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Coordinates: 20°06′00″N 92°54′09″E / 20.10000°N 92.90250°E / 20.10000; 92.90250
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Geobox | River
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
<!-- *** Heading *** -->
{{Infobox river
⚫
| name = Kaladan
| native_name = {{my|ကုလားတန်မြစ်}}
| name = Kaladan
| other_name = Kysapnadi
| native_name =
| other_name1 = Beino
| native_name_lang =
| other_name2 = Bawinu
| name_other = Chhimtuipui, Kissapanadi, Beino, Bawinu, Bawinung (Boinung)
| other_name3 = Bawinung(Boinung)
| name_etymology =
<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
⚫
| category =
⚫
| image = Kit SaPa Nadi River.jpg
<!-- *** Image *** -->
| image = Kit SaPa Nadi River.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Kaladan river
| image_caption = View of the river at [[Kyauktaw]].
| map = India_-_Bengal_area_1950s_(8165904945).jpg
<!-- *** Name *** -->
| etymology =
| map_size =
| map_caption = Regional map of India and Bengal in the 1950s. The Kaladan is visible at the bottom-right.
| nickname =
| pushpin_map =
<!-- *** Country etc. *** -->
| pushpin_map_size =
| country = [[Myanmar]]
| pushpin_map_caption =
| country1 = [[India]]
<!---------------------- LOCATION -->
| state = [[Chin State]]
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| state1 = [[Rakhine State]]
| state2 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Myanmar]], [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
<!-- *** Locations *** -->
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chin State]], [[Rakhine State]], [[Mizoram]]
| source = west flank of Mount [[Zinghmuh]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| source_location = [[Chin Hills]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| source_region = [[Chin State]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| source_country = Myanmar
| subdivision_name4 =
| source_elevation =2564
| subdivision_type5 =
⚫
| source_coordinates = {{coord|22|49|28|N|93|31|57|E|display=inline}}
| subdivision_name5 =
| mouth = [[Sittwe]]
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
⚫
| mouth_location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| mouth_country = Myanmar
| length = {{cvt|450|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| mouth_elevation = 0
| width_min =
| capital_coordinates =
| width_avg =
⚫
| width_max =
⚫
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|20|06|00|N|92|54|09|E|display=inline,title}}
| tributary_left = Twe River
| depth_min =
| tributary_left1 = Mi River
| depth_avg =
| tributary_left2 = Kalabon River
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location = Kaladan Delta, [[Bay of Bengal]]
| tributary_left3 = Kyegu River
| tributary_right = Chal River
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{cvt|3,476|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River System">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7904921|title=Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River System|last1=Christer|first1=Nilsson|last2=Catherine|first2=Reidy, Liermann|last3=Mats|first3=Dynesius|last4=Carmen|first4=Revenga|journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.1107887|year=2005|volume=308 |issue=5720 |pages=405–408 }}</ref>
| tributary_right1 = Tio River
| tributary_right2 = Tuichang
| discharge1_max =
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| tributary_right3 = [[Mat River (India)|Mat River]]
| tributary_right4 = Kawrthingdeng River
| source1 = west flank of Mount [[Zinghmuh]]
| source1_location = [[Chin Hills]], [[Chin State]], [[Myanmar]]
<!-- *** Dimensions *** -->
⚫
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|22|49|28|N|93|31|57|E|display=inline}}
| length =
| source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,564|m|abbr=on}}
⚫
| width =
| depth =
| mouth = [[Sittwe]]
| watershed =
| mouth_location = [[Bay of Bengal]], [[Myanmar]]
⚫
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|20|06|00|N|92|54|09|E|display=inline,title}}
| discharge = 3468
| mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}}
| discharge_location =
⚫
| progression = [[Bay of Bengal]]
<!-- *** Free frields *** -->
| free =
| river_system = [[Kaladan River]]
| basin_size = {{cvt|40,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSfIAgAAQBAJ|title = Register of International Rivers: Prepared by the Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations|isbn = 9781483188294|last1 = Stuart|first1 = Sam|date = 3 September 2013| publisher=Elsevier }}</ref>
<!-- *** Maps *** -->
| tributaries_left = Twe, Mi, Kalabon, Kyegu
| map =
| tributaries_right = Chal, [[Tio River|Tio]], Tuichang, Mat, Kawrthingdeng
| map_caption =
| map_locator =
| custom_label =
⚫
| custom_data =
<!-- *** Websites *** -->
| commons =
| extra =
| statistics =
| website =
<!-- *** Footnotes *** -->
| footnotes =
}}
}}
The '''Kaladan River''' ({{lang-my|ကုလားတန်မြစ်}}, {{IPA-my|kəládàɴ mjɪʔ|pron}}; also '''Kysapnadi, Beino''', '''Bawinu''' and '''Kolodyne''') is a [[river]] in eastern [[Mizoram|Mizoram State]] of [[India]], and in [[Chin State]] and [[Rakhine State]] of western [[Myanmar]]. It forms the international border between India and Burma between 22° 47′ 10" N (where its tributary, the Tio River, joins it) and 22° 11′ 06" N.<ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-nf46-7.jpg NF 46-7 "Gangaw, Burma"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1954, first printing April 1958</ref>
The '''Kaladan''' ({{langx|my|ကုလားတန်မြစ်}}, {{IPA-my|kəládàɰ̃ mjɪʔ|pron}}) or '''Kissapanadi River''' ({{langx|my|ကစ္ဆပနဒီ}}, {{IAST|Kacchapanadī}}), also known as the '''Beino''', '''Bawinu''' and '''Kolodyne''', is a [[river]] in eastern [[Mizoram|Mizoram State]] of [[India]], and in [[Chin State]] and [[Rakhine State]] of western [[Myanmar]].<ref name=chit1/> The Kaladan River is called the [[Chhimtuipui River]] in India.<ref name=chit4>[https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/still-under-construction-1502635461.html Still under construction[, The Statesman.</ref> It forms the international border between India and Burma between 22° 47′ 10" N (where its tributary, the [[Tiau River]], joins it) and 22° 11′ 06" N.<ref name=chit1>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-nf46-7.jpg NF 46-7 "Gangaw, Burma"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1954, first printing April 1958</ref>

==History==
Kaladan was an entry point to Mizoram from the seaport of [[Sittwe]] in 1904. Kaladan is [[Mizoram]]'s largest river and it flows through its southeastern region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy |title=The Camera as a Witness |date=13 April 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107073395 |pages=153}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
{{cleanup|reason=lat/lon should either use [[Template:Coord]] per [[MOS:COORDS]] and maybe move to footnotes, or be dropped|date=December 2021}}
The river arises in central Chin State as the Timit, 22° 49′ 28″ N 93° 31′ 57" E, and flows south and is soon joined by the Chal, after which it is known as the Boinu River. It continues south until just before it is joined by the Twe River at 22° 08′ 40″ N 93° 34′ 30″ E, when it swings west. It continues west until 22° 05′ 20″ N 93° 14′ 12″ E, when it heads northwest. At 22° 11′ 06″ N 93° 09′ 29″ E, below Mount Phabipa, it turns north and becomes the international border between India and Myanmar. It flows north to 22° 47′ 09″ N 93° 05′ 47″ E, where the international border continues north along the Tyao River, and the Boinu heads northwest into Mizoram State, at which point it is known as the Kaladan.
The river arises in central Chin State as the Timit, {{coord|22|49|28|N|93|31|57|E|display=inline}}, and flows south and is soon joined by the Chal, after which it is known as the Boinu River. It continues south until just before it is joined by the Twe River at 22° 08′ 40″ N 93° 34′ 30″ E, when it swings west. It continues west until 22° 05′ 20″ N 93° 14′ 12″ E, when it heads northwest. At 22° 11′ 06″ N 93° 09′ 29″ E, below Mount Phabipa, it turns north and becomes the international border between India and Myanmar. It flows north to 22° 47′ 09″ N 93° 05′ 47″ E, where the international border continues north along the Tyao River, and the Boinu heads northwest into Mizoram State, at which point it is known as the Kaladan.


At 22° 56′ 21″ N 92° 58′ 55″ E it reaches its northernmost point, and turns south west, is joined by the Tuichong River from the right and then heads south.<ref name="Chittagong">[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/nf-46-06a.jpg NF 46-6 "Chittagong, Pakistan"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1955, first printing March 1960</ref> The Kaladan is joined from the right by the Mat River at 22° 43′ 39″ N, 92° 54′ 46″ E. It continues south and is joined by the Kawrthingdeng River from the right. It again enters Chin State, at Raithaw Ferry, 22° 03′ 40″ N 92° 51′ 05″ E,<ref name="Chittagong"/> just northwest of Khenkhar. The Mi River joins from the left at 21° 06′ 56″ N 92° 57′ 42″ E.<ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-nf46-10.jpg "Cox's Bazar, Pakistan"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1954, first printing March 1960</ref> At [[Ngame, Burma|Ngame]] the river enters the Rakhine State of Myanmar and continues south to [[Sittwe]] where it enters the [[Bay of Bengal]].
At 22° 56′ 21″ N 92° 58′ 55″ E it reaches its northernmost point, and turns south west, is joined by the Tuichong River from the right and then heads south.<ref name="Chittagong">[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/nf-46-06a.jpg NF 46-6 "Chittagong, Pakistan"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1955, first printing March 1960</ref> The Kaladan is joined from the right by the Mat River at 22° 43′ 39″ N, 92° 54′ 46″ E. It continues south and is joined by the Kawrthingdeng River from the right. It again enters Chin State, at Raithaw Ferry, 22° 03′ 40″ N 92° 51′ 05″ E,<ref name="Chittagong"/> just northwest of Khenkhar. The Mi River joins from the left at 21° 06′ 56″ N 92° 57′ 42″ E.<ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-nf46-10.jpg "Cox's Bazar, Pakistan"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1954, first printing March 1960</ref> At [[Ngame, Burma|Ngame]] the river enters the Rakhine State of Myanmar and continues south to [[Sittwe]] where it enters the [[Bay of Bengal]].


==Development==
==Development==
At present, the Kaladan is the fifth largest river in the world to remain completely unfragmented by [[dam]]s anywhere in its catchment, behind only the [[Fly River|Fly]], [[Mamberamo River|Mamberamo]] and [[Sepik River|Sepik]] in [[New Guinea]] and the [[Pechora River|Pechora]] in [[Russia]].<ref>[http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/downloads/Nilsson_Science2005.pdf Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World’s Large River Systems]</ref> Nonetheless, the governments of India and Myanmar are working on a US$500 million, ''[[Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project]]'' that will facilitate trade between the two nations.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/03/20/stories/2004032000840400.htm The Hindu Business Line : `Work on Kaladan river project in Mizo to start soon'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The project includes the construction of the US$120 million deepwater [[Sittwe Port]] at the mouth of the river, dredging of the Kaladan river to enable cargo vessels to [[navigability|navigate the river]] from Sittwe to Mizoram, the construction of a river port at [[Paletwa]], as well as the widening and upgrade of highways between Paletwa and Myeikwa on the Indo-Myanmar border.<ref name=ibn-portstarts>{{cite news|url=http://www.indoburmanews.net/archives-1/2010/december_2010/construction-of-sittwe-port-for-kaladan-multiple-river-project-starts/|title=Construction of Sittwe Port for Kaladan Multiple River Project Starts|publisher=Indo-Burma News|date=2010-12-01|accessdate=2011-10-14|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401020702/http://www.indoburmanews.net/archives-1/2010/december_2010/construction-of-sittwe-port-for-kaladan-multiple-river-project-starts/|archivedate=2012-04-01|df=}}</ref> The project will open up not only Mizoram but all of India's northeastern states as hinterland for the Sittwe Port. Construction for the port started in 2010 and is expected to be completed by mid-2013.
At present, the Kaladan is the fifth largest river in the world that is completely unfragmented by [[dam]]s anywhere in its [[catchment]], behind only the [[Fly River|Fly]], [[Mamberamo River|Mamberamo]] and [[Sepik River|Sepik]] in [[New Guinea]] and the [[Pechora River|Pechora]] in [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/downloads/Nilsson_Science2005.pdf |title=Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River Systems |access-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330202803/http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/downloads/Nilsson_Science2005.pdf |archive-date=30 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Nonetheless, the governments of India and Myanmar are working on a US$500 million, ''[[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]]'' that will facilitate trade between the two nations.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/03/20/stories/2004032000840400.htm The Hindu Business Line : `Work on Kaladan river project in Mizo to start soon'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The project includes the construction of the US$120 million deepwater [[Sittwe Port]] at the mouth of the river, dredging of the Kaladan River to enable cargo vessels to [[navigability|navigate the river]] from Sittwe to Mizoram, the construction of a river port at [[Paletwa]], as well as the widening and upgrade of highways between Paletwa and Myeikwa on the Indo-Myanmar border.<ref name=ibn-portstarts>{{cite news|url=http://www.indoburmanews.net/archives-1/2010/december_2010/construction-of-sittwe-port-for-kaladan-multiple-river-project-starts/|title=Construction of Sittwe Port for Kaladan Multiple River Project Starts|publisher=Indo-Burma News|date=2010-12-01|access-date=2011-10-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401020702/http://www.indoburmanews.net/archives-1/2010/december_2010/construction-of-sittwe-port-for-kaladan-multiple-river-project-starts/|archive-date=2012-04-01}}</ref> India undertook the development of the 158&nbsp;km river boat route from [[Sittwe]] seaport to the Inland Water Terminal (IWT) and hydropower project at [[Paletwa]] jetty via the Kaladan River in [[Myanmar]].<ref name=biz1>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/india-awards-road-contract-to-complete-kaladan-project-in-myanmar/article9723297.ece India awards road contract to complete Kaladan project in Myanmar], Business Line, 9 June 2017.</ref><ref name=mand3/> River dredging and a jetty upgrade were completed in June 2017.<ref name=biz1/><ref name=mand3>[https://www.mmtimes.com/news/india-ramps-myanmar-ties-gain-foothold-asean.html India ramps up Myanmar ties]</ref> There is at least one [[Lock (water navigation)|river lock]] for navigation.<ref name=lock1>[http://stsfor.org/content/indias-infrastructure-development-projects-myanmar-game-changer-region-part-2-3 India's connectivity to Myanmar].</ref> The project will open up not only Mizoram but all of India's northeastern states as hinterland for the Sittwe Port. Construction for the port started in 2010 and is expected to be completed by mid-2020.{{update inline|date=January 2021}}


Development of the river is also being negotiated with the [[Shwe Gas Project]] for economic enhancement <ref>[http://www.shwe.org/photos/about-shwe The Shwe Project — [[Shwe Gas Movement]] [For a Sustainable Future in a Free and Democratic Burma&#93;<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Development of the river is also being negotiated with the [[Shwe Gas Project]] for economic enhancement <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shwe.org/photos/about-shwe |url-status= |title=The Shwe Project — Shwe Gas Movement [For a Sustainable Future in a Free and Democratic Burma]}}{{deadlink|date=September 2023}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2022}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project]]
* [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]]
* [[Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary]] - this highway will pass by this sanctuary, potential environmental issues
* [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Mago-Thingbu to Vijaynagar Border Road|Arunachal Border Highway]]
* [[Mago-Thingbu to Vijaynagar Border Road|Arunachal Border Highway]]
Line 83: Line 82:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 89: Line 88:
* [http://www.powermin.nic.in/whats_new/PFR/Mizoram/Boinu.pdf "Boinu Hydroelectric Project (640 MW)"], Ministry of Power, Government of India
* [http://www.powermin.nic.in/whats_new/PFR/Mizoram/Boinu.pdf "Boinu Hydroelectric Project (640 MW)"], Ministry of Power, Government of India
* [http://www.kaladan.com Kaladan.com - news covering Indo-Myanmar Kaladan project]
* [http://www.kaladan.com Kaladan.com - news covering Indo-Myanmar Kaladan project]

{{Clear}}
{{Hydrography of Mizoram}}
{{Hydrography of Mizoram}}
{{Hydrography of North-east India}}
{{Hydrography of North-east India}}

Latest revision as of 20:17, 18 November 2024

Kaladan
Chhimtuipui, Kissapanadi, Beino, Bawinu, Bawinung (Boinung)
View of the river at Kyauktaw.
Regional map of India and Bengal in the 1950s. The Kaladan is visible at the bottom-right.
Location
CountryMyanmar, India
StateChin State, Rakhine State, Mizoram
Physical characteristics
Sourcewest flank of Mount Zinghmuh
 • locationChin Hills, Chin State, Myanmar
 • coordinates22°49′28″N 93°31′57″E / 22.82444°N 93.53250°E / 22.82444; 93.53250
 • elevation2,564 m (8,412 ft)
MouthSittwe
 • location
Bay of Bengal, Myanmar
 • coordinates
20°06′00″N 92°54′09″E / 20.10000°N 92.90250°E / 20.10000; 92.90250
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length450 km (280 mi)
Basin size40,000 km2 (15,000 sq mi)[1]
Discharge 
 • locationKaladan Delta, Bay of Bengal
 • average3,476 m3/s (122,800 cu ft/s)[2]
Basin features
ProgressionBay of Bengal
River systemKaladan River
Tributaries 
 • leftTwe, Mi, Kalabon, Kyegu
 • rightChal, Tio, Tuichang, Mat, Kawrthingdeng

The Kaladan (Burmese: ကုလားတန်မြစ်, pronounced [kəládàɰ̃ mjɪʔ]) or Kissapanadi River (Burmese: ကစ္ဆပနဒီ, Kacchapanadī), also known as the Beino, Bawinu and Kolodyne, is a river in eastern Mizoram State of India, and in Chin State and Rakhine State of western Myanmar.[3] The Kaladan River is called the Chhimtuipui River in India.[4] It forms the international border between India and Burma between 22° 47′ 10" N (where its tributary, the Tiau River, joins it) and 22° 11′ 06" N.[3]

History

[edit]

Kaladan was an entry point to Mizoram from the seaport of Sittwe in 1904. Kaladan is Mizoram's largest river and it flows through its southeastern region.[5]

Geography

[edit]

The river arises in central Chin State as the Timit, 22°49′28″N 93°31′57″E / 22.82444°N 93.53250°E / 22.82444; 93.53250, and flows south and is soon joined by the Chal, after which it is known as the Boinu River. It continues south until just before it is joined by the Twe River at 22° 08′ 40″ N 93° 34′ 30″ E, when it swings west. It continues west until 22° 05′ 20″ N 93° 14′ 12″ E, when it heads northwest. At 22° 11′ 06″ N 93° 09′ 29″ E, below Mount Phabipa, it turns north and becomes the international border between India and Myanmar. It flows north to 22° 47′ 09″ N 93° 05′ 47″ E, where the international border continues north along the Tyao River, and the Boinu heads northwest into Mizoram State, at which point it is known as the Kaladan.

At 22° 56′ 21″ N 92° 58′ 55″ E it reaches its northernmost point, and turns south west, is joined by the Tuichong River from the right and then heads south.[6] The Kaladan is joined from the right by the Mat River at 22° 43′ 39″ N, 92° 54′ 46″ E. It continues south and is joined by the Kawrthingdeng River from the right. It again enters Chin State, at Raithaw Ferry, 22° 03′ 40″ N 92° 51′ 05″ E,[6] just northwest of Khenkhar. The Mi River joins from the left at 21° 06′ 56″ N 92° 57′ 42″ E.[7] At Ngame the river enters the Rakhine State of Myanmar and continues south to Sittwe where it enters the Bay of Bengal.

Development

[edit]

At present, the Kaladan is the fifth largest river in the world that is completely unfragmented by dams anywhere in its catchment, behind only the Fly, Mamberamo and Sepik in New Guinea and the Pechora in Russia.[8] Nonetheless, the governments of India and Myanmar are working on a US$500 million, Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project that will facilitate trade between the two nations.[9] The project includes the construction of the US$120 million deepwater Sittwe Port at the mouth of the river, dredging of the Kaladan River to enable cargo vessels to navigate the river from Sittwe to Mizoram, the construction of a river port at Paletwa, as well as the widening and upgrade of highways between Paletwa and Myeikwa on the Indo-Myanmar border.[10] India undertook the development of the 158 km river boat route from Sittwe seaport to the Inland Water Terminal (IWT) and hydropower project at Paletwa jetty via the Kaladan River in Myanmar.[11][12] River dredging and a jetty upgrade were completed in June 2017.[11][12] There is at least one river lock for navigation.[13] The project will open up not only Mizoram but all of India's northeastern states as hinterland for the Sittwe Port. Construction for the port started in 2010 and is expected to be completed by mid-2020.[needs update]

Development of the river is also being negotiated with the Shwe Gas Project for economic enhancement [14][failed verification]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Stuart, Sam (3 September 2013). Register of International Rivers: Prepared by the Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483188294.
  2. ^ Christer, Nilsson; Catherine, Reidy, Liermann; Mats, Dynesius; Carmen, Revenga (2005). "Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River System". Science. 308 (5720): 405–408. doi:10.1126/science.1107887.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b NF 46-7 "Gangaw, Burma" U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1954, first printing April 1958
  4. ^ [https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/still-under-construction-1502635461.html Still under construction[, The Statesman.
  5. ^ Pachuau, Joy (13 April 2015). The Camera as a Witness. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9781107073395.
  6. ^ a b NF 46-6 "Chittagong, Pakistan" U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1955, first printing March 1960
  7. ^ "Cox's Bazar, Pakistan" U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1954, first printing March 1960
  8. ^ "Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River Systems" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  9. ^ The Hindu Business Line : `Work on Kaladan river project in Mizo to start soon'
  10. ^ "Construction of Sittwe Port for Kaladan Multiple River Project Starts". Indo-Burma News. 1 December 2010. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  11. ^ a b India awards road contract to complete Kaladan project in Myanmar, Business Line, 9 June 2017.
  12. ^ a b India ramps up Myanmar ties
  13. ^ India's connectivity to Myanmar.
  14. ^ "The Shwe Project — Shwe Gas Movement [For a Sustainable Future in a Free and Democratic Burma]".[dead link‍]
[edit]
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