database query for Dasypus bellus". Retrieved 2007-11-03.
^ "FaunMap query for Dasypus bellus". Archived from the original on 2011-08-20. Retrieved 2007-11-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Shapiro, B.; Graham, R. W.; Letts, B. (2015). "A revised evolutionary history of armadillos (Dasypus) in North America based on ancient mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Boreas. 44 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1111/bor.12094. S2CID 12689751.
^ Rincón, Ascanio D.; White, Richard S.; McDonald, H. Gregory (2008). "Late Pleistocene cingulates (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Mene de Inciarte Tar Pits, Sierra de Perijá, western Venezuela". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28: 197. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[197:LPCMXF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85949767.

External links

[1] Simpson, George Gaylord (1929). "Pleistocene mammalian fauna of the Seminole Field, Pinellas County, Florida". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 56: 579–580. hdl:2246/1326.

[IL_SM-2] Illinois State Museum

[PBDBDb-3] "The Paleobiology Database query for Dasypus bellus". Retrieved 2007-11-03.

[FaunMapDb-4] "FaunMap query for Dasypus bellus". Archived from the original on 2011-08-20. Retrieved 2007-11-03.

[Shapiro-5] Shapiro, B.; Graham, R. W.; Letts, B. (2015). "A revised evolutionary history of armadillos (Dasypus) in North America based on ancient mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Boreas. 44 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1111/bor.12094. S2CID 12689751.

[6] Rincón, Ascanio D.; White, Richard S.; McDonald, H. Gregory (2008). "Late Pleistocene cingulates (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Mene de Inciarte Tar Pits, Sierra de Perijá, western Venezuela". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28: 197. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[197:LPCMXF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85949767.

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[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Extinct species of mammal}}
-{{italic title}}{{Taxobox
+{{Speciesbox
-| name = ''Dasypus bellus''
-| fossil_range = [[Pleistocene]]
+| fossil_range = [[Pleistocene|Mid-Late Pleistocene]] ([[Irvingtonian]]-[[Rancholabrean]])<br />~{{fossil range|1.8|0.012}}
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| extinct = yes
+| image = Dasypus-bellus-skull.jpg
-| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
+| image_caption = Skull seen from two angles
-| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
-| ordo = [[Cingulata]]
+| genus = Dasypus
+| species = bellus
-| familia = [[Dasypodidae]]
+| authority = {{small|[[George Gaylord Simpson|Simpson]] 1930}}
-| genus = ''[[Dasypus]]''
-| species = †'''''D. bellus'''''
-| species_authority = ([[George Gaylord Simpson|Simpson]], 1930)
-| binomial = †''Dasypus bellus''
 | synonyms =
+*''Tatu bellus'' {{small|[[George Gaylord Simpson|Simpson]] 1930}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Simpson|first1=George Gaylord|title=Pleistocene mammalian fauna of the Seminole Field, Pinellas County, Florida|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|date=1929|volume=56|pages=579–580|hdl=2246/1326|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
-†''Tatu bellus'' <small>[[George Gaylord Simpson|Simpson]], 1930</small>
 }}
-'''''Dasypus bellus''''', the '''beautiful armadillo''',<ref name="IL SM">[http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/dasypus.html Illinois State Museum]</ref> is an extinct [[armadillo]] species endemic to [[North America]] and [[South America]] from the [[Pleistocene]], living from 1.8 [[Annum|mya]]—11,000 years ago, existing for approximately {{Mya|1.8-0.011|million years}}.<ref name=PBDBDb>{{cite web | last = | first = | title = The Paleobiology Database query for ''Dasypus bellus'' | date = | url = http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=45559&is_real_user=1 | accessdate = 2007-11-03 }}</ref>
+'''''Dasypus bellus''''', the '''beautiful armadillo''',<ref name="IL SM">[http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/dasypus.html Illinois State Museum]</ref> is an extinct [[armadillo]] species [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[North America]] and [[South America]] from the [[Pleistocene]], living from 1.8 [[Annum|mya]]—11,000 years ago, existing for approximately {{Mya|1.8-0.011|million years}}.<ref name=PBDBDb>{{cite web | last = | first = | title = The Paleobiology Database query for ''Dasypus bellus'' | date = | url = https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=45559 | access-date = 2007-11-03 }}</ref>
-Slightly larger than its living relative, the [[nine-banded armadillo]],<ref name="IL SM" /> its fossils are known from [[Bolivia]], [[Argentina]], and [[Brazil]] to [[Florida]]. Records extend west to [[New Mexico]] and north to [[Iowa]] and [[Indiana]].<ref name=FaunMapDb>{{cite web | last = | first = | title = FaunMap query for ''Dasypus bellus'' | date = | url = http://mapserver.museum.state.il.us/faunmapweb/faunmap.phtml?Age=ALL&Form=scientific&Taxon=DYbe&dist=y | accessdate = 2007-11-03 }}</ref>
+Slightly larger than its living relative, the [[nine-banded armadillo]],<ref name="IL SM" /> its fossils are known from [[Florida]] and records extend west to [[New Mexico]] and north to [[Iowa]] and [[Indiana]].<ref name=FaunMapDb>{{cite web|title=FaunMap query for ''Dasypus bellus'' |url=http://mapserver.museum.state.il.us/faunmapweb/faunmap.phtml?Age=ALL&Form=scientific&Taxon=DYbe&dist=y |access-date=2007-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820150630/http://mapserver.museum.state.il.us/faunmapweb/faunmap.phtml?Age=ALL&Form=scientific&Taxon=DYbe&dist=y |archive-date=2011-08-20 }}</ref>
-==Anatomy==
+==Description ==
-=== Appearance ===
 [[File:D. bellus jaw.png|thumb]]
+''D. bellus'' had small, simple, peg-like teeth similar to ''D. novemcinctus.'' Its maximum length was approximately {{convert|1.2|m|ft}} long, twice the size of the nine-banded armadillo. The osteoderms of the shell and the limb bones of ''D. bellus'' are about two to two and a half times the extent of those of the living modern nine-banded armadillo ''D. novemcinctus''. The small ''D. bellus'' overlapped in size with the ''D. novemcinctus''. The body size of ''D. bellus''  decreased during the late Pleistocene, suggesting that its body size was variable.<ref name="Shapiro">{{cite journal|last1=Shapiro|first1=B.|last2=Graham|first2=R. W.|last3=Letts|first3=B.|year=2015|title=A revised evolutionary history of armadillos (Dasypus) in North America based on ancient mitochondrial DNA |url=https://pgl.soe.ucsc.edu/shapiro14.pdf|journal=Boreas|volume=44|issue=1|pages=14–23|doi=10.1111/bor.12094|s2cid=12689751 }}</ref>
-''D. Bellus'' has small, simple, peg like teeth similar to ''D. novemcinctus.'' This armadillo had a height 3.3 feet (1m). The anterior teeth had a single, slanted wear surface. The more latter teeth likely had two flat wear surfaces that meet at a shallow angle. The diet is believed to be similar to the modern species.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
-=== Body Size ===
-The beautiful armadillo was large approximately 1.2 m long . It was about twice the size of the nine-banded armadillo. The osteoderms of the shell and the limb bones of ''D. bellus'' are about two to two and a half times the extent of those of the living modern nine-banded armadillo &nbsp;''D. novemcinctus''. The small ''D. bellus'' overlapped in size with the ''D.novemcinctus''. The body size of ''D. bellus''  decreased during the late Pleistocene, suggesting body size was variable.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
-[[File:Dasypus-bellus-map.jpg|thumb]]
-== Location and Environment ==
-=== Range ===
-Earliest fossils are found in early Pleistocene South America, and would emigrate into southern North America.  By the late Pleistocene, ''D. bellus'' spread into the southwestern United States.  The living animals apparently preferred dry scrub environments.
 == Relations ==
 === DNA ===
-Testing of two ''D. bellus'' fossils and modern armadillos has proved the species are not genetically the same. However, one of the ''D. bellus'' fossils proved to be a ''D. novemcinctus''. The mistake was due to the high morphological similarities between the two species. It also proved that ''D. novemcinctus'' was in Florida much earlier than previously thought.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} [[File:Dasypus-bellus-skull.jpg|thumb]]
+[[DNA]] testing of two ''D. bellus'' fossils and modern [[armadillo]]s has proved the species are not genetically the same. However, one of the ''D. bellus'' fossils proved to be a specimen of ''D. novemcinctus''. The mistake was due to the high morphological similarities between the two species. It also proved that ''D. novemcinctus'' was in Florida much earlier than previously thought.<ref name="Shapiro"/>
 === Fossils ===
+[[File:Dasypus-bellus-map.jpg|thumb|''Dasypus bellus'' fossil occurrence in Florida]]
-Fossils of ''D. bellus'' have been found at many sites in Florida, including caves, sinkholes, river sites, coastal, and lake deposits. The most frequent type of fossil found are isolated osteoderms. The most common types of osteoderms that have been found are the hexagonal elements, which include most of osteoderms covering the shoulder or pectoral regions. Other types of osteoderms include those covering the pelvic region of the carapace or the so-called buckler or immovable osteoderms and the elongate rectangular elements from the movable bands, the imbricating or movable osteoderms.
+The earliest fossils are found in early Pleistocene South America, and would emigrate into southern North America.  They have been found at many sites in [[Florida]], including caves, [[sinkhole]]s, river sites, coastal, and lake deposits. By the late Pleistocene, ''D. bellus'' spread into the American Southwest.  The living animals apparently preferred dry scrub environments. The most frequent type of fossil found are isolated [[osteoderm]]s.<ref name="Shapiro"/>  The most common types of osteoderms that have been found are the hexagonal elements, which include most of osteoderms covering the shoulder or pectoral regions. Other types of osteoderms include those covering the pelvic region of the [[carapace]] or the so-called buckler or immovable osteoderms and the elongate rectangular elements from the movable bands, the imbricating or movable osteoderms.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282008%2928%5B197%3ALPCMXF%5D2.0.CO%3B2 | doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[197:LPCMXF]2.0.CO;2 | issn=0272-4634 | year=2008 | volume=28 | page=197 | title=Late Pleistocene cingulates (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Mene de Inciarte Tar Pits, Sierra de Perijá, western Venezuela | last1=Rincón | first1=Ascanio D. | last2=White | first2=Richard S. | last3=McDonald | first3=H. Gregory | journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | s2cid=85949767 }}</ref>
-=== Modern Decedents ===
+=== Modern descendants ===
-The beautiful armadillo likely shares a closer common lineage with numerous species of large armadillos from the Pleistocene of South America. This includes ''Propraopus sulcatus'' and ''Propraopus grandis.'' ''[[Dasypus kappleri|D. kappleri]]'', the great long nosed armadillo, which is the largest living species of armadillo from tropical South America, has the same features of osteoderms as ''D. bellus''. They also share a large, unreduced fifth digit on the manus.
+The beautiful armadillo likely shares a common lineage with numerous species of large armadillos from the Pleistocene of South America. This includes ''Propraopus sulcatus'' and ''Propraopus grandis.'' ''[[Dasypus kappleri|D. kappleri]]'', the great long-nosed armadillo, which is the largest living species of ''Dasypus'' from tropical South America, has the same features of osteoderms as ''D. bellus''. They also share a large, unreduced fifth digit on the manus. The range of ''D. novemcinctus'', the smaller nine-banded armadillo, has expanded out of Mexico and into much of the former range of ''Dasypus bellus.'' The two species are morphologically similar to each other. This had led many to believe that they might be a single, highly adaptable species that has gone through a course of phenotypical changes along with geographical range fluctuations causing from environmental changes. However, as previously stated, DNA research has proved ''D. bellus'' and ''D. novemcinctus'' to be separate species.<ref name="Shapiro"/>
+== References ==
-The range of ''D. novemcinctus'', the smaller nine banded armadillo, has broadened out of Mexico and emigrated into much of the former range of ''Dasypus bellus.'' The two species are morphologically similar to each other. This had led many to believe &nbsp;that they might be a single, highly adaptable species that has gone through a course of &nbsp;phenotypical changes along with geographical range fluctuations causing from environmental changes. However, as previously stated, DNA research has proved ''D. bellus'' and ''D. novemcinctus'' to be separate species.
+{{Portal|Paleontology|Prehistoric mammals}}
+{{Reflist}}
+== Further reading ==
-==References==
+* {{cite journal |last1=Tomak |first1=C.H. |title=''Dasypus bellus'' and Other Extinct Mammals From the Prairie-Creek Site |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=63 |issue=1 |year=1982 |pages=158–160 |doi=10.2307/1380686|jstor=1380686 }}<!--|access-date=27 October 2015 --> Web of Science.
-{{more footnotes|date=October 2015}}
-{{cite journal |last1=Tomak |first1=C.H. |title=''Dasypus bellus'' and Other Extinct Mammals From the Prairie-Creek Site |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=63 |issue=1 |year=1982 |pages=158–160 |access-date=27 October 2015 |doi=10.2307/1380686}} Web of Science.
+* {{cite journal |last1=Slaughter |first1=B.H. |title=The First Noted Occurrence of ''Dasypus bellus'' in Texas |journal=Field and Laboratory |volume=27 |issue=2 |year=1959 |pages=77–80 }} Web of Science.
+* {{cite journal |last1=Stangl |first1=FB |title=A Case of Tail Mutation in A North Texas Specimen of the Pleistocene ''Dasypus bellus'' (Xenarthra: Dasypodidae) |journal=Texas Journal of Science |volume=62 |issue=1 |year=2010 |pages=67–72}} Web of Science. Web. 27 Oct. 2015
+* {{cite journal |last1=Shapiro |first1=B |last2=Graham |first2=RW |last3=Letts |first3=B |title=A Revised Evolutionary History of Armadillos (''Dasypus'') in North America Based on Ancient Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Boreas |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=2015 |pages=14–23 |doi=10.1111/bor.12094|s2cid=12689751 }}<!--|access-date=27 October 2015 --> Web of Science.
+* Hulbert, Richard. “''Dasypus bellus''.” Florida Museum of Natural History. n. p.&nbsp;11 March 2015. Web. 27 Oct. 2015{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
+* "Dasypus bellus Extinct Armadillo Fossil Facts and Photos." Fossil-Treasures-of-Florida. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
+* Letts, Brandon, Shapiro, Beth. “The Recovery of Ancient DNA from ''Dasypus bellus'' Provides New Possibilities for Investigating Late Pleistocene Mammal Response to Climate Change.” Geophysical Research Abstracts. EGU General Assembly. 2010. Web. 27 Oct. 2015
+* {{cite journal |last1=Auffenberg |first1=Walter |year=1957 |title=A Note on an unusually complete specimen of ''Dasypus bellus'' (Simpson) from Florida |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=233–237 |jstor=24314943}}
+== External links ==
-{{cite journal |last1=Slaughter |first1=B.H. |title=The First Noted Occurrence of ''Dasypus bellus'' in Texas |journal=Field And Lab |volume=27 |issue=2 |year=1959 |pages=77–80 |access-date=27 October 2015}} Web of Science.
+* [http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/dasypus.html The beautiful armadillo]
+* [https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/florida-vertebrate-fossils/species/dasypus-bellus Dasypus bellus: Florida Museum of Natural History]
+* [http://www.fossil-treasures-of-florida.com/dasypus-bellus.html Fossil Treasure]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q902492}}
-{{cite journal |last1=Stangl |first1=FB |title=A Case of Tail Mutation in A North Texas Specimen of the Pleistocene ''Dasypus bellus'' (Xenarthra: Dasypodidae) |journal=Texas Journal of Science |volume=62 |issue=1 |year=2010 |pages=67–72}} Web of Science. Web. 27 Oct. 2015
+[[Category:Armadillos]]
-{{cite journal |last1=Shapiro |first1=B |last2=Graham |first2=RW |last3=Letts |first3=B |title=A Revised Evolutionary History of Armadillos (''Dasypus'') in North America Based on Ancient Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Boreas |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=2015 |pages=14–23 |access-date=27 October 2015 |doi=10.1111/bor.12094}} Web of Science.
-Hulbert, Richard. “Dasypus bellus.” Florida Museum of Natural History. n. p.&nbsp;11 March 2015. Web. 27 Oct. 2015{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
-"Dasypus bellus Extinct Armadillo Fossil Facts and Photos." Fossil-Treasures-of-Florida. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
-Letts, Brandon, Shapiro, Beth. “The Recovery of Ancient DNA from Dasypus bellus Provides New Possibilities for Investigating Late Pleistocene Mammal Response to Climate Change.” Geophysical Research Abstracts. EGU General Assembly. 2010. Web. 27 Oct. 2015
-{{cite journal |last1=Auffenberg |first1=W |year=1958 |title=A Note on an unusually complete specimen of ''Dasypus bellus'' (Simpson from Florida) |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences |volume=20 |pages=233–237 |access-date=27 October 2015}}
-{{reflist}}
-==External links==
-*[http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/dasypus.html The beautiful armadillo]
-*[https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/florida-vertebrate-fossils/species/dasypus-bellus Dasypus bellus: Florida Museum of Natural History]
-*[http://www.fossil-treasures-of-florida.com/dasypus-bellus.html Fossil Treasure]
-{{portal|Paleontology}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasypus bellus}}
 [[Category:Prehistoric cingulates]]
 [[Category:Pliocene xenarthrans]]
 [[Category:Pleistocene xenarthrans]]
 [[Category:Piacenzian first appearances]]
-[[Category:Pleistocene extinctions]]
+[[Category:Pleistocene species extinctions]]
 [[Category:Prehistoric mammals of North America]]
-[[Category:Prehistoric mammals of South America]]
+[[Category:Irvingtonian]]
-[[Category:Armadillos]]
+[[Category:Rancholabrean]]
+[[Category:Fossils of the United States]]
+[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1930]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by George Gaylord Simpson]]