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Coordinates: 50°06′N 120°30′W / 50.1°N 120.5°W / 50.1; -120.5
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{{Short description|Geologic formation in British Columbia, Canada}}
{{confuse|Coldwater Sandstone}}
{{distinguish|Coldwater Sandstone}}
{{Infobox rockunit
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Coldwater Beds
| name = Coldwater Beds
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| map_caption =
| map_caption =
}}
}}
The '''Coldwater Beds''' are a [[Formation (geology)|geologic formation]] of the [[Okanagan Highlands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada. They preserve [[fossils]] dating back to the [[Ypresian]] stage of the [[Eocene]] [[Period (geology)|period]], or [[Wasatchian]] in the [[North American land mammal age|NALMA classification]].<ref name=FW>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?action=displayStrata&geological_group=&formation=Coldwater%20Beds&group_formation_member=Coldwater%20Beds Coldwater Beds] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
The '''Coldwater Beds''' are a [[Formation (geology)|geologic formation]] of the [[Okanagan Highlands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada. They preserve [[fossils]] dating back to the [[Ypresian]] stage of the [[Eocene]] [[Period (geology)|period]], or [[Wasatchian]] in the [[North American land mammal age|NALMA classification]].<ref name=FW>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayStrata?geological_group=&formation=Coldwater%20Beds&group_formation_member=Coldwater%20Beds Coldwater Beds] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>


The formation comprises [[mudstone]]s, [[shale]]s and [[tuff]]s deposited in a [[lacustrine]] [[depositional environment|environment]] and has provided many insect fossils, as well as indeterminate birds and fossil flora.<ref name=FWQuilchena>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=31677 Quilchena] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
The formation comprises [[mudstone]]s, [[shale]]s and [[tuff]]s deposited in a [[lacustrine]] [[depositional environment|environment]] and has provided many insect fossils, as well as indeterminate birds and fossil flora.<ref name=FWQuilchena>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=31677 Quilchena] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>


== Description ==
== Description ==
The Coldwater Beds were defined by Dawson (1895) based on a section along the [[Coldwater River (British Columbia)|Coldwater River]] in the [[Okanagan Highlands]].<ref name="Pearson1977">{{cite journal |last=Pearson |first=R. C. |first2=D. |last2=Obradovich |year=1977 |title=Eocene Rocks in Northeast Washington- Radiometric Ages and Correlation |journal=[[United States Geological Survey Bulletin]] |volume=1433 |pages=9-10}}</ref> The formation reaches a thickness of {{convert|230|m|ft}},<ref name=Tribe2004-p41>{{cite book |last=Tribe |first=Selina |year=2004 |title=Cenozoic Drainage History of Southern British Columbia - PhD thesis |publisher=[[Simon Fraser University]] |pages=41, 67, 112}}</ref> and comprises [[mudstone]]s, [[shale]]s and [[tuff]] deposited in a [[lacustrine]] [[depositional environment|environment]]. U-Pb dating of thick [[tephra]], combined with Ar-Ar dates of [[sanidine]] from same bed provided an Early Eocene age. The tephra was deposited within insect-bearing [[shale]]s.<ref name=FW/>
The Coldwater Beds were defined by Dawson (1895) based on a section along the [[Coldwater River (British Columbia)|Coldwater River]] in the [[Okanagan Highlands]].<ref name="Pearson1977">{{cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=R. C. |first2=D. |last2=Obradovich |year=1977 |title=Eocene Rocks in Northeast Washington- Radiometric Ages and Correlation |journal=[[United States Geological Survey Bulletin]] |volume=1433 |pages=9–10}}</ref> The formation reaches a thickness of {{convert|230|m|ft}},<ref name=Tribe2004-p41>{{cite book |last=Tribe |first=Selina |year=2004 |title=Cenozoic Drainage History of Southern British Columbia - PhD thesis |publisher=[[Simon Fraser University]] |pages=41, 67, 112}}</ref> and comprises [[mudstone]]s, [[shale]]s and [[tuff]] deposited in a [[lacustrine]] [[depositional environment|environment]]. U-Pb dating of thick [[tephra]], combined with Ar-Ar dates of [[sanidine]] from same bed provided an Early Eocene age. The tephra was deposited within insect-bearing [[shale]]s.<ref name=FW/>


=== Climate ===
=== Climate ===
[[File:Early Eocene proxy ensemble data from fossil localities showing (a) MAT and (b) MAP estimates.png|thumb|250px|right|Early Eocene proxy ensemble data from fossil localities showing (a) MAT and (b) MAP estimates with the Coldwater Beds indicated with (2)]]
[[File:Early Eocene proxy ensemble data from fossil localities showing (a) MAT and (b) MAP estimates.png|thumb|250px|right|Early Eocene proxy ensemble data from fossil localities showing (a) MAT and (b) MAP estimates with the Coldwater Beds indicated with (2)]]
During the Early Eocene, the climate of much of northern North America was warm and wet, with mean annual temperatures (MAT) as high as {{convert|20|C|F}}, mean annual precipitation (MAP) of {{convert|100|to|150|cm|in}}, mild frost-free winters (coldest month mean temperature >{{convert|5|C|F}}), and climatic conditions that supported extensive temperate forest ecosystems.<ref name=West2020>{{cite LSA |last=West |first=Christopher K. |first2=David R. |last2=Greenwood |first3=Tammo |last3=Reichgelt |first4=Alexander J. |last4=Lowe |first5=Janelle M. |last5=Vachon |first6=James F. |last6=Basinger |year=2020 |title=Paleobotanical proxies for early Eocene climates and ecosystems in northern North America from middle to high latitudes |url=https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/16/1387/2020/ |journal=[[Climate of the Past]] |volume=16 |pages=1387, 1390-1391 |accessdate=2020-09-05}}</ref>
During the Early Eocene, the climate of much of northern North America was warm and wet, with mean annual temperatures (MAT) as high as {{convert|20|C|F}}, mean annual precipitation (MAP) of {{convert|100|to|150|cm|in}}, mild frost-free winters (coldest month mean temperature >{{convert|5|C|F}}), and climatic conditions that supported extensive temperate forest ecosystems.<ref name=West2020>{{citation |last1=West |first1=Christopher K. |first2=David R. |last2=Greenwood |first3=Tammo |last3=Reichgelt |first4=Alexander J. |last4=Lowe |first5=Janelle M. |last5=Vachon |first6=James F. |last6=Basinger |year=2020 |title=Paleobotanical proxies for early Eocene climates and ecosystems in northern North America from middle to high latitudes |url=https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/16/1387/2020/ |journal=[[Climate of the Past]] |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=1387, 1390–1391 |doi=10.5194/cp-16-1387-2020 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020CliPa..16.1387W |accessdate=2020-09-05}}</ref>


The Quilchena fossil locality is dated to 51.5 ± 0.4 Ma corresponding to the [[Early Eocene Climatic Optimum]] (EECO), and is reconstructed as the warmest and wettest of the Early Eocene upland sites from the Okanagan Highlands of British Columbia and northern Washington State. Mean annual temperature (MAT) is estimated from leaf margin analysis as {{convert|16.2|±|2.1|C|F}} and {{convert|14.6|±|4.8|C|F}}. Using bioclimatic analysis of 45 nearest living relatives, a moist mesothermal climate is indicated (MAT {{convert|12.7|to|16.6|C|F}}; cold month mean temperature (CMMT) {{convert|3.5|to|7.9|C|F}} and mean annual precipitation (MAP) of {{convert|103|to|157|cm|in}}/yr. Leaf size analysis estimates MAP at {{convert|121|±|39|cm|in}}/y.<ref name=Mathewes2015-p2>Mathewes, 2015, p.2</ref>
The Quilchena fossil locality is dated to 51.5 ± 0.4 Ma corresponding to the [[Early Eocene Climatic Optimum]] (EECO), and is reconstructed as the warmest and wettest of the Early Eocene upland sites from the Okanagan Highlands of British Columbia and northern Washington State. Mean annual temperature (MAT) is estimated from leaf margin analysis as {{convert|16.2|±|2.1|C|F}} and {{convert|14.6|±|4.8|C|F}}. Using bioclimatic analysis of 45 nearest living relatives, a moist mesothermal climate is indicated (MAT {{convert|12.7|to|16.6|C|F}}; cold month mean temperature (CMMT) {{convert|3.5|to|7.9|C|F}} and mean annual precipitation (MAP) of {{convert|103|to|157|cm|in}}/yr. Leaf size analysis estimates a mean annual precipitation of {{convert|121|±|39|cm|in}}.<ref name="Quilchena2016">{{cite journal |last1=Mathewes |first1=R. W. |last2=Greenwood |first2=D. R. |last3=Archibald |first3=S. B. |year=2016 |title=Paleoenvironment of the Quilchena flora, British Columbia, during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=574–590|doi=10.1139/cjes-2015-0163 |bibcode=2016CaJES..53..574M |hdl=1807/71979 |url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/71979/1/cjes-2015-0163.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref>


== Fossils==
== Fossils==
[[File:Buprestis saxigena Scudder 1890 pl2 Fig24.png|thumb|right|upright|''[[Buprestis saxigena]]'' <br/>(1890 illustration)]]
[[File:Buprestis sepulta Scudder 1890 pl2 Fig26.png|thumb|right|upright|''[[Buprestis sepulta]]'' <br/>(1890 illustration)]]
[[File:Buprestis tertiaria Scudder 1890 pl2 Fig23.png|thumb|right|upright|''[[Buprestis tertiaria]]'' <br/>(1890 illustration)]]
[[File:Cercyon terrigena Scudder 1890 pl2 Fig21.png|thumb|right|upright|''[[Cercyon? terrigena]]''<br/>(1890 illustration)]]
[[File:Nebria paleomelas Scudder 1890 pl2 Fig20.png|thumb|right|upright|''[[Nebria paleomelas]]''<br/>(1890 illustration)]]
A wide variety of fossils occur in the formation, including abundant fish remains, [[insect]]s, and plants, and rare occurrences of [[mollusc]]s, [[ostracod]]s, and [[bird]]s:<ref name=FW/>
A wide variety of fossils occur in the formation, including abundant fish remains, [[insect]]s, and plants, and rare occurrences of [[mollusc]]s, [[ostracod]]s, and [[bird]]s:<ref name=FW/>


=== Flora ===
=== Flora ===
Fossil plants were first reported from the Coldwater Beds at the Quilchena site and nearby by Penhallow (1908)<ref name=Greenwood2015>{{cite journal |first=David R. |last=Greenwood |first2=Kathleen B. |last2=Pigg |first3=James F. |last3=Basinger |first4=Melanie L. |last4=DeVore |year=2015 |title=A review of paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan Highlands floras of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]] |volume= |pages=15,18-19}}</ref> with an expanded taxonomic list given by Mathewes ''et al'' (2016).<ref name="Quilchena2016">{{cite journal |last1=Mathewes |first1=R. W. |last2=Greenwood |first2=D. R. |last3=Archibald |first3=S. B. |year=2016 |title=Paleoenvironment of the Quilchena flora, British Columbia, during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=574–590|doi=10.1139/cjes-2015-0163 |bibcode=2016CaJES..53..574M |hdl=1807/71979 |url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/71979/1/cjes-2015-0163.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Fossil plants were first reported from the Coldwater Beds at the Quilchena site and nearby by Penhallow (1908)<ref name=Greenwood2015>{{cite journal |first1=David R. |last1=Greenwood |first2=Kathleen B. |last2=Pigg |first3=James F. |last3=Basinger |first4=Melanie L. |last4=DeVore |year=2015 |title=A review of paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan Highlands floras of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]] |volume= |pages=15, 18–19}}</ref> with an expanded taxonomic list given by Mathewes ''et al'' (2016).<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
{{div col}}
{{div col}}
;Pteridophytes
;Pteridophytes
Line 64: Line 70:
;Pinophytes
;Pinophytes
*''[[Abies]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Abies]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Cephalotaxaceae|cf ''Amentotaxus'']]<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*[[Cephalotaxaceae|cf ''Amentotaxus'']]<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Calocedrus]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Calocedrus]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Chamaecyparis]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Chamaecyparis]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
Line 90: Line 96:
*''[[Dipteronia]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Dipteronia]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*[[Hamamelidaceae|cf. ''Disanthus'']]<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*[[Hamamelidaceae|cf. ''Disanthus'']]<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*†''[[Eucommia montana]]''<ref name="Call1997">{{cite journal |last1=Call |first1=V.B. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D.L. |year=1997 |title=The fossil record of ''Eucommia'' (Eucommiaceae) in North America |journal= American Journal of Botany |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=798–814 |url= http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/84/6/798.pdf|format=PDF |pmid=21708632 |doi=10.2307/2445816}}</ref>
*†''[[Eucommia montana]]''<ref name="Call1997">{{cite journal |last1=Call |first1=V.B. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D.L. |year=1997 |title=The fossil record of ''Eucommia'' (Eucommiaceae) in North America |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=798–814 |pmid=21708632 |doi=10.2307/2445816 |jstor=2445816 |s2cid=20464075 }}</ref>
*†''[[Eucommia rolandii]]''<ref name="Call1997"/>
*†''[[Eucommia rolandii]]''<ref name="Call1997">{{cite journal |last1=Call |first1=V.B. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D.L. |year=1997 |title=The fossil record of ''Eucommia'' (Eucommiaceae) in North America |journal= American Journal of Botany |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=798–814 |url= http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/84/6/798.pdf|format=PDF |pmid=21708632 |doi=10.2307/2445816}}</ref>
*[[Hamamelidaceae|cf. ''Exbucklandia'']]<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*[[Hamamelidaceae|cf. ''Exbucklandia'']]<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Fagus]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Fagus]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*†''[[Florissantia quilchenensis]]''<ref name=Manchester1992>{{cite journal |last=Manchester |first=S. R |year=1992 |title=Flowers, fruits, and pollen of ''Florissantia'', an extinct Malvalean genus from the Eocene and Oligocene of western North America |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=79 |pages=996–1008}}</ref>
*†''[[Florissantia quilchenensis]]''<ref name=Manchester1992>{{cite journal |last=Manchester |first=S. R |year=1992 |title=Flowers, fruits, and pollen of ''Florissantia'', an extinct Malvalean genus from the Eocene and Oligocene of western North America |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=79 |issue=9 |pages=996–1008|doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1992.tb13689.x }}</ref>
*''[[Fraxinus]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Fraxinus]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Hovenia]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Hovenia]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
Line 106: Line 112:
*''[[Sassafras]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Sassafras]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Ternstroemia]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Ternstroemia]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Theaceae|cf. ''Gordonia'']]<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*[[Theaceae|cf. ''Gordonia'']]<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Tilia]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Tilia]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Trochodendron]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Trochodendron]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
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*''[[Ulmus]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
*''[[Ulmus]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}

===Molluscs===
[[Mark M. V. Wilson|Mark Wilson]] (1987) noted, without taxonomic identification, that unidentified small bivalves are a component of the Quilchena invertebrate paleofauna.<ref name="Wilson87">{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=M. |year=1987 |title=Predation as a source of fish fossils in Eocene lake sediments |journal=PALAIOS |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=497–500|doi=10.2307/3514620 |jstor=3514620 |bibcode=1987Palai...2..497W }}</ref>


=== Insects ===
=== Insects ===
The insect fossils studied by Wilson (1987) showed Bibionidae dominating the paleoentemofauna, at 28% of all specimens examined at that time. An additional 13% of the fossils were other dipterans while up to 41% of all insects still had attached wings. The invertebrates trace fossils included two undescribed species of Trichoptera larval cases and burrowing or tracks in the sediment.<ref name="Wilson87"/>

{{Div col}}
{{Div col}}
;Blattaria
;Blattaria
* [[Blaberidae|Diplopterinae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000>{{cite journal|last=Archibald |first=S. B. |first2=R. W. |last2=Mathewes |year=2000 |title=Early Eocene insects from Quilchena, British Columbia, and their paleoclimatic implications |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Zoology]] |volume=78 |pages=1441–1462}}</ref>
* [[Blaberidae|Diplopterinae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000>{{cite journal|last1=Archibald |first1=S. B. |first2=R. W. |last2=Mathewes |year=2000 |title=Early Eocene insects from Quilchena, British Columbia, and their paleoclimatic implications |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Zoology]] |volume=78 |issue=8 |pages=1441–1462|doi=10.1139/z00-070 }}</ref>
;Coleoptera
;Coleoptera
* ''[[Amara (genus)|cf. Amara sp.]]''<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* ''[[Amara (genus)|cf. Amara sp.]]''<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* †''[[Buprestis saxigena]]'' {{small|Scudder, 1879}}<ref name=Scudder1879>{{cite journal |last=Scudder |first=S. H |year=1879 |title=Appendix A. The fossil insects collected in 1877, by Mr. G.M. Dawson, in the interior of British Columbia |journal=Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for |volume=1877-1878 |pages=175–185}}</ref><ref name=Scudder1895v2>{{cite journal |last=Scudder |first=S. H |year=1895 |title=Canadian fossil insects, myriapods and arachnids, Vol II. The Coleoptera hitherto found fossil in Canada |journal=Geological Survey of Canada Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology |volume=2 |pages=5–26}}</ref>
* †''[[Buprestis sepulta]]'' {{small|Scudder, 1879}}<ref name=Scudder1879/><ref name=Scudder1895v2/>
* †''[[Buprestis tertiaria]]'' {{small|Scudder, 1879}}<ref name=Scudder1879/><ref name=Scudder1895v2/>
* [[Carabidae|Carabidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Carabidae|Carabidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* †''[[Cercyon? terrigena]]'' {{small|Scudder, 1879}}<ref name=Scudder1879/>
* [[Curculionidae|Curculionidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Curculionidae|Curculionidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Erotylidae|cf. Erotylidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Erotylidae|cf. Erotylidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* †''[[Nebria paleomelas]]'' {{small|Scudder, 1879}}<ref name=Scudder1879/>
* [[Omaliinae|Omaliinae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Omaliinae|Omaliinae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Pachymerinae|Pachymerina sp.]]<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
* [[Pachymerinae|Pachymerina sp.]]<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
Line 153: Line 169:
* ''[[Plecia|Plecia angustipennis]]''<ref name=Rice1959>{{cite journal |last=Rice |first=H. M. A |year=1959 |title=Fossil Bibionidae (Diptera) from British Columbia |journal=[[Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin]] |volume=55 |pages=1–36}}</ref>
* ''[[Plecia|Plecia angustipennis]]''<ref name=Rice1959>{{cite journal |last=Rice |first=H. M. A |year=1959 |title=Fossil Bibionidae (Diptera) from British Columbia |journal=[[Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin]] |volume=55 |pages=1–36}}</ref>
* ''[[Plecia|Plecia canadensis]]''<ref name=Rice1959/>
* ''[[Plecia|Plecia canadensis]]''<ref name=Rice1959/>
* ''[[Plecia|Plecia pictipennis]]''<ref name="Handlirsch1910">{{cite journal |last=Handlirsch |first=A |year=1910 |title=Canadian fossil Insects. 5. Insects from the Tertiary lake deposits of the southern interior of British Columbia, collected by Mr. Lawrence M. Lambe |journal=[[Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology]] |volume=2 |pages=93–129}}</ref>
* ''[[Plecia|Plecia pictipennis]]''<ref name="Handlirsch1910"/>
* [[Mycetophilidae|Mycetophilidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Mycetophilidae|Mycetophilidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Pipunculidae|Pipunculidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Pipunculidae|Pipunculidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Pipunculinae|Pipunculinae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2014>{{cite journal |last=Archibald |first=S. B. |first2=C. |last2=Kehlmaier |first3=R. W. |last3=Mathewes |year=2014 |title=Early Eocene big headed flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from the Okanagan Highlands, western North America |journal=[[The Canadian Entomologist]] |volume=146 |pages=429–443}}</ref>
* [[Pipunculinae|Pipunculinae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2014>{{cite journal |last1=Archibald |first1=S. B. |first2=C. |last2=Kehlmaier |first3=R. W. |last3=Mathewes |year=2014 |title=Early Eocene big headed flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from the Okanagan Highlands, western North America |journal=[[The Canadian Entomologist]] |volume=146 |issue=4 |pages=429–443|doi=10.4039/tce.2013.79 |s2cid=55738600 }}</ref>
* [[Pleciinae|Pleciinae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Pleciinae|Pleciinae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Syrphidae|Syrphidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Syrphidae|Syrphidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
Line 170: Line 186:
* [[Pentatomidae|cf. Pentatomidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Pentatomidae|cf. Pentatomidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
;Hymenoptera
;Hymenoptera
* ''[[Eosphecium|Eosphecium naumanni]]''<ref name=Pulawski2000>{{cite journal |last=Pulawski |first=W. J. |first2=A. P. |last2=Rasnitsyn |first3=D. J. |last3=Brothers |first4=S. B. |last4=Archibald |year=2000 |title=New genera of Angarosphecinae: ''Cretosphecium'' from Early Cretaceous of Mongolia and Eosphecium from Early Eocene of Canada (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) |journal=[[Journal of Hymenoptera Research]] |volume=9 |pages=34–40}}</ref>
* ''[[Eosphecium|Eosphecium naumanni]]''<ref name=Pulawski2000>{{cite journal |last1=Pulawski |first1=W. J. |first2=A. P. |last2=Rasnitsyn |first3=D. J. |last3=Brothers |first4=S. B. |last4=Archibald |year=2000 |title=New genera of Angarosphecinae: ''Cretosphecium'' from Early Cretaceous of Mongolia and Eosphecium from Early Eocene of Canada (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) |journal=[[Journal of Hymenoptera Research]] |volume=9 |pages=34–40}}</ref>
* ''[[Halictus? savenyei]]''<ref name=Engel2003>{{cite journal |last=Engel |first=M. S. |first2=S. B. |last2=Archibald |year=2003 |title=An Early Eocene bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) from Quilchena, British Columbia |journal=[[The Canadian Entomologist]] |volume=135 |pages=63–69}}</ref>
* ''[[Halictus? savenyei]]''<ref name=Engel2003>{{cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=M. S. |first2=S. B. |last2=Archibald |year=2003 |title=An Early Eocene bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) from Quilchena, British Columbia |journal=[[The Canadian Entomologist]] |volume=135 |pages=63–69|doi=10.4039/n02-030 |hdl=1808/16473 |s2cid=54053341 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Braconidae|Braconidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2018>{{cite journal |last=Archibald |first=S. B. |first2=A. P. |last2=Rasnitsyn |first3=D. J. |last3=Brothers |first4=R. W. |last4=Mathewes |year=2018 |title=Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands of western North America |journal=[[The Canadian Entomologist]] |volume=150 |pages=250–257}}</ref>
* [[Braconidae|Braconidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2018>{{cite journal |last1=Archibald |first1=S. B. |first2=A. P. |last2=Rasnitsyn |first3=D. J. |last3=Brothers |first4=R. W. |last4=Mathewes |year=2018 |title=Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands of western North America |journal=[[The Canadian Entomologist]] |volume=150 |issue=2 |pages=250–257|doi=10.4039/tce.2017.59 |s2cid=90017208 }}</ref>
* [[Formicidae|Formicidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Formicidae|Formicidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Ichneumonidae|Ichneumonidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Ichneumonidae|Ichneumonidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
Line 179: Line 195:
* [[Vespidae|Vespidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Vespidae|Vespidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
;Mecoptera
;Mecoptera
* ''[[Eorpa (genus)|Eorpa jurgeni]]''<ref name=Archibald2013>{{cite journal |last=Archibald |first=S. B. |first2=R. W. |last2=Mathewes |first3=D. R. |last3=Greenwood |year=2013 |title=The Eocene apex of panorpoid scorpionfly family diversity |journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]] |volume=87 |pages=677–695}}</ref>
* ''[[Eorpa (genus)|Eorpa jurgeni]]''<ref name=Archibald2013>{{cite journal |last1=Archibald |first1=S. B. |first2=R. W. |last2=Mathewes |first3=D. R. |last3=Greenwood |year=2013 |title=The Eocene apex of panorpoid scorpionfly family diversity |journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]] |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=677–695|doi=10.1666/12-129 |bibcode=2013JPal...87..677A |s2cid=88292018 }}</ref>
* ''[[Eorpa (genus)|Eorpa sp.]]''<ref name=Archibald2013/>
* ''[[Eorpa (genus)|Eorpa sp.]]''<ref name=Archibald2013/>
* [[Panorpoidea|Panorpoidea sp.]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
* ''[[Panorpoidea|Panorpoidea sp.]]''<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
;Neuroptera
;Neuroptera
* ''[[Polystoechotites|Polystoechotites sp.]]''<ref name=Archibald2006>{{cite journal |last=Archibald |first=S. B. |first2=V. N. |last2=Makarkin |year=2006 |title=Tertiary Giant Lacewings (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae): revision and description of new taxa from Western North America and Denmark |journal=[[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology]] |volume=4 |pages=119–155}}</ref>
* ''[[Polystoechotites|Polystoechotites sp.]]''<ref name=Archibald2006>{{cite journal |last1=Archibald |first1=S. B. |first2=V. N. |last2=Makarkin |year=2006 |title=Tertiary Giant Lacewings (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae): revision and description of new taxa from Western North America and Denmark |journal=[[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=119–155|doi=10.1017/S1477201906001817 |bibcode=2006JSPal...4..119A |s2cid=55970660 }}</ref>
* ''[[Palaeopsychops dodgeorum]]''<ref name=MakarkinArchibald2003>{{cite journal |last=Makarkin |first=V. N. |first2=S. B. |last2=Archibald |year=2003 |title=Family affinity of the genus ''Palaeopsychops'' Andersen with description of a new species from the Early Eocene of British Columbia, Canada (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae) |journal=[[Annals of the Entomological Society of America]] |volume=96 |pages=171–180}}</ref>
* ''[[Palaeopsychops dodgeorum]]''<ref name=MakarkinArchibald2003>{{cite journal |last1=Makarkin |first1=V. N. |first2=S. B. |last2=Archibald |year=2003 |title=Family affinity of the genus ''Palaeopsychops'' Andersen with description of a new species from the Early Eocene of British Columbia, Canada (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae) |journal=[[Annals of the Entomological Society of America]] |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=171–180|doi=10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0171:FAOTGP]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=84362010 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''[[Palaeopsychops douglasae]]''<ref name=Archibald2006/>
* ''[[Palaeopsychops douglasae]]''<ref name=Archibald2006/>
* ''[[Wesmaelius mathewesi]]''<ref name=Makarkin2003>{{cite journal |last=Makarkin |first=V. N. |first2=S. B. |last2=Archibald |first3=J. D. |last3=Oswald |year=2003 |title=New Early Eocene brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from western North America |journal=[[The Canadian Entomologist]] |volume=135 |pages=637–653}}</ref>
* ''[[Wesmaelius mathewesi]]''<ref name=Makarkin2003>{{cite journal |last1=Makarkin |first1=V. N. |first2=S. B. |last2=Archibald |first3=J. D. |last3=Oswald |year=2003 |title=New Early Eocene brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from western North America |journal=[[The Canadian Entomologist]] |volume=135 |issue=5 |pages=637–653|doi=10.4039/n02-122 |s2cid=53479449 }}</ref>
;Orthoptera
;Orthoptera
* [[Prophalangopsidae|Prophalangopsidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
* [[Prophalangopsidae|Prophalangopsidae indet.]]<ref name=Archibald2000/>
Line 199: Line 215:


=== Birds ===
=== Birds ===
* [[Aves|Aves indet.]]<ref name="Handlirsch1910">{{cite journal |last=Handlirsch |first=A |year=1910 |title=Canadian fossil Insects. 5. Insects from the Tertiary lake deposits of the southern interior of British Columbia, collected by Mr. Lawrence M. Lambe |journal=[[Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology]] |volume=2 |pages=93–129}}</ref> feathers<ref name="Quilchena2016"/>
* [[Aves|Aves indet.]] feathers<ref name="Quilchena2016"/><ref name="Birds2019">{{cite journal |last1=Mayr |first1=G. |last2=Archibald |first2=S.B. |last3=Kaiser |first3=G.W. |last4=Mathewes |first4=R.W. |year=2019 |title=Early Eocene (Ypresian) birds from the Okanagan Highlands, British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State (USA) |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=56 |issue=8 |pages=803–813 |doi=10.1139/cjes-2018-0267|bibcode=2019CaJES..56..803M |s2cid=135271937 }}</ref>


===Mammals===
===Mammals===
Line 214: Line 230:
{{reflist|3}}
{{reflist|3}}


[[Category:Wasatchian]]
[[Category:Ypresian North America]]
[[Category:Paleontology in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Paleontology in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Coldwater Beds]]
[[Category:Coldwater Beds]]

Latest revision as of 21:54, 18 November 2024

Not to be confused with Coldwater Sandstone.
Coldwater Beds
Stratigraphic range: Ypresian (Wasatchian)
~51.9–51.1 Ma
↓
TypeFormation
Unit ofKamloops Group
Sub-unitsMerritt & Quilchena coal basins
OverliesNicola Group
Thickness230 m (750 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone
OtherShale, tuff, coal
Location
Coordinates50°06′N 120°30′W / 50.1°N 120.5°W / 50.1; -120.5
Approximate paleocoordinates54°48′N 103°30′W / 54.8°N 103.5°W / 54.8; -103.5
RegionBritish Columbia
Country Canada
ExtentOkanagan Highlands
Type section
Named forColdwater River
Named byDawson
Year defined1895
Coldwater Beds is located in Canada
Coldwater Beds
Coldwater Beds (Canada)
Coldwater Beds is located in British Columbia
Coldwater Beds
Coldwater Beds (British Columbia)

The Coldwater Beds are a geologic formation of the Okanagan Highlands in British Columbia, Canada. They preserve fossils dating back to the Ypresian stage of the Eocene period, or Wasatchian in the NALMA classification.[1]

The formation comprises mudstones, shales and tuffs deposited in a lacustrine environment and has provided many insect fossils, as well as indeterminate birds and fossil flora.[2]

Description

[edit]

The Coldwater Beds were defined by Dawson (1895) based on a section along the Coldwater River in the Okanagan Highlands.[3] The formation reaches a thickness of 230 metres (750 ft),[4] and comprises mudstones, shales and tuff deposited in a lacustrine environment. U-Pb dating of thick tephra, combined with Ar-Ar dates of sanidine from same bed provided an Early Eocene age. The tephra was deposited within insect-bearing shales.[1]

Climate

[edit]
Early Eocene proxy ensemble data from fossil localities showing (a) MAT and (b) MAP estimates with the Coldwater Beds indicated with (2)

During the Early Eocene, the climate of much of northern North America was warm and wet, with mean annual temperatures (MAT) as high as 20 °C (68 °F), mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 100 to 150 centimetres (39 to 59 in), mild frost-free winters (coldest month mean temperature >5 °C (41 °F)), and climatic conditions that supported extensive temperate forest ecosystems.[5]

The Quilchena fossil locality is dated to 51.5 ± 0.4 Ma corresponding to the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO), and is reconstructed as the warmest and wettest of the Early Eocene upland sites from the Okanagan Highlands of British Columbia and northern Washington State. Mean annual temperature (MAT) is estimated from leaf margin analysis as 16.2 ± 2.1 °C (61.2 ± 3.8 °F) and 14.6 ± 4.8 °C (58.3 ± 8.6 °F). Using bioclimatic analysis of 45 nearest living relatives, a moist mesothermal climate is indicated (MAT 12.7 to 16.6 °C (54.9 to 61.9 °F); cold month mean temperature (CMMT) 3.5 to 7.9 °C (38.3 to 46.2 °F) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 103 to 157 centimetres (41 to 62 in)/yr. Leaf size analysis estimates a mean annual precipitation of 121 ± 39 centimetres (48 ± 15 in).[6]

Fossils

[edit]
Buprestis saxigena
(1890 illustration)
Buprestis sepulta
(1890 illustration)
Buprestis tertiaria
(1890 illustration)
Cercyon? terrigena
(1890 illustration)
Nebria paleomelas
(1890 illustration)

A wide variety of fossils occur in the formation, including abundant fish remains, insects, and plants, and rare occurrences of molluscs, ostracods, and birds:[1]

Flora

[edit]

Fossil plants were first reported from the Coldwater Beds at the Quilchena site and nearby by Penhallow (1908)[7] with an expanded taxonomic list given by Mathewes et al (2016).[6]

Pteridophytes
Ginkgophytes
Pinophytes
Angiosperms

Pollen taxa

[edit]
Ginkgophytes
Pinophytes
Angiosperms

Molluscs

[edit]

Mark Wilson (1987) noted, without taxonomic identification, that unidentified small bivalves are a component of the Quilchena invertebrate paleofauna.[10]

Insects

[edit]

The insect fossils studied by Wilson (1987) showed Bibionidae dominating the paleoentemofauna, at 28% of all specimens examined at that time. An additional 13% of the fossils were other dipterans while up to 41% of all insects still had attached wings. The invertebrates trace fossils included two undescribed species of Trichoptera larval cases and burrowing or tracks in the sediment.[10]

Blattaria
Coleoptera
Dermaptera
Diptera
Hemiptera
Hymenoptera
Mecoptera
Neuroptera
Orthoptera
Trichoptera

Fish

[edit]

Birds

[edit]

Mammals

[edit]

Correlations

[edit]
Correlation of the Coldwater Beds with other Early Eocene formations in northern North America

The formation has been correlated with the Eocene Okanagan Highlands floras including the Allenby Formation, Kamloops Group, Horsefly shales, and Driftwood Canyon site of British Columbia, along with the Klondike Mountain Formation of Washington State.[5] Additionally its correlated with the Margaret Formation of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, the Chickaloon Formation of Alaska, Wishbone, Chuckanut and Iceberg Bay Formations, all of similar age.[5] The flora of the Coldwater Beds has been correlated to the Chu Chua Formation of southeastern British Columbia.[7] The formation also correlates with the Springbrook, Kettle River and O'Brien Creek Formations in Washington, United States.[3]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Coldwater Beds at Fossilworks.org
  2. ^ Quilchena at Fossilworks.org
  3. ^ a b Pearson, R. C.; Obradovich, D. (1977). "Eocene Rocks in Northeast Washington- Radiometric Ages and Correlation". United States Geological Survey Bulletin. 1433: 9–10.
  4. ^ Tribe, Selina (2004). Cenozoic Drainage History of Southern British Columbia - PhD thesis. Simon Fraser University. pp. 41, 67, 112.
  5. ^ a b c West, Christopher K.; Greenwood, David R.; Reichgelt, Tammo; Lowe, Alexander J.; Vachon, Janelle M.; Basinger, James F. (2020), "Paleobotanical proxies for early Eocene climates and ecosystems in northern North America from middle to high latitudes", Climate of the Past, 16 (4): 1387, 1390–1391, Bibcode:2020CliPa..16.1387W, doi:10.5194/cp-16-1387-2020, retrieved 2020-09-05
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn Mathewes, R. W.; Greenwood, D. R.; Archibald, S. B. (2016). "Paleoenvironment of the Quilchena flora, British Columbia, during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 53 (6): 574–590. Bibcode:2016CaJES..53..574M. doi:10.1139/cjes-2015-0163. hdl:1807/71979.
  7. ^ a b c d Greenwood, David R.; Pigg, Kathleen B.; Basinger, James F.; DeVore, Melanie L. (2015). "A review of paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan Highlands floras of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences: 15, 18–19.
  8. ^ a b Call, V.B.; Dilcher, D.L. (1997). "The fossil record of Eucommia (Eucommiaceae) in North America". American Journal of Botany. 84 (6): 798–814. doi:10.2307/2445816. JSTOR 2445816. PMID 21708632. S2CID 20464075.
  9. ^ Manchester, S. R (1992). "Flowers, fruits, and pollen of Florissantia, an extinct Malvalean genus from the Eocene and Oligocene of western North America". American Journal of Botany. 79 (9): 996–1008. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1992.tb13689.x.
  10. ^ a b Wilson, M. (1987). "Predation as a source of fish fossils in Eocene lake sediments". PALAIOS. 2 (5): 497–500. Bibcode:1987Palai...2..497W. doi:10.2307/3514620. JSTOR 3514620.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Archibald, S. B.; Mathewes, R. W. (2000). "Early Eocene insects from Quilchena, British Columbia, and their paleoclimatic implications". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 78 (8): 1441–1462. doi:10.1139/z00-070.
  12. ^ a b c d e Scudder, S. H (1879). "Appendix A. The fossil insects collected in 1877, by Mr. G.M. Dawson, in the interior of British Columbia". Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for. 1877–1878: 175–185.
  13. ^ a b c Scudder, S. H (1895). "Canadian fossil insects, myriapods and arachnids, Vol II. The Coleoptera hitherto found fossil in Canada". Geological Survey of Canada Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology. 2: 5–26.
  14. ^ a b Rice, H. M. A (1959). "Fossil Bibionidae (Diptera) from British Columbia". Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin. 55: 1–36.
  15. ^ a b Handlirsch, A (1910). "Canadian fossil Insects. 5. Insects from the Tertiary lake deposits of the southern interior of British Columbia, collected by Mr. Lawrence M. Lambe". Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology. 2: 93–129.
  16. ^ Archibald, S. B.; Kehlmaier, C.; Mathewes, R. W. (2014). "Early Eocene big headed flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from the Okanagan Highlands, western North America". The Canadian Entomologist. 146 (4): 429–443. doi:10.4039/tce.2013.79. S2CID 55738600.
  17. ^ Pulawski, W. J.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Brothers, D. J.; Archibald, S. B. (2000). "New genera of Angarosphecinae: Cretosphecium from Early Cretaceous of Mongolia and Eosphecium from Early Eocene of Canada (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)". Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 9: 34–40.
  18. ^ Engel, M. S.; Archibald, S. B. (2003). "An Early Eocene bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) from Quilchena, British Columbia". The Canadian Entomologist. 135: 63–69. doi:10.4039/n02-030. hdl:1808/16473. S2CID 54053341.
  19. ^ a b c Archibald, S. B.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Brothers, D. J.; Mathewes, R. W. (2018). "Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands of western North America". The Canadian Entomologist. 150 (2): 250–257. doi:10.4039/tce.2017.59. S2CID 90017208.
  20. ^ a b Archibald, S. B.; Mathewes, R. W.; Greenwood, D. R. (2013). "The Eocene apex of panorpoid scorpionfly family diversity". Journal of Paleontology. 87 (4): 677–695. Bibcode:2013JPal...87..677A. doi:10.1666/12-129. S2CID 88292018.
  21. ^ a b Archibald, S. B.; Makarkin, V. N. (2006). "Tertiary Giant Lacewings (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae): revision and description of new taxa from Western North America and Denmark". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 4 (2): 119–155. Bibcode:2006JSPal...4..119A. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001817. S2CID 55970660.
  22. ^ Makarkin, V. N.; Archibald, S. B. (2003). "Family affinity of the genus Palaeopsychops Andersen with description of a new species from the Early Eocene of British Columbia, Canada (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 96 (3): 171–180. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0171:FAOTGP]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84362010.
  23. ^ Makarkin, V. N.; Archibald, S. B.; Oswald, J. D. (2003). "New Early Eocene brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from western North America". The Canadian Entomologist. 135 (5): 637–653. doi:10.4039/n02-122. S2CID 53479449.
  24. ^ Mayr, G.; Archibald, S.B.; Kaiser, G.W.; Mathewes, R.W. (2019). "Early Eocene (Ypresian) birds from the Okanagan Highlands, British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State (USA)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 56 (8): 803–813. Bibcode:2019CaJES..56..803M. doi:10.1139/cjes-2018-0267. S2CID 135271937.
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