2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference: Difference between revisions

COP23 FIJI, United Nations Climate Change Conference 2017
Native name	UN-Klimakonferenz in Bonn 2017
Date	6 November 2017–; 17 November 2017
Location	Bonn, Germany
Also known as	COP23 (UNFCCC); CMP13 (Kyoto Protocol); CMA1-2 or 1.2 (Paris Agreement)
Organized by	Republic of Fiji, Presidency of COP23 (organised in Germany for practical reasons)
Participants	Parties to the UNFCCC in the Bula Zone and Non-Party Stakeholders in the Bonn Zone
Previous event	← Marrakech 2016
Next event	Katowice 2018 →
Website	cop23.com.fjcop23.unfccc.int

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The 2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP23) was an international meeting of political leaders, non-state actors and activists to discuss environmental issues. It was held at UN Campus in Bonn, Germany, during 6–17 November 2017.^[1] The conference incorporated the 23rd Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the thirteenth meeting of the parties for the Kyoto Protocol (CMP13), and the second session of the first meeting of the parties for the Paris Agreement (CMA1-2 or CMA1.2).

The purpose of the conference was to discuss and implement plans about combating climate change, including the details of how the Paris Agreement will work after it enters into force in 2020.^[1] The COP was presided over by the Prime Minister of Fiji, Frank Bainimarama, marking the first time a small-island developing state assumed the presidency of the negotiations. The German government provided considerable support that amounted to more than €117 million ($135.5 million) for the construction of the conference facilities.^[2]

Although COP23 focused primarily on technical details of the Paris Agreement, it was the first conference of the parties to take place after President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would withdraw from the agreement.

COP23 concluded with what was called the 'Fiji Momentum for Implementation', which outlined the steps that need to be taken in 2018 to make the Paris Agreement operational and launched the Talanoa Dialogue – a process designed to help countries enhance and implement their Nationally Determined Contributions by 2020.^[3]

Background

Outcomes

Significant progress was made on the so-called implementation guidelines for the Paris Agreement – commonly known as the Paris Rulebook – which are the details that will determine how the Agreement will work in practice.^[4] COP23 resulted in the Fiji Momentum for Implementation, which reinforced the need for urgent action and increased ambition.^[3] Parties will need to finalise the Implementation Guidelines at COP24.

At COP23, the Fijian Presidency announced its approach to the Talanoa Dialogue – know formerly as the Facilitative Dialogue. The Talanoa Dialogue is an inclusive and participatory process designed to allow countries to assess the progress made so far toward achieving the long-term of the Paris Agreement, and to help them increase the ambition of their Nationally Determined Contributions by 2020.^[5] The Talanoa Dialogue is a precursor to the global stocktakes that will take place every five years, beginning in 2023.

A rift began to emerge between developed and developing countries over pre-2020 action. On the first day of the conference, developing countries, including China and India, asked for an agenda item to discuss this issue, which refers to the emission cuts that developed countries are required to make prior to 2020 under the Kyoto Protocol. Developed countries resisted this request, arguing that this issue was best discussed in other forums.^[6] In the end, Parties agreed to hold additional stocktaking sessions in 2018 and 2019 to review progress on reducing emissions, as well as produce two assessments on climate finance in 2018 and 2020. Several European countries, including the United Kingdom, Germany and Spain, ratified the Doha Amendment during COP23.^[7] Also during COP23, Syria announced that it would sign the Paris Agreement, leaving the United States as the only country that has rejected the pact.^[8]

Developed and developing countries also agreed to hold an experts dialogue in 2018 on the controversial issue of loss and damage, which will explore options for mobilising expertise, technology and support for the victims of climate change and will inform the next review of the Warsaw International Mechanism in 2019.^[4]

Parties reached a historic decision on agriculture after six years of deadlock. The agreement established the Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture to develop and implement new strategies for mitigation and adaptation the agriculture sector.^[9]

Parties also finalized the Gender Action Plan and the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform, both of which are designed to increase the participation of traditionally marginalized groups in the UN Climate Negotiations.^[10]

A group of 30 countries including Britain, Canada and New Zealand launched of the Powering Past Coal Alliance with the aim to phase out coal from power generation by 2030.^[11]^[12]

In 2017, as a result of conversations at the conference, India Logan-Riley founded Te Ara Whatu – a Māori youth-led initiative which focuses on climate activism.^[13]

Climate Action Zone

While the formal negotiations took place in the World Conference Centre Bonn – called the Bula Zone – other non-state actors met in the global climate action zone – the Bonn Zone – located in temporary structures built in Rheinaue Park. The Zone was marked by Fiji's Bula spirit and highlighted the groundswell of activity and innovation being undertaken by local governments, cities, businesses, investors, civil society, youth activists, and ordinary men and women.^[14]

During COP23, the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) launched the InsuResilience Global Partnership for Climate and Disaster Risk Finance and Insurance Solutions with the contribution of US$125 million. This aim of this initiative is to bring affordable insurance and other financial protection to millions of vulnerable people around the world.^[15]

A delegation of sub-national leaders, led by Governor Jerry Brown of California and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, travelled to Bonn to present America's Pledge, which reports ongoing efforts to uphold the ongoing efforts the U.S.'s emissions reduction target, even after President Trump announced his intention to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement.^[16]

Separately, Michael Bloomberg used pledged $50 million to expand his anti-coal US campaign into Europe.^[17]

The Fijian COP23 Presidency also launched the Ocean Pathway Partnership, which will be co-chaired by Fiji and Sweden, in an effort the strengthen the link between global warming and the health of the world's oceans.^[18]

Attendees

More than 30,000 people attended COP23 in Bonn, Germany.^[19]

Notable attendees included:

President Emmanuel Macron of France
Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany
President Baron Waqa of Nauru

as well as California Governor Jerry Brown, Michael Bloomberg and Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Climate adviser David Banks attended, representing the Trump Administration.

Observers

The Climate Action Business Association (CABA) delegation to COP23 in Bonn, Germany was spearheaded by Executive Director, Michael Green and included policymakers from the Massachusetts State House: Representative Jim Cantwell, Representative Josh Cutler, Representative Jen Benson, and Senator Michael Barrett, and Green at the climate talks. The delegation was supported by staff from Northeastern University.

Notable quotations

On Wednesday 15 November 2017, world leaders such as António Guterres (Secretary-General of the United Nations), Emmanuel Macron (President of France) and Angela Merkel (Chancellor of Germany) delivered speeches at the conference.^[20]

Emmanuel Macron said: "The fight against climate change is by far the most significant struggle of our times" and "Climate change adds further injustice to an already unfair world".^[20]
Angela Merkel notably said: "Climate change is an issue determining our destiny as mankind – it will determine the well-being of all of us".^[20] The reliable exit from burning coal to produce electricity is a key issue for environmental organisations, investments of companies and at the negotiations forming a Jamaica coalition with Greens and Free Democrats after the German federal election in September.^[21]
Baron Waqa, President of Nauru added that: "It is now time for the developed countries to live up to their responsibilities".^[20]

Notes and references

^ ^a ^b Damian Carrington, "The COP23 climate change summit in Bonn and why it matters " Archived 2019-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 2017-11-05 (page visited on 2017-11-14).
^ "COP23: Is the Bonn summit worth the trouble?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2019-11-13. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ ^a ^b "Fiji Momentum for Implementation-UNFCCC" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-18. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
^ ^a ^b "COP23: Key outcomes agreed at the UN climate talks in Bonn". Carbon Brief. 2017-11-19. Archived from the original on 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ "Fijian storytelling can save world, says UN". The Times. Archived from the original on 2018-11-07. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ Mohan, Vishwa (2017-11-12). "Stalemate over inclusion of pre-2020 issues in COP23 agenda continues". The Economic Times. The Economic Times of India. Archived from the original on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ "Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol". The United Nations. Archived from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ "Syria to ratify the Paris agreement, leaving the US alone". Politico EU. 2017-11-07. Archived from the original on 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ "Agriculture takes a leap forward at Bonn Climate Talks". Relief Web. 2017-12-15. Archived from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ "COP 23 Adopts Decisions on Adaptation Fund, Gender, Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities". IISD. Archived from the original on 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ "Powering Past Coal Alliance: 20 countries sign up to phase out coal power by 2030". ABC News. 2017-11-17. Archived from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ "Powering Past Coal Alliance | Working towards the global phase-out of coal power". Powering Past Coal Alliance. Archived from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
^ University, Stanford (2021-10-05). "Indigenous climate activist wins 2021 Bright Award". Stanford News. Archived from the original on 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
^ "In 'Fiji-on-the-Rhine', islanders stress climate risks". Reuters. 2017-11-10. Archived from the original on 2018-05-23. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
^ "'InsuResilience' to Provide the Poor with More Financial Protection Against Climate Risks". Relief Web. 2017-11-14. Archived from the original on 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
^ Harvey, Fiona; Watts, Jonathan (2017-11-11). "US groups honouring Paris climate pledges despite Trump". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2018-05-23. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
^ "Bloomberg gives $50 million to aid shift from coal worldwide". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2018-05-23. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
^ "Two Fiji initiatives pushed through at COP23". Radio New Zealand. 2017-11-20. Archived from the original on 2018-05-23. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
^ "More than 30,000 at COP23". Fiji Times. Archived from the original on 2018-02-22. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Damian Carrington, "Climate change will determine humanity's destiny, says Angela Merkel" Archived 2018-03-19 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 2017-11-15 (page visited on 2017-11-15).
^ "Merkel: Coal phaseout will be in coalition talks" Archived 2017-11-23 at the Wayback Machine, ABC News, 2017-11-15 (page visited on 2017-11-16).

External links

Official UNFCCC website (archive)

[Carrington-2017.11.05-1] Damian Carrington, "The COP23 climate change summit in Bonn and why it matters " Archived 2019-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 2017-11-05 (page visited on 2017-11-14).

[2] "COP23: Is the Bonn summit worth the trouble?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2019-11-13. Retrieved 2018-02-21.

[meeting1-3] "Fiji Momentum for Implementation-UNFCCC" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-18. Retrieved 2017-11-17.

[carbon-4] "COP23: Key outcomes agreed at the UN climate talks in Bonn". Carbon Brief. 2017-11-19. Archived from the original on 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2018-02-21.

[5] "Fijian storytelling can save world, says UN". The Times. Archived from the original on 2018-11-07. Retrieved 2018-02-21.

[6] Mohan, Vishwa (2017-11-12). "Stalemate over inclusion of pre-2020 issues in COP23 agenda continues". The Economic Times. The Economic Times of India. Archived from the original on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2018-02-21.

[7] "Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol". The United Nations. Archived from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2018-02-21.

[8] "Syria to ratify the Paris agreement, leaving the US alone". Politico EU. 2017-11-07. Archived from the original on 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2018-02-21.

[9] "Agriculture takes a leap forward at Bonn Climate Talks". Relief Web. 2017-12-15. Archived from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2018-02-21.

[10] "COP 23 Adopts Decisions on Adaptation Fund, Gender, Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities". IISD. Archived from the original on 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2018-02-21.

[11] "Powering Past Coal Alliance: 20 countries sign up to phase out coal power by 2030". ABC News. 2017-11-17. Archived from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2018-02-21.

[12] "Powering Past Coal Alliance | Working towards the global phase-out of coal power". Powering Past Coal Alliance. Archived from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2018-09-24.

[:1-13] University, Stanford (2021-10-05). "Indigenous climate activist wins 2021 Bright Award". Stanford News. Archived from the original on 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2021-11-03.

[14] "In 'Fiji-on-the-Rhine', islanders stress climate risks". Reuters. 2017-11-10. Archived from the original on 2018-05-23. Retrieved 2018-05-23.

[15] "'InsuResilience' to Provide the Poor with More Financial Protection Against Climate Risks". Relief Web. 2017-11-14. Archived from the original on 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2018-05-23.

[16] Harvey, Fiona; Watts, Jonathan (2017-11-11). "US groups honouring Paris climate pledges despite Trump". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2018-05-23. Retrieved 2018-05-23.

[17] "Bloomberg gives $50 million to aid shift from coal worldwide". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2018-05-23. Retrieved 2018-05-23.

[18] "Two Fiji initiatives pushed through at COP23". Radio New Zealand. 2017-11-20. Archived from the original on 2018-05-23. Retrieved 2018-05-23.

[19] "More than 30,000 at COP23". Fiji Times. Archived from the original on 2018-02-22. Retrieved 2018-02-21.

[Carrington-2017.11.15-20] Damian Carrington, "Climate change will determine humanity's destiny, says Angela Merkel" Archived 2018-03-19 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 2017-11-15 (page visited on 2017-11-15).

[21] "Merkel: Coal phaseout will be in coalition talks" Archived 2017-11-23 at the Wayback Machine, ABC News, 2017-11-15 (page visited on 2017-11-16).

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|International climate change conference in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany in November 1999}}
+{{Short description|International climate change conference in Germany}}
 {{primary sources|date=June 2017}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017|cs1-dates=y}}
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 | participants  = Parties to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]] in the Bula Zone and Non-Party Stakeholders in the Bonn Zone
 | blank1_label             = Previous event
-| blank1_data              = [[2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Marrakech 2016]]
+| blank1_data              = [[2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference|← Marrakech 2016]]
 | blank2_label             = Next event
-| blank2_data              = [[2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Katowice 2018]]
+| blank2_data              = [[2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Katowice 2018 →]]
-| website       = {{url|cop23.com.fj}}{{url|cop23.unfccc.int}}
+| website       = {{URL|cop23.com.fj}}{{URL|cop23.unfccc.int}}
 }}
 [[File:2017 COP 23 demo in Bonn. Spielvogel 7.jpg|thumb|Demonstration in Bonn on 4 November 2017]]
 [[File:Ende Gelände November 2017 - Front banner of demonstration.jpg|thumb|Demonstrators of "[[Ende Gelände 2017|Ende Gelände]]" for action against the climate crisis]]
-The '''2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference''' ('''COP23''') was an international meeting of political leaders, non-state actors and activists to discuss environmental issues. It was held at [[UN Campus, Bonn|UN Campus]] in [[Bonn]] ([[Germany]]) from 6–17 November 2017.<ref name="Carrington-2017.11.05">Damian Carrington, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/05/the-cop23-climate-change-summit-in-bonn-and-why-it-matters "The COP23 climate change summit in Bonn and why it matters "], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2017-11-05 (page visited on 2017-11-14).</ref> The conference incorporated the 23rd [[Conference of the parties|Conference of the Parties]] to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC), the thirteenth meeting of the parties for the [[Kyoto Protocol]] ('''CMP13'''), and the second session of the first meeting of the parties for the [[Paris Agreement]] ('''CMA1-2''' or '''CMA1.2''').
+The '''2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference''' ('''COP23''') was an international meeting of political leaders, non-state actors and activists to discuss environmental issues. It was held at [[UN Campus, Bonn|UN Campus]] in [[Bonn]], Germany, during 6–17 November 2017.<ref name="Carrington-2017.11.05">Damian Carrington, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/05/the-cop23-climate-change-summit-in-bonn-and-why-it-matters "The COP23 climate change summit in Bonn and why it matters "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007182721/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/05/the-cop23-climate-change-summit-in-bonn-and-why-it-matters |date=2019-10-07  }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2017-11-05 (page visited on 2017-11-14).</ref> The conference incorporated the 23rd [[Conference of the parties|Conference of the Parties]] to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC), the thirteenth meeting of the parties for the [[Kyoto Protocol]] ('''CMP13'''), and the second session of the first meeting of the parties for the [[Paris Agreement]] ('''CMA1-2''' or '''CMA1.2''').
-The purpose of the conference was to discuss and implement plans about [[climate change mitigation|combating climate change]], including the details of how the [[Paris Agreement]] will work after it enters into force in 2020.<ref name="Carrington-2017.11.05"/> The COP was presided over by the Prime Minister of [[Fiji]], [[Frank Bainimarama]], marking the first time a [[Small Island Developing States|small-island developing state]] assumed the presidency of the negotiations. The German government provided considerable support that amounted to more than €117 million ($135.5 million) for the construction of the conference facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/cop23-is-the-bonn-summit-worth-the-trouble/a-41296570|title=COP23: Is the Bonn summit worth the trouble?|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref>
+The purpose of the conference was to discuss and implement plans about [[climate change mitigation|combating climate change]], including the details of how the Paris Agreement will work after it enters into force in 2020.<ref name="Carrington-2017.11.05"/> The COP was presided over by the Prime Minister of [[Fiji]], [[Frank Bainimarama]], marking the first time a [[Small Island Developing States|small-island developing state]] assumed the presidency of the negotiations. The German government provided considerable support that amounted to more than €117 million ($135.5 million) for the construction of the conference facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/cop23-is-the-bonn-summit-worth-the-trouble/a-41296570|title=COP23: Is the Bonn summit worth the trouble?|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=2019-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113235621/https://www.dw.com/en/cop23-is-the-bonn-summit-worth-the-trouble/a-41296570|url-status=live}}</ref>
 Although COP23 focused primarily on technical details of the Paris Agreement, it was the first conference of the parties to take place after President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would withdraw from the agreement.
-COP23 concluded with what was called the 'Fiji Momentum for Implementation,' which outlined the steps that need to be taken in 2018 to make the Paris Agreement operational and launched the [[Talanoa Dialogue]] - a process designed to help countries enhance and implement their [[Intended Nationally Determined Contributions|Nationally Determined Contributions]] by 2020.<ref name="meeting1">{{cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/bonn_nov_2017/application/pdf/cp23_auv_fiji.pdf|title=Fiji Momentum for Implementation-UNFCCC|access-date=17 November 2017}}</ref>
+COP23 concluded with what was called the 'Fiji Momentum for Implementation', which outlined the steps that need to be taken in 2018 to make the Paris Agreement operational and launched the [[Talanoa Dialogue]] – a process designed to help countries enhance and implement their [[Intended Nationally Determined Contributions|Nationally Determined Contributions]] by 2020.<ref name="meeting1">{{cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/bonn_nov_2017/application/pdf/cp23_auv_fiji.pdf|title=Fiji Momentum for Implementation-UNFCCC|access-date=17 November 2017|archive-date=2020-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618223141/https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/bonn_nov_2017/application/pdf/cp23_auv_fiji.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Background ==
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 ==Outcomes==
-Significant progress was made on the so-called implementation guidelines for the Paris Agreement – commonly known as the Paris Rulebook – which are the details that will determine how the Agreement will work in practice.<ref name="carbon">{{cite web|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop23-key-outcomes-agreed-un-climate-talks-bonn|title=COP23: Key outcomes agreed at the UN climate talks in Bonn|publisher=Carbon Brief|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref> COP23 resulted in the Fiji Momentum for Implementation, which reinforced the need for urgent action and increased ambition.<ref name="meeting1"/> Parties will need to finalise the Implementation Guidelines at [[COP24]].
+Significant progress was made on the so-called implementation guidelines for the Paris Agreement – commonly known as the Paris Rulebook – which are the details that will determine how the Agreement will work in practice.<ref name="carbon">{{cite web|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop23-key-outcomes-agreed-un-climate-talks-bonn|title=COP23: Key outcomes agreed at the UN climate talks in Bonn|date=19 November 2017|publisher=Carbon Brief|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=2020-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715160138/https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop23-key-outcomes-agreed-un-climate-talks-bonn|url-status=live}}</ref> COP23 resulted in the Fiji Momentum for Implementation, which reinforced the need for urgent action and increased ambition.<ref name="meeting1"/> Parties will need to finalise the Implementation Guidelines at [[COP24]].
-At COP23, the Fijian Presidency announced its approach to the Talanoa Dialogue – know formerly as the Facilitative Dialogue. The Talanoa Dialogue is an inclusive and participatory process designed to allow countries to assess the progress made so far toward achieving the long-term of the Paris Agreement, and to help them increase the ambition of their [[Intended Nationally Determined Contributions|Nationally Determined Contributions]] by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fijian-storytelling-can-save-world-says-un-gxx5t6zmr|title=Fijian storytelling can save world, says UN|work=The Times|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref> The Talanoa Dialogue is a precursor to the global stocktakes that will take place every five years, beginning in 2023.
+At COP23, the Fijian Presidency announced its approach to the Talanoa Dialogue – know formerly as the Facilitative Dialogue. The Talanoa Dialogue is an inclusive and participatory process designed to allow countries to assess the progress made so far toward achieving the long-term of the Paris Agreement, and to help them increase the ambition of their [[Intended Nationally Determined Contributions|Nationally Determined Contributions]] by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fijian-storytelling-can-save-world-says-un-gxx5t6zmr|title=Fijian storytelling can save world, says UN|work=The Times|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=2018-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107185228/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fijian-storytelling-can-save-world-says-un-gxx5t6zmr|url-status=live}}</ref> The Talanoa Dialogue is a precursor to the global stocktakes that will take place every five years, beginning in 2023.
-A rift began to emerge between [[Developed country|developed]] and [[Developing country|developing countries]] over pre-2020 action. On the first day of the conference, developing countries, including China and India, asked for an agenda item to discuss this issue, which refers to the emission cuts that developed countries are required to make prior to 2020 under the [[Kyoto Protocol]]. Developed countries resisted this request, arguing that this issue was best discussed in other forums.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/environment/developmental-issues/stalemate-over-inclusion-of-pre-2020-issues-in-cop23-agenda-continues/articleshow/61618756.cms|title=Stalemate over inclusion of pre-2020 issues in COP23 agenda continues|publisher=The Economic Times of India|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref> In the end, Parties agreed to hold additional stocktaking sessions in 2018 and 2019 to review progress on reducing emissions, as well as produce two assessments on climate finance in 2018 and 2020. Several European countries, including the United Kingdom, Germany and Spain, ratified the [[Doha Amendment]] during COP23.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-c&chapter=27&clang=_en|title=Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol|publisher=The United Nations|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref> Also during COP23, Syria announced that it would sign the Paris Agreement, leaving the United States as the only country that has rejected the pact.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/syria-to-ratify-the-paris-agreement-leaving-the-us-alone/|title=Syria to ratify the Paris agreement, leaving the US alone|publisher=Politico EU|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref>
+A rift began to emerge between [[Developed country|developed]] and [[Developing country|developing countries]] over pre-2020 action. On the first day of the conference, developing countries, including China and India, asked for an agenda item to discuss this issue, which refers to the emission cuts that developed countries are required to make prior to 2020 under the [[Kyoto Protocol]]. Developed countries resisted this request, arguing that this issue was best discussed in other forums.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/environment/developmental-issues/stalemate-over-inclusion-of-pre-2020-issues-in-cop23-agenda-continues/articleshow/61618756.cms |title=Stalemate over inclusion of pre-2020 issues in COP23 agenda continues |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=12 November 2017 |publisher=The Economic Times of India |access-date=21 February 2018 |last1=Mohan |first1=Vishwa |archive-date=2018-06-13  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613055751/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/environment/developmental-issues/stalemate-over-inclusion-of-pre-2020-issues-in-cop23-agenda-continues/articleshow/61618756.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In the end, Parties agreed to hold additional stocktaking sessions in 2018 and 2019 to review progress on reducing emissions, as well as produce two assessments on climate finance in 2018 and 2020. Several European countries, including the United Kingdom, Germany and Spain, ratified the [[Doha Amendment]] during COP23.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-c&chapter=27&clang=_en|title=Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol|publisher=The United Nations|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=2020-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721204915/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-c&chapter=27&clang=_en|url-status=live}}</ref> Also during COP23, Syria announced that it would sign the Paris Agreement, leaving the United States as the only country that has rejected the pact.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/syria-to-ratify-the-paris-agreement-leaving-the-us-alone/|title=Syria to ratify the Paris agreement, leaving the US alone|date=7 November 2017|publisher=Politico EU|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=2020-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172853/https://www.politico.eu/article/syria-to-ratify-the-paris-agreement-leaving-the-us-alone/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 Developed and developing countries also agreed to hold an experts dialogue in 2018 on the controversial issue of loss and damage, which will explore options for mobilising expertise, technology and support for the victims of climate change and will inform the next review of the [[Warsaw International Mechanism]] in 2019.<ref name="carbon"/>
-Parties reached a historic decision on agriculture after six years of deadlock. The agreement established the ''Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture'' to develop and implement new strategies for mitigation and adaptation the agriculture sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/agriculture-takes-leap-forward-bonn-climate-talks|title=Agriculture takes a leap forward at Bonn Climate Talks|publisher=[[Relief Web]]|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref>
+Parties reached a historic decision on agriculture after six years of deadlock. The agreement established the ''Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture'' to develop and implement new strategies for mitigation and adaptation the agriculture sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/agriculture-takes-leap-forward-bonn-climate-talks|title=Agriculture takes a leap forward at Bonn Climate Talks|date=15 December 2017|publisher=[[Relief Web]]|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=2020-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721203451/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/agriculture-takes-leap-forward-bonn-climate-talks|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Parties also finalized the Gender Action Plan and the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform, both of which are designed to increase the participation of traditionally marginalized groups in the UN Climate Negotiations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sdg.iisd.org/news/cop-23-adopts-decisions-on-adaptation-fund-gender-indigenous-peoples-and-local-communities/|title=COP 23 Adopts Decisions on Adaptation Fund, Gender, Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities|publisher=IISD|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref>
+Parties also finalized the Gender Action Plan and the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform, both of which are designed to increase the participation of traditionally marginalized groups in the UN Climate Negotiations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sdg.iisd.org/news/cop-23-adopts-decisions-on-adaptation-fund-gender-indigenous-peoples-and-local-communities/|title=COP 23 Adopts Decisions on Adaptation Fund, Gender, Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities|publisher=IISD|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=2020-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117234617/http://sdg.iisd.org/news/cop-23-adopts-decisions-on-adaptation-fund-gender-indigenous-peoples-and-local-communities/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-A group of 30 countries including Britain, Canada and New Zealand launched of the [[Powering Past Coal Alliance]] with the aim to phase out coal from power generation by 2030.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-17/20-countries-have-signed-up-to-phase-out-coal-power-by-2030/9161056|title=Powering Past Coal Alliance: 20 countries sign up to phase out coal power by 2030|work=ABC News |access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poweringpastcoal.org|title=Powering Past Coal Alliance {{!}} Working towards the global phase-out of coal power|website=Powering Past Coal Alliance|language=en|access-date=2018-09-24}}</ref>
+A group of 30 countries including Britain, Canada and New Zealand launched of the [[Powering Past Coal Alliance]] with the aim to phase out coal from power generation by 2030.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-17/20-countries-have-signed-up-to-phase-out-coal-power-by-2030/9161056|title=Powering Past Coal Alliance: 20 countries sign up to phase out coal power by 2030|work=ABC News|date=17 November 2017|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=2020-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721213139/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-17/20-countries-have-signed-up-to-phase-out-coal-power-by-2030/9161056|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poweringpastcoal.org/|title=Powering Past Coal Alliance {{!}} Working towards the global phase-out of coal power|website=Powering Past Coal Alliance|language=en|access-date=2018-09-24|archive-date=2020-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721213231/https://poweringpastcoal.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In 2017, as a result of conversations at the conference, [[India Logan-Riley]] founded Te Ara Whatu – a [[Māori people|Māori]] youth-led initiative which focuses on climate activism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=University|first=Stanford|date=2021-10-05|title=Indigenous climate activist wins 2021 Bright Award|url=https://news.stanford.edu/2021/10/05/indigenous-climate-activist-wins-2021-bright-award/|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Stanford News|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102172721/https://news.stanford.edu/2021/10/05/indigenous-climate-activist-wins-2021-bright-award/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Climate Action Zone==
-While the formal negotiations took place in the World Conference Centre Bonn – called the Bula Zone – other non-state actors met in the global climate action zone – the Bonn Zone – located in temporary structures built in Rheinaue Park. The Zone was marked by Fiji’s Bula spirit and highlighted the groundswell of activity and innovation being undertaken by local governments, cities, businesses, investors, civil society, youth activists, and ordinary men and women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-accord-fiji/in-fiji-on-the-rhine-islanders-stress-climate-risks-idUSKBN1DA243|title=In 'Fiji-on-the-Rhine', islanders stress climate risks|publisher=Reuters |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
+While the formal negotiations took place in the World Conference Centre Bonn – called the Bula Zone – other non-state actors met in the global climate action zone – the Bonn Zone – located in temporary structures built in Rheinaue Park. The Zone was marked by Fiji's Bula spirit and highlighted the groundswell of activity and innovation being undertaken by local governments, cities, businesses, investors, civil society, youth activists, and ordinary men and women.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-accord-fiji/in-fiji-on-the-rhine-islanders-stress-climate-risks-idUSKBN1DA243|title=In 'Fiji-on-the-Rhine', islanders stress climate risks|date=10 November 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-date=2018-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523173037/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-accord-fiji/in-fiji-on-the-rhine-islanders-stress-climate-risks-idUSKBN1DA243|url-status=live}}</ref>
-During COP23, the [[Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development|German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development]] (BMZ) launched the InsuResilience Global Partnership for Climate and Disaster Risk Finance and Insurance Solutions with the contribution of US$125 million. This aim of this initiative is to bring affordable insurance and other financial protection to millions of vulnerable people around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/insuresilience-provide-poor-more-financial-protection-against-climate-risks|title='InsuResilience' to Provide the Poor with More Financial Protection Against Climate Risks|publisher=Relief Web |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
+During COP23, the [[Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development|German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development]] (BMZ) launched the InsuResilience Global Partnership for Climate and Disaster Risk Finance and Insurance Solutions with the contribution of US$125 million. This aim of this initiative is to bring affordable insurance and other financial protection to millions of vulnerable people around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/insuresilience-provide-poor-more-financial-protection-against-climate-risks|title='InsuResilience' to Provide the Poor with More Financial Protection Against Climate Risks|date=14 November 2017|publisher=Relief Web|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-date=2018-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524003813/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/insuresilience-provide-poor-more-financial-protection-against-climate-risks|url-status=live}}</ref>
-A delegation of sub-national leaders, led by Governor Jerry Brown of California and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, travelled to Bonn to present [[America’s Pledge]], which reports ongoing efforts to uphold the ongoing efforts the U.S.’s emissions reduction target, even after President Trump announced his intention to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/11/us-groups-honouring-paris-climate-pledges-despite-trump |title=US groups honouring Paris climate pledges despite Trump|work=The Guardian |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
+A delegation of sub-national leaders, led by Governor Jerry Brown of California and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, travelled to Bonn to present [[America's Pledge]], which reports ongoing efforts to uphold the ongoing efforts the U.S.'s emissions reduction target, even after President Trump announced his intention to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harvey |first1=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |last2=Watts |first2=Jonathan |date=11 November 2017 |title=US groups honouring Paris climate pledges despite Trump |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/11/us-groups-honouring-paris-climate-pledges-despite-trump |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523172711/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/11/us-groups-honouring-paris-climate-pledges-despite-trump |archive-date=2018-05-23 |access-date=23 May 2018 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
-Separately, Michael Bloomberg used pledged $50 million to expand his [[Beyond Coal|anti-coal US campaign]] into Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-bloomberg/bloomberg-gives-50-million-to-aid-shift-from-coal-worldwide-idUKKBN1D92NT |title=Bloomberg gives $50 million to aid shift from coal worldwide|publisher=Reuters|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
+Separately, Michael Bloomberg used pledged $50 million to expand his [[Beyond Coal|anti-coal US campaign]] into Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-bloomberg/bloomberg-gives-50-million-to-aid-shift-from-coal-worldwide-idUKKBN1D92NT|title=Bloomberg gives $50 million to aid shift from coal worldwide|publisher=Reuters|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-date=2018-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523173501/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-bloomberg/bloomberg-gives-50-million-to-aid-shift-from-coal-worldwide-idUKKBN1D92NT|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-The Fijian COP23 Presidency also launched the Ocean Pathway Partnership, which will be co-chaired by Fiji and Sweden, in an effort the strengthen the link between global warming and the health of the world’s oceans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/344271/two-fiji-initiatives-pushed-through-at-cop23|title=Two Fiji initiatives pushed through at COP23|publisher=Radio New Zealand|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
+The Fijian COP23 Presidency also launched the Ocean Pathway Partnership, which will be co-chaired by Fiji and Sweden, in an effort the strengthen the link between global warming and the health of the world's oceans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/344271/two-fiji-initiatives-pushed-through-at-cop23|title=Two Fiji initiatives pushed through at COP23|date=20 November 2017|publisher=Radio New Zealand|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-date=2018-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523173219/https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/344271/two-fiji-initiatives-pushed-through-at-cop23|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Attendees ==
@@ Line 66: / Line 68: @@
 Notable attendees included:
+* {{flagicon|France}} President [[Emmanuel Macron]] of [[France]]
-*{{flagicon|France}} President [[Emmanuel Macron]] of [[France]]
+* {{flagicon|Germany}} Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] of [[Germany]]
-*{{flagicon|Germany}} Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] of [[Germany]]
+* {{flagicon|Nauru}} President [[Baron Waqa]] of [[Nauru]]
-*{{flagicon|Nauru}} President [[Baron Waqa]] of [[Nauru]]
 as well as California Governor [[Jerry Brown]], [[Michael Bloomberg]] and [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]].
@@ Line 78: / Line 79: @@
 == Notable quotations ==
-On Wednesday 15 November 2017, world leaders such as [[António Guterres]] ([[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]), [[Emmanuel Macron]] ([[President of France]]) and [[Angela Merkel]] ([[Chancellor of Germany]]) delivered speeches at the conference.<ref name="Carrington-2017.11.15">Damian Carrington, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/15/climate-change-will-determine-humanitys-destiny-says-angela-merkel "Climate change will determine humanity's destiny, says Angela Merkel"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2017-11-15 (page visited on 2017-11-15).</ref>
+On Wednesday 15 November 2017, world leaders such as [[António Guterres]] ([[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]), [[Emmanuel Macron]] ([[President of France]]) and [[Angela Merkel]] ([[Chancellor of Germany]]) delivered speeches at the conference.<ref name="Carrington-2017.11.15">Damian Carrington, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/15/climate-change-will-determine-humanitys-destiny-says-angela-merkel "Climate change will determine humanity's destiny, says Angela Merkel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319095124/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/15/climate-change-will-determine-humanitys-destiny-says-angela-merkel |date=2018-03-19  }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2017-11-15 (page visited on 2017-11-15).</ref>
 * [[Emmanuel Macron]] said: "The fight against climate change is by far the most significant struggle of our times" and "Climate change adds further injustice to an already unfair world".<ref name="Carrington-2017.11.15"/>
-* [[Angela Merkel]] notably said: "Climate change is an issue determining our destiny as mankind – it will determine the well-being of all of us".<ref name="Carrington-2017.11.15"/> The reliable exit from burning coal to produce electricity is a key issue for environmental organisations, investments of companies and at the negotiations forming a [[Jamaica coalition (politics)|Jamaica coalition]] with Greens and Free Democrats after the [[German federal election, 2017|German federal election in September]].<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/latest-activists-disrupt-german-coal-power-plant-51163758 "Merkel: Coal phaseout will be in coalition talks"], ''[[ABC News]]'', 2017-11-15 (page visited on 2017-11-16).</ref>
+* [[Angela Merkel]] notably said: "Climate change is an issue determining our destiny as mankind – it will determine the well-being of all of us".<ref name="Carrington-2017.11.15"/> The reliable exit from burning coal to produce electricity is a key issue for environmental organisations, investments of companies and at the negotiations forming a [[Jamaica coalition (politics)|Jamaica coalition]] with Greens and Free Democrats after the [[German federal election, 2017|German federal election in September]].<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/latest-activists-disrupt-german-coal-power-plant-51163758 "Merkel: Coal phaseout will be in coalition talks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123010146/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/latest-activists-disrupt-german-coal-power-plant-51163758 |date=2017-11-23  }}, ''[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]'', 2017-11-15 (page visited on 2017-11-16).</ref>
 * [[Baron Waqa]], [[President of Nauru|President]] of [[Nauru]] added that: "It is now time for the developed countries to live up to their responsibilities".<ref name="Carrington-2017.11.15"/>
+== See also ==
+* [[CMA 1-1]]
+* [[CMA 1-3]]
 == Notes and references ==
@@ Line 88: / Line 92: @@
 ==External links==
-{{Commons category|2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference}}
+{{Commons category}}
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171119160559/https://cop23.unfccc.int/ Official UNFCCC website (archive)]
 {{United Nations climate change conferences|state=collapsed}}
 {{Portal bar|Global warming|Germany|Politics}}
+{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:2017 conferences]]
+[[Category:2017 conferences|United Nations Climate Change Conference]]
-[[Category:2017 in Germany]]
+[[Category:2017 in Germany|United Nations Climate Change Conference]]
-[[Category:2017 in the environment]]
+[[Category:2017 in the environment|United Nations Climate Change Conference]]
-[[Category:Climate change policy]]
+[[Category:November 2017 events in Germany|United Nations Climate Change Conference]]
-[[Category:November 2017 events in Germany]]
 [[Category:United Nations climate change conferences]]
-[[Category:21st century in Bonn]]
+[[Category:21st century in Bonn|United Nations Climate Change Conference]]
-[[Category:2010s in North Rhine-Westphalia]]
+[[Category:2010s in North Rhine-Westphalia|United Nations Climate Change Conference]]
+[[Category:Fiji–Germany relations]]
+[[Category:Fiji and the United Nations]]
+[[Category:Climate change in Germany]]