Equinae: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Subfamily of mammals}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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|fossil_range = {{ |
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Early Miocene|Recent}} |
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| image = Przewalskis horse 02.jpg |
| image = Przewalskis horse 02.jpg |
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| image_caption = [[Przewalski's horse]] |
| image_caption = [[Przewalski's horse]] |
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|regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| authority = {{smallcaps|Steinmann & Döderlein 1890}} |
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|phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Tribe (biology)|Tribe]]s |
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|classis = [[Mammalia]] |
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|ordo = [[Perissodactyla]] |
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|familia = [[Equidae]] |
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|subdivision ranks = Tribes |
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'''Equinae''' is a [[subfamily]] of the [[family (biology)|family]] ''[[Equidae]]'', which live worldwide (except Indonesia and Australia) from the [[Hemingfordian]] stage of the [[Early Miocene]] to present (20.6—0 [[Mya (unit)|mya]]) and in existence for approximately {{Mya|20.6-0|million years}}.<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=65578&is_real_user=1 Paleobiology Database: Equinae basic info.]</ref> |
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'''Equinae''' is a [[subfamily]] of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Equidae]], known from the [[Hemingfordian]] stage of the [[Early Miocene]] (16 million years ago) onwards.<ref name=":pbdb">{{Cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=65578 |title=Paleobiology Database: Equinae basic info. |access-date=2009-08-03 |archive-date=2009-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621104327/http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=65578&is_real_user=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6325/627.full|title=Decoupled ecomorphological evolution and diversification in Neogene-Quaternary horses|first1=Juan L.|last1=Cantalapiedra|first2=Jose Luis L.|last2=Prado|first3=Manuel|last3=Hernández Fernández|first4=Mª Teresa|last4=Alberdi|date=10 February 2017|journal=Science|volume=355|issue=6325|pages=627–630|accessdate=13 February 2019|via=Escience.magazine.org|doi=10.1126/science.aag1772|pmid=28183978 |bibcode=2017Sci...355..627C }}</ref> They originated in North America, before dispersing to every continent except Australia and Antarctica. They are thought to be a [[monophyletic]] grouping.<ref>B. J. MacFadden. 1998. Equidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America</ref> Members of the subfamily are referred to as '''equines''';<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-27144-1_2|chapter=Evolutionary Radiation of Equids|first1=Juan L.|last1=Cantalapiedra|first2=Oscar L.|last2=Sanisdro|first3=Enrique|last3=Cantero|first4=Jose Luis|last4=Prado|first5=Mª Teresa Luis|last5=Alberdi| editor1-first= Herbert H.| editor1-last=Prins | editor2-first= Ian J.| editor2-last= Gordon | date=4 August 2023|publisher=Springer|title=The Equids, A Suite of Splendid Species|series=Fascinating Life Sciences |pages=27–45|via=www.springer.com|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-27144-1_2|isbn=978-3-031-27143-4 }}</ref> the only extant equines are the [[wild horse|horse]]s, [[Asinus|ass]]es, and [[zebra]]s of the genus [[Equus (genus)|''Equus'']], with two other genera ''[[Haringtonhippus]]'' and ''[[Hippidion]]'' becoming extinct at the beginning of the Holocene, around 11–12,000 years ago. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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Equinae was named by Steinmann and Döderlein in 1890 and was considered [[monophyletic]] by MacFadden (1998).<ref>B. J. MacFadden. 1998. Equidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America</ref> |
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The subfamily contains two tribes, the [[Equini]] and the [[Hipparionini]], as well as two unplaced genera, ''[[Merychippus]]'' and ''[[Scaphohippus]]''. Members of the family ancestrally had three toes, while members of the tribe Equini from the Middle Miocene onwards developed monodactyl feet.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Janis |first1=Christine M. |last2=Bernor |first2=Raymond L. |date=2019-04-12 |title=The Evolution of Equid Monodactyly: A Review Including a New Hypothesis |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00119 |issn=2296-701X |doi-access=free |hdl=1983/ede09e37-96f7-4baf-aec5-1bb7766a04e7 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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==Subtaxa== |
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The subfamily contains two tribes the Equini and the Hipparionini, as well as two unplaced genera ''[[Merychippus]]'' and ''[[Scaphohippus]]''. |
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==Sister taxa== |
==Sister taxa== |
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* [[Hyracotheriinae]] |
* [[Hyracotheriinae]] |
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==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Equidae extinct nav}} |
{{Equidae extinct nav}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q5384494}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Equinae| ]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Miocene horses]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Pliocene Perissodactyla]] |
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[[Category:Pleistocene horses]] |
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[[Category:Equidae]] |
[[Category:Equidae]] |
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[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]] |
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{{horse-stub}} |
{{horse-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 19:50, 18 November 2024
| Equinae Temporal range:
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| Przewalski's horse | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Perissodactyla |
| Family: | Equidae |
| Subfamily: | Equinae Steinmann & Döderlein 1890 |
| Tribes | |
Equinae is a subfamily of the family Equidae, known from the Hemingfordian stage of the Early Miocene (16 million years ago) onwards.[1][2] They originated in North America, before dispersing to every continent except Australia and Antarctica. They are thought to be a monophyletic grouping.[3] Members of the subfamily are referred to as equines;[4] the only extant equines are the horses, asses, and zebras of the genus Equus, with two other genera Haringtonhippus and Hippidion becoming extinct at the beginning of the Holocene, around 11–12,000 years ago.
The subfamily contains two tribes, the Equini and the Hipparionini, as well as two unplaced genera, Merychippus and Scaphohippus. Members of the family ancestrally had three toes, while members of the tribe Equini from the Middle Miocene onwards developed monodactyl feet.[5]
Sister taxa
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Paleobiology Database: Equinae basic info". Archived from the original on 2009-06-21. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
- ^ Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Prado, Jose Luis L.; Hernández Fernández, Manuel; Alberdi, Mª Teresa (10 February 2017). "Decoupled ecomorphological evolution and diversification in Neogene-Quaternary horses". Science. 355 (6325): 627–630. Bibcode:2017Sci...355..627C. doi:10.1126/science.aag1772. PMID 28183978. Retrieved 13 February 2019 – via Escience.magazine.org.
- ^ B. J. MacFadden. 1998. Equidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America
- ^ Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Sanisdro, Oscar L.; Cantero, Enrique; Prado, Jose Luis; Alberdi, Mª Teresa Luis (4 August 2023). "Evolutionary Radiation of Equids". In Prins, Herbert H.; Gordon, Ian J. (eds.). The Equids, A Suite of Splendid Species. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer. pp. 27–45. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27144-1_2. ISBN 978-3-031-27143-4 – via www.springer.com.
- ^ Janis, Christine M.; Bernor, Raymond L. (2019-04-12). "The Evolution of Equid Monodactyly: A Review Including a New Hypothesis". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00119. hdl:1983/ede09e37-96f7-4baf-aec5-1bb7766a04e7. ISSN 2296-701X.
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